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"ABSTRACTIonic liquids are considered as an ideal alternative to volatile organic solvents and chemical industries in the future, because they are non-volatile. Ionic liquids are also considered as new novel chemical agents and widely regarded as a greener alternative to many commonly used solvents. Ionic liquids have been studied for a wide range of synthetic applications and have attracted considerable interest for use as electrolytes in the areas of organic synthesis, catalysis, solar cell, fuel cells, electrodeposition and supercapacitors. However, some ionic liquids suffer from more or less somedrawbacks such as toxicity, preparation and high cost in the process for use. Most recently, three types of ionic liquids are attracted much attentions specifically traditional ionic liquid, protic ionic liquid and deep eutectic solvent, where their preparation, mechanism and limitation were differentiated. However, those liquids are having their own advantages and limitations based on applications. Traditional ionic liquid and protic ionic liquid are highly cost and toxic for applied engineering research, but they consist of micro-biphasic systems composed of ionic compounds whichhave more varieties in the applications. The deep eutectic solvent is very economic for large-scale possessing but there are only limited ionic mixtures to certain application such as electrochemistry."

"The book examines water as a solvent for gases, non-electrolytes, and electrolytes and reviews the properties, sizes and thermodynamics of isolated and aqueous ions, as well as their interactions, including those of polyelectrolytes. The effects of ions on water structure, including those on solvent dynamics and certain thermodynamic quantities, are presented. This volume investigates water surfaces with its vapour, with another liquid, and with a solid, as well as the effects of solutes, including simple ions and the water-miscible non-electrolytes. Surfaces are relevant to biomolecular and colloidal systems and the book discusses briefly surfactants, micelles and vesicles. Finally, the book concludes with a review of the various biophysical implications involving chaotropic and kosmotropic ions in homogeneous solutions and the Hofmeister series for ions concerning biomolecular and colloidal systems and some aspects of protein hydration and K+/Na+ selectivity in ion channels. "

"Ekstraksi daging buah mahkota dewa Phaleria macrocarpa menggunakan pelarut cairan ionik ionic liquid belum pernah dilakukan. Akhir-akhir ini, cairan ionik populer sebagai pelarut ekstrasi tanaman karena terbukti menghasilkan hasil ekstraksi yang memuaskan dibandingkan dengan metode konvensional. Disebutkan pada penelitian sebelumnya bahwa salah satu metode ekstraksi yang sesuai untuk mengekstraksi buah mahkota dewa adalah dengan menggunakan Microwave Assisted Extraction MAE. Diharapkan ekstraksi daging buah P. macrocarpa yang menggunakan cairan ionik dan MAE juga dapat memberikan hasil yang memuaskan dengan dilakukannya optimasi pada kondisi-kondisi ekstraksi serta membandingkan hasilnya dengan ekstraksi konvensional. Pelarut cairan ionik yang diuji ada 3 yaitu [BMIM] Br, [BMIM] Cl, dan [BMIM] BF4. Hasil pemilihan pelarut yang dipilih adalah [BMIM] BF4 yang akan digunakan dalam optimasi dan diuji kadar total fenoliknya dengan metode Folin Ciocalteu. Setelah didapat kondisi optimum, aktivitas antioksidan diuji dengan metode DPPH menggunakan microplate reader. Hasil dari optimasi adalah dengan konsentrasi tertinggi, rasio pelarut-sampel tertinggi dan waktu ekstraksi yang tidak berpengaruh pada hasil ekstraksi, didapat kadar total fenolik maksimum sebesar 191,72 mg GAE/g serbuk. Hasil ini terbukti lebih tinggi dibanding metode ekstraksi konvensional. Hasil ekstraksi dalam kondisi ini dimaksimalkan kembali hasilnya dengan dilakukan pretreatment menggunakan urea agar senyawa fenolik yang diekstraksi mendapatkan hasil yang lebih banyak. Percobaan setelah optimasi selesai, dilakukan dengan membandingkan suatu kondisi ekstraksi dengan pretreatment menggunakan urea. Hasil yang didapat adalah ekstraksi yang telah terlebih dahulu diberikan pretreatment menghasilkan kadar total fenolik yang lebih besar dibandingkan dengan tanpa pretreatment.

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The use of ionic liquids as solvent to extract flesh of fruit of mahkota dewa Phaleria macrocarpa has not been studied yet. In the last decades, ionic liquids was popular as solvent for extracting plant material because of its higher extraction yield compared to conventional methods. It is said in one previous research, that one of many suitable extraction methods to extract flesh of fruit of mahkota dewa is Microwave Assisted Extraction MAE. We hypothesized that plant extraction using ionic liquids in MAE method would give satisfying results by optimizing extraction conditions and comparing the result with conventional extraction method. Three different kinds of ionic liquids, BMIM Br, BMIM Cl, and BMIM BF4 were investigated. The ionic liquids, BMIM BF4 were elected and further used in optimization and tested for its total phenolic content TPC with Folin Ciocalteu method. Afterwards, antioxidant activity were tested by DPPH method in optimum condition. Both tests used microplate reader. Maximum total phenolic content were obtained with higher solvent concentration, higher solvent sample ratio, and an insignificant extraction time with 191,717 mg GAE g plant powder. This result proves that it is higher than the conventional extraction method. The extraction yield were maximized by applying pretreatment with urea to obtain higher total phenolic content after extraction. After optimization experiment were done by comparing the extract from optimum condition without urea, with after urea pretreatment extract. The result shows that pre treated sample with urea pretreatment gives higher total phenolic content compared with non pretreated sample."

"Daun cincau hijau Cyclea barbata Miers. merupakan tanaman yang berasal dari Indonesia yang dipercaya memiliki khasiat sebagai antiinflamasi. Adapun senyawa pada daun cincau hijau yang dapat berperan sebagai antiinflamasi adalah flavonoid. Proses inflamasi dipengaruhi oleh dua jalur yaitu lipoxygenase LOX dan cylooxygenase COX . Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui kondisi optimum untuk ekstraksi daun cincau hijau dengan metode ionic liquid-microwave assisted extraction IL-MAE serta mengetahui penghambatannya terhadap aktivitas lipoksigenase. Spektrofotometer UV-Vis digunakan untuk penetapan kadar flavonoid total dan uji penghambatan lipoksigenase. Kondisi optimum yang diperoleh berada pada rasio simplisia banding pelarut 1:40 b/v , waktu ekstraksi 15 menit, dan konsentrasi [Bmim][Br] 2 mol/L dimana diperoleh kadar flavonoid total sebanyak 31,25 mgQE/1 g ekstrak kental dengan penghambatan aktivitas lipoksigenase tertinggi 69,29 . Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi optimum didapatkan kadar flavonoid total tertinggi dan terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara peningkatan kadar flavonoid total dengan peningkatan penghambatan aktivitas lipoksigenase.

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Green grass jelly leaf Cyclea barbata Miers. is a plant from Indonesia that is believed to have anti inflammatory activity. The compound in the leaves of green grass jelly that can act as an anti inflammatory is flavonoids. There are two pathways in which the inflamatory process can occur, lipoxygenase LOX and cylooxygenase COX . The purpose of this research was to find the optimum condition in green grass jelly extraction using the ioninc liquid microwave assisted extraction IL MAE and to find its inhibition activity of lipoxygenase. Spectrophotometry UV Vis was used to determined the total flavonoid content and its inhibition activity of lipoxygenase. The optimum condition was achieved using the simplicia and solvent ratio of 1 40 w v , with 15 minutes of extraction time, and the concentration of Bmim Br 2 mol L. The total flavonoid content obtained was 31.25 mgQE 1 g of viscous extract and the highest inhibition of lipoxygenase activity was 69.29 . Based from the results can be concluded that the total flavonoid content was the highest at the optimal conditions, and there was a linear corelation between the levels of flavonoids and inhibition activity of lipoxygenase."