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Abstrak :
This paper derives mathematical equations describing the relation between errors in FRF due to limited record time length, record time and the time constant of a vibration system modelled by the I-dof vibration system with viscous damping....

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Kegiatan produksi tahu menimbulkan panas dan bau dari asap dan dari air limbah yang dihasilkan selama proses produksi. Kayu bakar yang digunakan dalam proses produksi di industri tahu dapat mempengaruhi luas penebangan hutan untuk permintaan kayu bakar, dengan mengasumsikan semua kayu yang digunakan untuk keperluan produksi industri tahu di lokasi penelitian berasal dari hutan. Kegiatan produksi di industri tahu menimbulkan dampak lingkungan dan dampak sosial, padahal pengelola industri tahu berkewajiban menjaga lingkungan, misalnya dengan menginternalisasi biaya eksternal dari kegiatan produksinya. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis dampak industri tahu pada ekonomi, sosial, dan lingkungan di Jakarta. Analisis data berupa narasi deskriptif. Penelitian dilakukan di wilayah Karang Tengah, dan di PIK Semanan. Hasil penelitian; 1) Pembuangan limbah cair tahu tanpa pengolahan dapat mengganggu kehidupan biota perairan; 2) Kegiatan di pabrik tahu menimbulkan biaya sosial yang dikeluarkan warga yang tinggal di sekitarnya; 3) Keberadaan industri tahu membantu penyerapan tenaga kerja pada masyarakat yang tinggal di sekitarnya; 4) Internalisasi biaya eksternal berupa biaya lingkungan mengakibatkan penurunan pendapatan industri tahu.

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ABSTRACT
Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.;Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry., Tofu production activity producing heat and stink from the smoke and tofu wastewater that arouse during the process. Firewood used during tofu production process effects the amount of deforestation, assuming the woods used are entirely taken from the woods. Production activity in tofu industry causing environmental effect and social effect, whereas the managers should be protecting the environment, for example, by internalizing the external cost caused by the production activities. The aim of this research is to analyse the effect of tofu industry to economy, social, and environment in Jakarta. Data analysis using descriptive narrative method. Research locations are Karang Tengah, and PIK Semanan. Research results: 1) Tofu wastewater disposal without proper management will disturbing water organism; 2) The activity in tofu industry will procure social costs which will spend by the residents near tofu factory; 3) Tofu industry helps in giving employment to residents near them; 4) Internalization of external cost from environmental cost will decrease profit for tofu industry.]

Abstrak :
Tesis ini membahas tentang Pembangunan Jalan Ir. H. Juanda di Kota Depok yang dibangun sekitar tahun 2002 sampai dengan 2003 merupakan program dari pemerintah Daerah Kota Depok dimaksudkan agar dapat mengurangi kemacetan disekitar Jalan Margonda dan Jalan Tole Iskandar yang sangat padat terutama pada sekitar jam masuk kerja dan pulang kerja. Disamping itu keberadaan Jalan Baru Ir. H. Juanda menimbulkan dampak positif dengan tumbuhnya usaha ? usaha baru disepanjang jalan itu, seperti perdagangan, usaha bisnis dan usaha properti, dan juga menimbulkan dampak negatif dikarenakan terjadinya penggusuran rumah warga yang terkena imbas dari pembangunan jalan Ir. H. Juanda tersebut Dengan memperhatikan uraian latar belakang tersebut di atas maka dapat dirumuskan bahwa yang menjadi dasar dan faktor utama yang menjadi pertanyaan dalam studi ini adalah : ? Seberapa jauh dampak pembangunan Jalan Baru Ir. H. Juanda Depok terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi masyarakat disekitar jalan tersebut?. Penelitian ini menggunakan tipe penelitian deskriptif yaitu suatu penelitian yang berupaya menggambarkan, mencatat, menganalisa dan menginterprestasikan perubahan yang telah terjadi. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel kelompok pedagang, pengusaha properti, pelaku bisnis dan pengguna jalan di lingkungan Jalan Baru Ir. H. Juanda tersebut yang terdapat di kelurahan baktijaya, kecamatan Sukmajaya yang menggunakan teknik pengumpulan data dengan cara kuesioner. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa ke beradaan Jalan Baru Ir. H. Juanda Depok telah turut memicu tumbuhnya berbagai aktivitas baru disepanjang jalan baru antara lain, banyaknya para pedagang, pengusaha yang tumbuh di lokasi tersebut, sehingga berpengaruh terhadap pendapatan perkapita penduduk sekitar Jalan Baru tersebut. Dan juga berpengaruh terhadap pengguna jalan yaitu dengan adanya jalan itu, dapat memperpendek jarak tempuh, dapat mengurangi biaya operasional perjalanan, mengurangi transport atau ongkos dalam menuju aktivitas sehari-harinya, dapat mengurangi kemacetan yang selama ini terjadi di kota Depok. Dan juga dengan dibangunnya jalan Baru Ir. H. Juanda berpengaruh terhadap Nilai Jual Obyek Pajak Bumi dan Bangunan (NJOP) sehingga harga tanah maupun rumah lebih mahal karena sebelum adanya jalan tersebut harga tanah relatif terlalu murah disebabkan letaknya yang ada dibelakang.

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This thesis discusses the development of Ir. H. Juanda Street in Depok city that was built around 2002 to 2003 to reduce congestion around Margonda Street and Tole Iskandar Street. Ir. H. Juanda New Road Construction is a program of the Regional Government of Depok City, with the aim to reduce the congestion that has been happening in the city of Depok especially before and after working hours. But the existence of the New Road has an impact on the environmental quality degradation, due to the occurrence of home evictions affected by road construction, the presence of air pollution and lack of clean air. By considering the description of the background mentioned above, can be formulated that is the basis and the main factor that become a question in this study is: "How far the impact of Ir. H. Juanda Depok New Road construction towards an economic growth around the road". This study used a descriptive type of research that attempts to describe, record, analyze and interpret the changes that have occurred. This study took a sample group of traders, property entrepreneur and road users within the Ir. H. Juanda New Road that contained in baktijaya village, subdistrict Sukmajaya which uses techniques of data collection by questionnaire. Based on this results it can be concluded that the existence of Ir. H. Juanda New Road Depok has helped trigger the growth of new activities along the new roads, among others, the number of traders, businessmen who grew in that location, so it effect on the per capita income of residents around the New Road. And also affect the road users because it can shorten the travel distance, reduce the operational costs of travel, reduce the cost of transport or fee in the way to daily activities, and can reduce the congestion that has been happening in the city of Depok. With the construction of the new road affect the Tax Object Sale Value of Land and Buildings (NJOP) so that land and house prices are more expensive because before it builds, the price is too cheap due to its location that is behind and almost unreachable.

Abstrak :
Video Games Genshin Impact merupakan permainan yang memiliki banyak penggemar setia. Upaya pembentukan penggemar setia ini dilakukan melalui strategi komunikasi pemasaran dan customer engagement yang terjadi antara permainan dengan konsumen. Dalam membentuk brand loyalty dibutuhkan dua aspek brand affect dan brand trust yang diciptakan melalui strategi komunikasi pemasaran dan customer engagement. Dalam analisis ini, penulis menggunakan strategi komunikasi pemasaran Kotler & Keller (2012) yakni periklanan, sales promotion, events, public relation, direct marketing, interactive marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, dan personal selling untuk menganalisis strategi komunikasi pemasaran yang dilakukan Genshin Impact. Untuk menentukan jenis interaksi dalam customer engagement, peneliti membagi ke dalam tiga tingkatan yakni konsumsi, kontribusi, dan kreasi. Ditemukan bahwa strategi komunikasi pemasaran dan customer engagement meningkatkan ikatan emosional pemain yang dapat membangun brand affect yang menjadi elemen terhadap tumbuhnya brand loyalty. ......The video game “Genshin Impact” is a game that has many loyal fans. The attempt to form this loyal fanbase is achieved through their marketing communication strategies and customer engagement between its consumers. In forming brand loyalty, there are two aspects that are needed such as brand affect and brand trust which are created through marketing communication strategies and customer engagement. In this analysis, the author uses Kotler & Keller (2012)’s Marketing Communication Strategy, which includes advertising, sales promotion, events, public relations, direct marketing, interactive marketing, word-of-mouth marketing, and personal selling, to analyze the marketing communication strategies employed by Genshin Impact. To determine the types of interaction in customer engagement, the researcher categorizes them into three levels: consumption, contribution, and creation. It was found that marketing communication strategies and customer engagement enhance the emotional attachment of players, which can build brand affect as an element contributing to the growth of brand loyalty.

Abstrak :
Environmental impact assessment is widely recognized as an effective tool for supporting the sustainable development of the environment through policy, plan and program decision-making processes. Traditional approach of environmental impact assessment generally focuses on scientific analysis and neglects subjective utilities on the project development. this paper proposes a framework of environment

Abstrak :
Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) dan Kementerian Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi (Kemendikbud Ristek) Republik Indonesia mengembangkan Program Adiwiyata untuk mendorong Perubahan dan Dampak Sosial yang mendukung pembangunan berkelanjutan. Dalam pelaksanaannya, program Adiwiyata masih terkendala dengan perbedaan pandangan terkait definisi masalah. Perbedaan pandangan ini membuat tiap sekolah memiliki implementasi yang berbeda-beda dan dapat membuat program kurang berjalan efektif dalam mencapai tujuannya. Studi evaluasi ini bertujuan untuk mencari tahu keberhasilan program Adiwiyata dalam membuat transformasi sosial khususnya dalam lingkungan sekolah. Evaluasi ini akan menggunakan Main Analytical Categories, terutama relevansi dalam membuat kerangka model evaluasi untuk mendapatkan gambaran yang komprehensif tentang perencanaan dan pelaksanaan program apakah sudah berjalan sesuai dengan tujuannya sebagai kerangka kerja yang akan dilakukan dan diterapkan dalam metode Soft Systems Methodology. Evaluasi ini dilakukan di SDN Sukasari 6, Babakan, Kec. Tangerang, Kota Tangerang, Banten menggunakan wawancara mendalam, analisis dokumen, dan observasi. ......The Ministry of Environment and Forestry (KLHK) and the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research and Technology (Kemendikbud Ristek) of the Republic of Indonesia developed the Adiwiyata Program to encourage Societal Change and Impact for sustainable development. In its implementation, the Adiwiyata program is still constrained by different views on the definition of the problem. This difference in views makes each school have different implementations and could make the program less effective in achieving its goal. This evaluation aims to find out the success of the Adiwiyata program in making a social impact, especially in the school environment. This evaluation will use the Main Analytical Categories, especially impact in making the evaluation model framework to get a comprehensive picture of the planning and implementation of the program. This evaluation also evaluates whether the Adiwiyata program has been running according to its objectives as a framework to be carried out and applied using Soft Systems Methodology. This evaluation was conducted in SDN Sukasari 6 Babakan, Subdistrict Tangerang, Tangerang City, Banten using in-depth interviews, document analysis, and observation.

Abstrak :
DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu propinsi di Indonesia yang sangat diminati oleh banyak investor haik asing maupun nasional, untuk mendirikan dan mengembangkan usahanya dalam bentuk perusahaan Penanaman Modal Asing/Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri (PMA/PMDN). Dalam rangka menarik investasi PMA/PMDN, Pemerintah telah menerbitkan berbagai kebijaksanaan yang berkaitan dengan Penanaman Modal, yang terakhir dengan diterbitkannya SK Presiden RI No. 117 Tahun 1999 tentang Perubahan kedua atas Keputusan Presiden No. 97 Tahun 1993 tentang Tata Cara Penanaman Modal, berdasarkan Keputusan tersebut di atas ditetapkan bahwa permohonan persetujuan dan perizinan pelaksanaan Penanaman Modal dilimpahkan kepada Ketua BKPMD atas nama Gubernur sebagai Kepala Daerah. Berdasarkan banyaknya jumlah proyek dan investasi dari perusahaan PMA/PMDN yang umumnya berskala menengah dan besar, penanaman modal di DKI Jakarta secara langsung berdampak positif dalam memperluas kesempatan kerja dan meningkatkan peluang berwirausaha atau berusaha skala kecil, namun perlu upaya pencegahan dini (preventiv) dengan instrumen-instrumen penataan ruang, AMDAL, penetapan bahan mutu lingkungan ekonomi dan audit lingkungan yang mekanisme pengaturannya dilakukan melalui perizinan pembangunan.

Sesuai dengan identifikasi masalah, penelitian ini difokuskan pada masalah berbagai paktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL di DKI Jakarta. Berdasarkan pada pembatasan masalah, maka masalah yang akan diteliti untuk dipecahkan dan didapatkan jawabannya adalah seberapa jauh hubungan antara peranan BKPMD dengan pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL di DKI Jakarta. Sedangkan penelitian ini bertujuan untuk :

1. menjelaskan pertumbuhan PMA/PMDN di DKI Jakarta dalam kurun waktu tahun 1993 sampai dengan tahun 1997.
2. menelaah dampak pertumbuhan PMAIPMDN terhadap lingkungan hidup.
3. menganalisis hubungan antara BKPMD dengan tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan AMDAL di DKI Jakarta selama tahun 1993 hingga tahun 1997.

Metode Penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian post facto. Dalam penelitian post facto, peneliti tidak memanipulasi variable babas, lebih tepatnya variabel babas ditentukan terlebih dahulu. Lokasi penelitian lapangan di DKl Jakarta antara lain Kawasan industri Pulogadung, Kawasan Berikat Nusantara, serta lokasi-lokasi lainnya dimana perusahaan PMA/PMDN melakukan kegiatannya dalam berproduksi, sebanyak 15 (lima belas) perusahaan.

Analisis kuantitatif untuk pengujian hipotesis penelitian (ha) dilakukan dengan menetapkan variabel penelitian menjadi 3 {tiga) variabel babas yakni kebijakan AMDAL, peranan BKPMD, dan perilaku perusahaan PMA/PMDN serta 1 (satu) variabel terikat yaitu tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL. Adapun 3 (tiga) hipotesis penelitian (ha) untuk diuji berdasarkan koefisien korelasi urutan jenjang Spearman Rho (p), masing-masing adalah:

1. terdapat hubungan antara kebijakan AMDAL dengan tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL, yang ditunjukan oleh angka P= -0,678.
2. terdapat hubungan antara peranan BKPMD dengan tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL. yang menghasilkan angka p = - 0,534.
3. terdapat hubungan antara perilaku perusahaan PMA/PMDN dengan tidak efektifnya pelaksanaan kebijakan AMDAL, berlandaskan 2 (dua) tolok ukur di mana :
   • perilaku mencerminkan partisipasi, menunjukkan angka p = -0,713.
   • perilaku mencerminkan tekad dan persetujuan, menunjukkan angka p = -0,538.

Penanaman modal di DKI Jakarta pada periode tahun 1993 sampai dengan tahun 1997 untuk perusahaan PMA/PMDN, masing-masing mencapai jumlah persetujuan PMA terendah pada tahun 1994 yakni 98 Proyek dengan rencana 1,290,830.20 (Ribu US $) dan jumlah persetujuan PMA tertinggi pada tahun 1996 yakni 294 Proyek dengan rencana investasi sebesar 3,752,123.50 Ribu US $ sedangkan nilai persetujuan PMDN terendah pada tahun 1993 dengan 123 proyek dan jumlah rencana investasi sebesar 7,652.394.10 (Rp. Juta) dan jumlah persetujuan tertinggi PMDN pada tahun 1996 dengan jumlah proyek 193 dan jumlah tertinggi rencana investasi sebesar 16,660,415.60 (Rp. Juta). Terjadinya pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan selama tahun 1997 yakni 345 kasus pencemaran. Jumlah di atas mencerminkan kasus pencemaran lingkungan belum dapat sepenuhnya ditekan agar mencapai jumlah minimal. Kasus pencemaran/kerusakan lingkungan di DKI Jakarta terlihat dengan jelas bahwa kecenderungannya stabil pada Tahun 1993-1994, tetapi pada Tahun 1996-1997 mengalami kenaikan yang drastis, meskipun pada Gambar Grafik 14 dan 15 jumlah investasi mengalami penurunan.

Untuk mengatasi masalah pencemaran dan kerusakan lingkungan, serta mengantisipasi berbagai isu pokok berkaitan dengan masalah lingkungan di DKI Jakarta, telah ditempuh langkah langkah melalui berbagai program yakni melalui Program Kali Bersih (Prokasih), program Penataan Daerah Pengaliran Sungai (DPS) ini dititik beratkan pada penertiban sumber limbah yang berada didekat badan sungai, seperti penertiban lokasi pembuangan sampah sementara (LPS) dan penertiban MCK gantung di sisi sungai, agar sumber limbah tersebut dapat mengurangi beban limbah di dalam sungai dimaksud, program Penghijauan dan Keindahan Kota, penghijauan taman kota pada jalur jalur jalan, bantaran sungai serta program sejuta pohon oleh Pemerintah Daerah atau juga melalui kerjasama dengan masyarakat setempat balk Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat (LSM) tertentu maupun organisasi lainnya. BKPMD DKI Jakarta merupakan salah satu aparatur pembina dan pengawas dalam pencegahan pencemaran dan perusakan lingkungan, dengan titik berat tugas dan tanggung jawab pada pengembangan penanaman modal (investasi) utamanya PMA/PMDN, sehingga penanaman modal meningkat dan pengelolaan lingkungan berjalan sebagaimana mestinya atau sesuai ketetapan perizinan. Tugas dan tanggung jawab BKPMD DKI Jakarta untuk mengembangkan penanaman modal dan pengelolaan lingkungan, sehubungan dengan hal tersebut di atas, BKPMD DKI Jakarta bersama instansi terkait di lingkungan Pemda DKI Jakarta antara lain Bapedalda khusus dalam perianganan AMDAL, menjaga dan menghilangkan berbagai kesan negatif misalnya :

1. proses penyelesaian AMDAL relatif berlarut-larut, sehingga sering terdengar AMDAL menghambat iklim investasi;
2. AMDAL yang semula bertujuan untuk mengendalikan dampak lingkungan, justru hanya dijadikan sebagai persyaratan administratif dalam rangka perizinan;
3. tidak jarang ditemui suatu kegiatan investasi (kegiatan bisnis) yang sudah dilengkapi dokumen AMDAL, namun ternyata terus berlangsung pencemaran lingkungan sebagai akibat kegiatan bisnis tersebut.

BKPMD DKI Jakarta berperan di dalam pelaksanaan AMDAL, melalui pemberian izin prinsip PMAIPMDN, pengawasaan di lapangan, juga terlibat di dalam Tim Komisi AMDAL, sehingga mempunyai posisi yang sangat srtategis di dalam penerbitan izin utamanya bagi perusahaan PMA/PMDN yang akan berinvestasi di DKI Jakarta, sesuai dengan kebijakan Pemda DKI Jakarta bahwa Industri yang diperbolehkan investasi di Jakarta adalah yang tidak membutuhkan lahan terlalu banyak, tidak terlalu banyak menyerap air tanah, tidak menimbulkan polusiltidak mencemarai lingkungan, berteknologi tinggi, dan banyak menyerap tenaga kerja. Dari uraian di atas tersebut dapat dikatakan pertumbuhan PMA/PMDN pada tahun 1997 menurun, sedangkan kasus pencemaran Iingkungan meningkat pada tahun 1997. Untuk itu BKPMD sangat berperan di dalam mencegah terjadinya pencemaran lingkungan, melalui bidang Perizinan dan bidang Pengawasan yang terdapat di BKPMD dan wajib memberlakukan kebijakan AMDAL beriandaskan PP 51/1993 tentang AMDAL dan UU 23/1997 tentang pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup, sehingga peningkatan jumlah PMA/PMDN dimaksud mestinya setara kemampuan melestarikan lingkungan. Karena BKPMD membina perusahaan yang berpasilitas PMA/PMDN perlu kiranya BKPMD diberikan kewenangan yang lebih luas lagi dalam menindak perusahaan yang mencemari lingkungan, khususnya perusahaan PMA/PMDN, mengingat saat ini telah ada ± 4.000 perusahaan PMA/PMDN yang beroperasi di DKI Jakarta.

Untuk selalu terjaganya kelestarian lingkungan utamanya dalam rangka ketertiban pengendalian pencemaran oleh industri dan perorangan, perlu dibentuk polisi lingkungan atau layaknya seperti polisi kehutanan (jagawana) dan polisi pariwisata, yang dapat langsung bertindak di lapangan bila melihat langsung perusahaan yang mencemari lingkungan serta membuang limbahnya dengan sembarangan.

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Several Factors Which Affect The Implementation Of The EIA Policies In DKI Jakarta (Period 1993-1997)DKI Jakarta is one of the provinces in Indonesia which is very attractive to many investors foreign as well as domestic, to establish and develop their business in the from of Foreign investment/Domestic Investment. To Attract the PMA/PMDN investment the Government issued various policies related to Investment, the latest being the issued various policies related to Investment, the latest being the issuance of the Decree of the President of the Republic Of Indonesia No. 117 Year 1999 re the Second change on the Presidential Decree No. 97 Year 1993 re the Procedures on investment, Based on said Decree it was stipulated that application for approval and the permits for implementation on Investment was transferred to the Chairman of the BKPMD (Regional Investment Coordinating Board) in the name of the Governor as the Head of the Region. Based on the number of projects and investment of PMA/PMDN business which are generally of the medium and large scale, the capital investment in DKI Jakarta directly have a positive impact in the expansion of work opportunities and increase the opportunity to engage in business or do business on small scale, However, it will require early preventive measures through instruments for organizing the space, AMDAL (Environmental Impact Analysis) the decision for the standard quality of the economic environment and environmental audit the mechanism of which is implemented through construction permits.

In accordance with the identification of the problem, this research is focused to the problem of several factors which affect the implementation of policies on AMDAL in L'KI Jakarta. Based on the scope of the problem, the problem to be researched for a solution and to obtain the answer on how far is the relationship between the roles of the BKPMD (Regional Investment Coordinating Board) with the implementation of the policies on AMDAL in DKI Jakarta. While this research has the purpose to:

1. Explain the growth the PMA/PMDN in DKI Jakarta in the period 1993 up to and inclusive 1997.
2. Review the impact of the growth of the PMA/PMDN on the living environment.
3. Analyze the relation between the BKPMD with the in-effectiveness of the AMDAL implementation in DKI Jakarta during the years 1993 up to 1997.

The research method used is the post-facto research method. In the post-facto research, the researcher does not manipulate the independent variable, more exactly the independent variable was determined earlier. The location of the field survey was in DKI Jakarta, among others at the industrial estate Pulogadung, the Bonded Zone Nusantara and other locations where the PMA/PMDN business undertake their activities in production, altogether 15 (fifteen) companies.

The quantitative analysis to test the research hypothesis (ha) is done determining the research variable into 3 (three) independent variable, that are the AMDAL policies, the role of the BKPMD, and the attitude of the PMAIPMDN companies and 1 (one) dependent variable that is the ineffectiveness in the implementation of the AMDAL policies. The 3 (three) research hypotheses to be tested based on the Spearman Rho (p) sequential level correlation coefficient are:

1. There is a relationship between the EIA policies with the in-effectiveness in the implementation of the EIA policies, which is shown by the figure P =-3,678.
2. There is a relationship between the role of the EIA with the in-effectiveness in the implementation of the EIA policies, which results in the figure P=-0,534.
3. There is relationship between the attitude of the PMA/PMDN companies with the in-effectiveness in the implementation of the EIA policies, based on 2 (two) measurement standards where:
   • the attitude reflected participation, showing the figure p = -0,713.
   • the attitude reflected commitment and agreement, showing a figure of p =-0,538.

The capital investment in DKI Jakarta in the period 1993 up to and inclusive 1997 for PMA/PMDN, research to lowest level of approval for PMA in 1994 with 98 project and planned investment of 1,290,830.20 (Thousand US$) and the highest PMA approval in 1996 with 294 project with planned investment of 3,752,123.50 (Thousand US$), while the lowest PMDN approval was in 1993 with 123 projects with planned investment of 7,652,394.10 (million Rp.) and the highest PMDN approval in 1996 with 193 project with planned investment of 16,660,415.60 (million Rp.). The existence of pollution and environmental damage during 1997 were 345 cases of environmental pollution could not be suppressed to a minimum. The cases of pollution and environmental damage in DKI Jakarta is clearly evident from the tendency to be stable in the years 1993-1994, but in 1996-1997 suffered a drastic increase, although the graphs 14 and 15 showed that investments suffered a decrease.

To overcome the problem of pollution and environmental damage and anticipate several main issues related with the problem of environment in DKI Jakarta, several steps were taken through various programs like Clean River Program (Prokasih), Management of the River Basins Program (DPS), which emphasizes on the orderliness of waste source located close to the river body, like the arrangements of the temporary waste disposal dumps and orderliness of the toilets alongside the rivers, so the waste source can decrease the burden of waste in said rivers, the roads, river banks and the one million tree program by the Regional Government or even through the cooperation with the local community, with certain Non-Government Organizations as well with other organizations. The BKPMD DKI Jakarta is one of the guiding and supervising institutions in the prevention of pollution and environmental damage, with the focus on the task and-responsibility to the development of capital investment (especially PMA/PMDN), so capital investment will increase and the environmental management can be executed as it should be or in accordance with the conditions in the permits. The task and the environmental management, related to the issue above, the BKPMD DKI Jakarta with the other related institutions in the DKI Jakarta Government among others the Regional Environmental Impact Agency (Bapedalda), especially in the handing of the AMDAL, Should maintain erase some negative images like:

the process for completing the EIA is relatively dragging on, so it is often heard that the EIA hinder the investment climate;
EIA which initially has the objective to control the environmental
impact, is just made into an administrative requirement to obtain a permit;
it is often discovered that an investment activity which were completed with the EIA documents, but in actuality continues to pollute the environment as a result of the production activities.

The BKPMD DKl Jakarta plays a role in the implementation of the EIA through the issuance of the PMA/PMDN principal permit, supervision in the field, also involved in the EIA Committee Team, so it occupies a very strategic position in the issuance of the principal permit for PMA/PMDN businesses which will invest in DKI Jakarta, in accordance with the policy of the land, does not consume to much ground water, does not generate pollution/pollute the environment, high technology and can absorb the labor force. From the analysis above it can be stated that the growth of the PMA/PMDN was declining in 1997, while the case of environmental pollution increased in 1997 for this the BKPMD has an important role to prevent the incidence of environmental pollution through the issuance of permits and supervision found at the BKPMD and should implement the AMDAL policy based on Government Regulation 5111993 re EIA and the law 23/1997 re management of the human environment, so the increase in the number of PMA/PMDN as meant should be equal to capacity of preserving the environment.

Because the BKPMD provides guidance to the business enjoying facilities of the PMAIPMDN in should be given more extensive authorization to take actions against companies which are polluting the environment, especially PMA/PMDN companies, considering that at present there are around 4,000 PMA/PMDN companies operating in DKI Jakarta.

To always maintain the preservation of the environment especially in the framework to organize the control over pollution by the industry and individuals, it is necessary to form the environmental police or more likely like the forest wardens and the tourist police, who can act immediately in the field if discovering a company which pollutes the environment and through away its waste haphazardly.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK Pembangunan gedung berdinding kaca refleksi di Jakarta akhir-akhir ini semakin popular. Pertimbangan yang sering diketengahkan dalam penggunaan kaca refleksi untuk dinding luar gedung tersebut adalah beban stnrkturalnya lebih ringan, waktu pelaksanaan yang cepat, biaya yang relatit lebih murah den unsur-unsur arsitektural lainnya. Hal lain yang banyak dijadikan dasar oleh pengembang adalah makna respansif yang dimunculkan oleh daya tarik dinding kaca yang menampilkan kesan mewah sehingga menjadi penarik mined konsumen. Keadaan ini merupakan fenomena yang menarik, karena semakin banyaknya gedung berdinding kaca tersebut mengundang beberapa permasalahan yang sating dipertanyakan yaitu dampaknya terhadap lingkungan sekitar gedung. Penggunaan kaca reFleksi pada satu sisi dapat meminimisasikan beban panas dan silau ke dalam ruangan, namun di sisi lain pantulan radiasi matahari dari dinding kaca tersebut akan mempengaruhi tingkat kesilauan dan perilaku termal di sekitar gedung. Berdasarkan hal tersebut di atas, penelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk 1. Mengetahui besaran pantulan energi radlasi matahari dart gedung berdinding kaca refleksi di Jakarta. 2. Mengetahui apakah pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi mengakibatkan kesilauan dan perubahan keadaan termal (suhu) lingkungan sekitarnya. 3. Mengetahui bagaimana tanggapan/persepsi masyarakat di sekitar gedung terhadap dampak yang terjadi karena perubahan termal dan visual lingkungan sekitarnya. Dari permasalahan tersebut, hipotesis yang diajukan adalah: 1. Pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi, dengan gelombang panjang akan memanaskan dan menyebabkan kenaikan suhu udara daerah di sekitar gedung. 2. Pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi, dengan gelombang pendek (cahaya dampak) akan mengakibatkan kesilauan. 3. Masyarakat di sekitar gedung kaca telah merasakan adanya dampak yang terjadi karena pantulan radiasi matahari dan gedung berdinding kaca refleksi Obyek penelitian terdiri dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi dan masyarakat sekitar gedung tersebut Lokasi penelitian di Jakarta Pusat dan Jakarta Selatan. Jenis peneitian ini adalah deskriptif eksploratif, dengan sampel yang ditentukan secara sengaja (purposif). Gedung yang diteliti adalah Bank Bumi Daya Plaza Jalan Imam Bonjol No. 61, Kuningan Plaza Jalan H R. Rasuna Said Kav. C 11-14, Lippo Life Jalan H R. Rasuna Said Kav. B-10, Wisma BRI II Jalan Jenderal Sudrman Kav. 44-46, dan Wisma GKBI Jalan Jenderal Sudirman. Sedangkan masyarakat yang djadkan responder adalah mereka yang berada dalam radius daerah pantul gedung kaca dan pada saat terjadnya peristiwa pantulan berada di lokasi. Peneltian diaksanakan sejak bulan Juni 1996, sedangkan pengukuran fisik (suhu dan silau di lapangan dakukan pada tanggal 14 September 1996 sampai dengan 28 September 1996. Penyebaran kuesioner, wawancara dan observasi diaksanakan pada bulan September dan Oktober 1996. Data yang dikumpulkan dalam penelitian ini terdiri dari: (1) data intensitas radiasi matahari global horisontal kota Jakarta selama 31 tahun, (2) suhu udara di sekitar gedung, (3) silau I luminasi gedung kaca, dan (4) respon I persepsi masyarakat sekitar gedung terhadap perubahan aspek termal dan visual akibat pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung kaca. Jumlah data intensitas radasi matahari global horisontal kota Jakarta yang diolah adalah 4. 176, suhu udara sekitar gedung yang diukur sebanyak 1.656, silau dari gedung kaca yang diukur sejumlah 960, dan masyarakat sekitar gedung sebanyak 60 responden. Analisis data dilakukan secara analitik matematik, deskriptif, uji statistik chi-square, anova dan grafik garis. Hasil penelitian yang diperoleh adalah sebagai berikut 1. Intensitas pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi secara akumulatif sangat potensial dalam mempengaruhi energi panas karena konveksi dari Binding kaca dan kalor (bahang) yang diserap kaca untuk menaikkan suhu udara daerah yang terkena pantulannya. Besaran IR tersebut ditunjukkan oleh nilai maksimum dari Wisma GKBI (91.40 watt/m2), Wrsma BRI II (95.75 watt/m2), BBD Plaza (99.64 watt/m2), Kuningan Plaza (134.97 watt/m2), dan Lippo Life (140.47 watt/m2). 2. Pantulan radlasi atahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi dengan gelombang panjang (infra marsh) memanaskan daerah sekitar gedung dan menyebabkan kenaikkan suhu udara. Pada daerah terkena pantulan terjadi kenaikan suhu yang ditunjukkan oleh selisih meratanya dengan daerah tidak terkena pantulan sebesar 1.4° C (c t 2.0° C). Hasil pengukuran juga memperahatkan adanya gradien horisontal dan vertikal. Pada jarak 15 m dari dinding gedung pengaruh pantulan terhadap suhu udara sangat nyata, sedangkan pada jarak 25 meter suhu udara sudah tidak memperfhatkan adanya pengaruh pantulan. 3. Pantulan radlasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi dengan gelombang pendek (cahaya tampak) menimbulkan kesilauan. Nilai luminasi kaca reratanya mencapai 15.67 x 106 c d/m2 (23.16 % dari luminasi langit) minimumnya 4.37 x 10s cd/m2 (6.2 % dari luminasi langit) terjadi di gedung Bank Bumi Daya Plaza pada kaca miring saat periode pengukuran jam 09.30 - 12.00 dan maksimum 28.46 x 106 c d(m2 (40.21 % dari luminasi langit) terjadi di gedung Kuningan Plaza. Semua nilai luminasi ada diatas ambang nilai `borderline comfort and discomfort glare'. Pada saat kondesi matahari kelihatan (langit cerah -awan putih) daerah yang terkena pantulan merupakan daerah silau. 4. Masyarakat di sekitar gedung telah merasakan adanya dampak pantulan radiasi matahari dari gedung berdinding kaca refleksi. Hal ini dtunjukkan oleh tanggapannya terhadap semua aspek dampak yang dirasakan mengganggu dan mengurangi kenyamanan, ditinjau dari latar belakang pendidikan, lama tinggal, jenis kelamin dan umur. Prosentasi tanggapan terkecil adalah 28.6 % (lama tinggal < 1 tahun vs silau) dan terbesar 93.4 % (pendidikan S1 vs kenyamanan). Pernyataan tersebut diperkuat oleh hasil uji hubungan antara variabel bebas (tingkat pendidkan, lama tinggal, jenes kelamin dan umur) dengan variabei terikat (pantulan panas, gangguan silau, dan berkurangnya kenyamanan) dimana dari 12 hubungan, 9 hubungan menunjukkan signifikansi dan hanya 3 hubungan (pendidikn vs silau, lama tinggal vs pantulan panas dan umur vs pantulan panas) yang memperilihatkan tidak adanya hubungan. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan hasil pengukuran fisik (termal dan visual) yang dperoleh.

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ABSTRACT Construction of reflected curtain wall buildings in Jakarta recently is becoming popular. Consideration to use reflected curtain wall is primarly on its light structural load, quick implementation, cost eficiency, and other architectural elements. Curtain walls are non structured glass walls that are used mostly for facing tall buildings. Another important consideration in using the reflected curtain wall is related to its luxurious image which attract consumers. This is very interesting phenomenon because the use of that material has produced impact to the surrounding environment On one aspect, the use of reflective glass (curtain wail) reduces the weight heat and minimizes sun glare in the budding. However, solar radiation reflection from curtain wall to surrounding area could change thermal and visual characteristics as well as pleasant environment based on the problems above, this research intend : 1. to determine the magnitude of energy of reflected solar radiation from curtain wall building in Jakarta. 2. to figure out whether reflected solar radiation from the curtain wall building could cause thermal change (air temperature) and sun glare to surrounding environment 3. to determine community perception surrounding the building about the impact of reflected solar radiation in relation to the changing in thermal, visual, and the pleasant of the environment Hyphotesis used in this research included : 1. Reflection of long wave solar radiation (infra red) from curtain wall building increases surrounding air temperatur. 2. Reflection of short wave solar radiation (visible fight) from curtain wall building cause high glare. 3. Community surrounding the curtain wall building has felt the impacts of reflected solar radiation from the building. The object of this research is curtain wall buildings and the community surround. The research is located in Jakarta Pusat and Jakarta Selatan. The type of research is descriptive explorative with purposive sampling. The budding object to the research is Bank Bumi Daya Plaza, Jalan Imam Bonjol No. 61; Kuningan Plaza, Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. C 11-14; Lippo Life Building, Jalan H.R. Rasuna Said Kav. B-10; Wisma BRI II, Jahn Jenderal Sudirman Kav. 44-46 ; and Wisma GKBI, Jalan Jenderal Sudirman. The research was carried out in June 1996, while the physics measurement (air temperature and luminance) was underway on 14 - 28 September 1996. The questionaire distribution, interview,and observation was taken in September and October 1996. The data being collected included (1) 31 years serial data of intensity of global horizontal solar radiation of Jakarta; (2) air temperature surrounding the building; (3) lumination of curtain wall bung; and (4) response or community perception surrounding the budding towards change in thermal, visual, and pleasant aspect due to reflection of solar radiation. The available number of data on global horizontal solar radiation intensities of Jakarta were used for the calculation is 4176, while the number of data on air temperature and lumination of budding is 1656 and 960 respectively. The number of respondent of community surrounding the building is 60. Data was analyzed using mathematical approach, descriptive analysis, chi-square test, anova and One graphics analysis. The study reveals the following : 1. Intencity of reflected solar radiation from curtain wall the building accumulatively Is very potential In influencing convection heat energy from the curtain wall and calor absorbed by the glass Increased temperature of the area subject to reflection. The intencity of reflected solar radiation (IR) magnitude is shown by maximum value from Wisma GKBI (91.40 watt/rn2), Wisma BRI II (95.75 wattlm2), BBD Plaza (99.64 wattlm2), Kuningan Plaza (134.97 watt/m2), and L.ippo Life (140.47 watt/m2). 2. Reflection solar radiation from the curtain wall building with long wave improved temperature surrounding hence increases air temperatur. Increased in temperature has occured in area subject to reflection which is seen by the 1.4° C (°o ± 2.0° C) different from the area of non subject of reflection. The measurement also revealed horizontal and vertical gradient On 15 meter distance of the wall, the influence of reflection on air temperature is significant, but not from 25 meter distance. 3. Reflection solar radiation from the curtain wall building with short wave cause serious glare. The average value of glass Iuminatioon reached 15.67 x 106 cdlm2 (23.16 % from sky lumination) with minimum of 4.37 x 106 cdlm2 (6.2 % from sky lumination) occured in Bank Bumi Daya Plaza on slope glass during lime of measurement of 09.00 - 12.00 AM. The maximum 28.46 x 106 cdlrn2 (40.21 % from sky iuminatlon) occured in gedung Kuningan Plaza. Ai lumination values are above the standard of borderine comfort and discomfort glare. During clear sky, area being laminated is glare area. The size of glare area is depending upon the building tallness and orientation direction of building. 4. Community at surrounding the building has felt the impacts of reflection solar radiation on the local environment. This could be seen from the response in which most community felt that the reflection has heat reflection, glare and reduced their comfort (minimum procentage 28.6 %, length of stay < 1 year vs glare and maximum 93.4%, 51 education vs comfort). The analysis examines the relationship between Independent variables (education, length of stay, sex, and age) and dependent variables (heat reflection, glare, and a reduction of comfort). The result shows that from 12 relationship, 9 relationship showed significant relation, and only 3 relationship (education vs glare, length of stay vs heat reflection, and age vs heat) showed otherwise. That measurements supported by physics measurement (thermal dan visual).