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Abstrak :
Post 11/9 saw elevated concern of the global community on heightened terrorist threat upon maritime domain. Reactions includes IMO's amendments of SOLAS and the rise of numerous initiatives from all parts of the world. Current threat on world's maritime security is dominated by issues and incidents of piracy and hijacking in Somalia. Many countries have deployed their naval power to the waters of Somalia and the Gulf of Aden as mandated by the UN. Nevertheless these initiatives and actions could not prevent businesses around the world to have private armed security on board their vessels. This phenomenon has sparked reactions both against and supportive. A number of well established maritime mercenary companies provide armed protection services and acknowledged by some countries. Indonesia stands in opposing the presence of such mercenaries, nevertheless after the MV Sinar Kudus incident it has pushed the government to formulate legal product as guidance for its law enforcement agencies at sea to create their SOP and ROE in facing these private security at the sea.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas dominasi pihak koxporasi dalam kebiakan pcmerintahan Amerika Serikat di Timur Tengah dengan Studi kasus bisnis tentara bayaran pascaperang Irak tahun 2003. Fokus masalah dalam penelitian ini teranglcum dalam tiga pertanyaan inti. Pertama, mengapa pihak korporasi AS dapat menjalankan bisnis tentara bayaran mcrcka pascapcrang Irak tahun 2003? Kedua, bagaimana praktik bisnis tentara bayaran yang dilaksanakan Oleh AS pascaperang Irak tahun 2003? Dan, ketiga, bagaimana prospck serta tantangan bisnis tentaxa bayaran AS di Irak pada masa yang akan datang? Teori yang digunakan sebagai pisau analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah teori ekonomi neoliberal serta teori pemerintahan korporatisme. Keduanya adalah teori ekonomi politik. Dengan rnenggunakan metode kualitatif melalui pendekatan studi kasus, penelitian ini menghwilkan beberapa kesimpulan, yaitu scbagai berikut. Pcrtama, terdapat hubungan yang kuat antara pihak koprorasi dengan para politisi dari Partai Republik di AS yang menyebabkan pihak korporasi dapat melaksanakan bisnis tentara bayaran di lrak pascaperang. Kedua, bisnis tentara bayaran tersebut, dilakukan melalui pintu proyek rekonstruksi I1-ak pascaperang. Ketiga., prospek bisnis tentara bayaran di Irak pada masa yang akan datang sangat bergantung kepada karakter rezim yang berkuasa. Presiden Barrack Obama memang berjanji untuk menarik pasukan militer dari Irak, tetapi di sisi lain, dia oenderung mempenahankan tentara bayaran AS di Irak untuk mengamankan infiasturicnnr minyak yang sudah mereka kuasai.

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ABSTRACT
This thesis speaks about the corporate domination of the United States govemment policy in the Middle East, in the case study the mercenaries business during postwar Iraq in 2003. This research is focused in three main questions. First, why did the United States corporate mercenaries be able to conduct their business during postwar Iraq on year 2003? Second, how did the United States run their Mercenaries Business during postwar Iraq on year2003? And the Third, what is the prospect for the US mercenaries business in Iraq and their challenges ahead? To analyze the subject, this research is using the neo-liberal economic theory and the theory of state corporatism; both are the theory of political economy. By using the qualitative method through study case analysis, this research has tinally come into three conclusions. First, there is a strong connection between the corporation and the US Republican politicians that make the corporations were able to conduct their mercenaries business during postwar Iraq. Second, the business was held by the mean of the postwar reconstruction project in Iraq. Third, the prospect of the mercenaries business will be strongly depending on the characteristic ofthe ruling govemment. Though President Barrack Obama had promised to Withdraw the US Army fiom Iraq, he tends to maintain the US mercenaries so that _they will be able to keep the Iraq Oil secured at their hands.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas dari kelompok masyarakat mana tentara bayaran Jepang yang direkrut oleh VOC dari tahun 1609 sampai 1623 berasal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menemukan siapa dan mengapa orang Jepang bisa menjadi tentara bayaran kongsi dagang milik Belanda. Penelitian ini menggunakan menggunakan metode deskriptif-analitif dan metode penelitian sejarah dalam penulisannya. Adapun teori eksklusi sosial digunakan untuk menjelaskan mengapa orang-orang Jepang dari kelompok-kelompok masyarakat yang ditemukan bersedia untuk menjadi tentara bayaran VOC. Penelitian ini berhasil mengidentifikasi empat kelompok masyarakat, yaitu ronin, umat Katolik Jepang, wako, dan orang-orang buangan yang berada di Hirado dan Nagasaki. Kebijakan-kebijakan yang dikeluarkan oleh Keshogunan Tokugawa membawa perubahan sosial dan ekonomi yang menyebabkan kelompok-kelompok masyarakat ini kehilangan tempat mereka di masyarakat. Untuk keluar dari kondisi tersebut maka sejumlah individu dari kelompok-kelompok masyarakat tersebut menemukan jalan mereka ke dalam kontingen tentara bayaran VOC. ......This study examines from which communities Japanese mercenaries recruited by VOC between 1609 to 1623 are from. The purpose of this study is to figure out which Japanese communities and why were these communities ended up being a Japanese mercenaries working for Dutch trading company. This study was done using descriptive-analytive and historical research methods. Social exclusion concept was used to explain why Japanese from these communities were willing to become Japanese mercenaries. This study managed to figure out four communities from which these Japanese mercenaries belong to: ronin, Japanese Catholics, wako, and outcasts from Hirado and Nagasaki. Edicts released by Tokugawa Shogunate had caused social and economi changes which driven these communities out of their place in society. To get Keterlibatan beberapa..., Alam Nur Ikhlas, FIB-UI, 2020 4 out of their situation several individuals from these communities found their way into Japanese mercenaries contingent under VOC.