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"Penelitian tesis ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui signifikansi Ode to Joy yang merupakan bagian dari Simfoni nomor 9 Beethoven dari perspektif kebudayaan dan politik, sampai bisa menjadi anthem Uni Eropa. Selain itu, bertujuan untuk mengetahui proses penetapan anthem tersebut, menelusuri motif hegemoni kebudayaan dan politik, terutama oleh Jerman. Pembahasan topik ini diawali oleh adanya penolakan 29 anggota parlemen Partai Brexit pimpinan Nigel Farage terhadap anthem tersebut. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode kualitatif fenomenologis. Analisis dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan Teori Kapital Pierre Bourdieu, Teori Semiotika Ferdinand de Saussure, serta Teori Hegemoni Antonio Gramsci. Temuan penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa Jerman memiliki berbagai modal, yaitu: modal simbolik, modal ekonomi, modal budaya, dan modal sosial. Hal itu menyebabkan Ode to Joy dapat diterima sebagai anthem Uni Eropa. Penetapan anthem Uni Eropa tersebut mendorong eksplorasi lebih lanjut tentang motif lain, yaitu hegemoni kebudayaan dan politik Jerman terhadap Uni Eropa. Sebelum diresmikan menjadi anthem Uni Eropa, Ode to Joy sudah menjadi simbol kejermanan di Eropa.

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The purpose of this thesis research is to determine the significance of the Ode to Joy, a melody from the fourth movement of Beethoven’s Ninth Symphony, from a cultural and political perspective, so that it can become an anthem for the European Union. Apart from that, it aims to understand the process of determining the anthem, tracing the motives for cultural and political hegemony, especially by Germany. Discussion of this topic began after Nigel Farage and his Brexit party MEPs turned their backs during the playing of the anthem. The method used in this research is a qualitative phenomenological method. The analysis in this research was carried out using Pierre Bourdieu’s Capital Theory, Ferdinand de Saussure’s Semiotic Theory, and Antonio Gramsci’s Hegemony Theory. The findings of this research show that Germany has various capital, namely: symbolic capital, economic capital, cultural capital, and social capital. This caused Ode to Joy to be accepted as an anthem for the European Union. The establishment of the European Union anthem encouraged further exploration of other motives, namely German cultural and political hegemony towards the European Union. Before it was inaugurated as an anthem for the European Union, Ode to Joy had already become a symbol of Germany in Europe."

"[Konsep hegemoni seringkali digunakan dalam mempelajari ilmu hubunganinternasional, khususnya dalam istilah sistem internasional dan stabilitasinternasional. Konsep tersebut secara umum digunakan dalam media yangmembahas politik internasional. Namun terdapat kecenderungan bahwa adanyakekurangan keseragaman dalam memahami hegemoni secara umum. Ulasanliteratur ini memiliki sasaran untuk memperdalam inti dari konsep tersebut, yaituterkait pembuatannya. Untuk menjelaskan pembentukannya, ulasan inimengembangkan empat klasifikasi terkait bagaimana konsep hegemoni dapatterbentuk, yaitu prasyarat, karakteristik, ekspresi, dan sikap Negara-negarabawahan. Kemudian, tiga tipologi akan dikembangkan dari proses ini, seperipandangan Realis-Liberalis, pandangan Struktural, dan pandangan Rezim.Berbagai tipologi tersebut selanjutnya diimplementasikan dalam mempelajariperkembangan konsep hegemoni secara kronologis. Melalui studi secarakronologis, ulasan ini menemukan bahwa terdapat perubahan tren dalambagaimana pembentukan hegemoni dipandang, yang mana pada awalnyacenderung berfokus pada material power yang kemudian berkembang menjadibentuk hegemoni yang lebih kooperatif dan lebih lunak. Variasi dalam memahamipembentukan hegemoni dan juga bagaimana hal tersebut berubah seiring waktutersebut menunjukkan mengapa penggambaran dari hegemoni itu sendiriseringkali tidak terdapat kesatuan. Hal ini juga menunjukkan bagaimana duniapolitik kontemporer lebih berfokus pada perilaku multilateral dan kooperatifantara negara-negara daripada negara tunggal dalam jumlah yang lebih besar.Pada akhirnya, ulasan ini mengusulkan bahwa perkembangan terkini dari konsephegemoni dapat digunakan oleh negara-negara berkembang demi keuntunganmereka sendiri.;The concept of hegemony is often used in studying international relations,especially in terms of international system and international stability. It is acommonly used term in news of international politics. Nevertheless, itsconception is often not fully understood by those who use the term. It seems likethere is lack of uniformity in the common understanding of hegemony. Thisliterature review aims to deepen the core of the concept, which is its constitution.In order to explore its constitution, this review develops four classifications inhow hegemony is constituted, which are preconditions, characteristics, expression,and attitude of the subordinate states. Three typologies are developed from thisprocess, which are Realist-Liberalist view, Structural view, and Regime view.These typologies are then implemented in studying the development of theconcept of hegemony chronologically. Through the chronological study, thereview found that there was a change of trend in how the constitution ofhegemony is viewed, which initially tended to focus on material power whichlater developed into more softer, cooperative form of hegemony. The variation inunderstanding of the constitution of hegemony and also how it changed along thetime shows why the conception of hegemony is often not unitary. It also showedwhy the contemporary world politics focuses more on cooperative and multilateralbehaviors between states rather than preponderance of a single state. As a result,the review suggests that the current development of concept of hegemony couldbe utilized by the developing countries to their benefits.;The concept of hegemony is often used in studying international relations,especially in terms of international system and international stability. It is acommonly used term in news of international politics. Nevertheless, itsconception is often not fully understood by those who use the term. It seems likethere is lack of uniformity in the common understanding of hegemony. Thisliterature review aims to deepen the core of the concept, which is its constitution.In order to explore its constitution, this review develops four classifications inhow hegemony is constituted, which are preconditions, characteristics, expression,and attitude of the subordinate states. Three typologies are developed from thisprocess, which are Realist-Liberalist view, Structural view, and Regime view.These typologies are then implemented in studying the development of theconcept of hegemony chronologically. Through the chronological study, thereview found that there was a change of trend in how the constitution ofhegemony is viewed, which initially tended to focus on material power whichlater developed into more softer, cooperative form of hegemony. The variation inunderstanding of the constitution of hegemony and also how it changed along thetime shows why the conception of hegemony is often not unitary. It also showedwhy the contemporary world politics focuses more on cooperative and multilateralbehaviors between states rather than preponderance of a single state. As a result,the review suggests that the current development of concept of hegemony couldbe utilized by the developing countries to their benefits., The concept of hegemony is often used in studying international relations,especially in terms of international system and international stability. It is acommonly used term in news of international politics. Nevertheless, itsconception is often not fully understood by those who use the term. It seems likethere is lack of uniformity in the common understanding of hegemony. Thisliterature review aims to deepen the core of the concept, which is its constitution.In order to explore its constitution, this review develops four classifications inhow hegemony is constituted, which are preconditions, characteristics, expression,and attitude of the subordinate states. Three typologies are developed from thisprocess, which are Realist-Liberalist view, Structural view, and Regime view.These typologies are then implemented in studying the development of theconcept of hegemony chronologically. Through the chronological study, thereview found that there was a change of trend in how the constitution ofhegemony is viewed, which initially tended to focus on material power whichlater developed into more softer, cooperative form of hegemony. The variation inunderstanding of the constitution of hegemony and also how it changed along thetime shows why the conception of hegemony is often not unitary. It also showedwhy the contemporary world politics focuses more on cooperative and multilateralbehaviors between states rather than preponderance of a single state. As a result,the review suggests that the current development of concept of hegemony couldbe utilized by the developing countries to their benefits.]"

"Kawasan Bawomataluo di Kabupaten Nias Selatan terdapat daya tarik wisata yang unik dan langka di dunia. Daya tarik wisata ini berupa rumah adat, atraksi lompat batu, situs megalitik, tarian tradisional, dan hasil kerajinan. Keunikan seni budaya ini ternyata kurang dikembangkan oleh pemerintah, pengusaha, dan masyarakat karena ada konflik kepentingan di antara stakeholder tersebut. Akibatnya, situs budaya banyak yang rusak dan dialihfungsikan sebagai tempat jemuran, serta sebagian sudah dihancurkan oleh masyarakat. Pelestarian daya tarik wisata budaya ini terkendala karena pemerintah menjalankan kebijakannya secara hegemonik, sehingga masyarakat melakukan perlawanan (kontrahegemoni). Permasalahannya adalah "bagaimana praktik hegemoni dalam pengembangan kawasan wisata budaya Bawomataluo, Kabupaten Nias Selatan, Sumatera Utara?"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan praktik hegemoni dan bermanfaat untuk pengembangan daya tarik wisata budaya serta menjadi reerensi bagi ilmu pengetahuan budaya di Indonesia. Artikel ini dianalis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan perspektif kajian budaya serta dikaji dengan teori hegemoni, teori kekuasaan/pengetahuan, dan teori praktik. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi praktik hegemoni dalam pengembangan kawasan wisata budaya Bawomataluo melalui: wacana pemerintah dalam pengembangan seni budaya, kontrol pemerintah dalam regulasi pembiayaan pelestarian budaya, kekuasaan DPRD dalam mempolitisasi APBD untuk pemeliharaan situs budaya, kebijakan bupati dalam mengubah dinas pariwisata dan kebudayaan, dan kewenangan kepala desa dalam menata kawasan wisata budaya Bawomataluo. Agar kawasan wisata budaya Bawamataluo berkembang maksimal diharapkan kerja sama yang baik antara pemerintah, masyarakat, dan penguasa secara berkelanjutan. Dengan demikian, kawasan wisata budaya Bawomataluo dapat berkembang tanpa praktik hegemoni dan praktik kontra-hegemoni, sehingga pelestarian budaya dapat dilakukan secara berkelanjutan."

"Film digunakan sebagai media untuk mengirimkan pesan kepada audiens. Topik film biasanya adalah sebuah refleksi dari apa yang terjadi di dunia nyata. Pembuat film Elysium, Neil Blomkamp, membuat film yang bertujuan untuk menggambarkan bagaimana masyarakat berkehidupan di sekitar kita. Oleh karena itu, untuk menganalisis bagaimana film Elysium berkontribusi terhadap kritikan isu terkait dengan hegemoni, kekerasan, dan perbedaan kelas sosial, riset ini akan menganalisis elemen sinematik dan tema utama dari Elysium, terutama di sekitar sistem politik dan kesehatan dalam film. Terdapat juga tujuh karakter dari kelas sosial yang berbeda yang akan di inspeksi. Elemen-elemen tersebut akan dijelaskan oleh dua teori: pertama oleh mise-en-scene, dan kedua oleh analisis semiotik. Selain itu, riset ini mendiskusikan bagaimana film Elysium menjadi representasi dari terobosan penting dalam representasi kelas sosial menengah. Temuan yang terdapat di riset ini menganjurkan bahwa hegemoni di Elysium direpresentasikan oleh perbedaan kontras dalam kondisi kehidupan seperti kesehatan, imigrasi, karakteristik militer, bahasa, dan perbedaan kontras visual dari kedua tempat. Hegemoni mengakibatkan penyalahgunaan kekuasaan dan persekusi, membuat kekerasan tidak dapat dihindari yang membuat kehidupan masyarakat kelas sosial menengah, perempuan dan anak-anak sebagai alat untuk mencapai tujuan dari protagonis dan antagonis.

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Movies are being used as a medium to deliver a message to the audience. The topics, more often than not, are usually a reflection of what happens in real life. The maker of the movie Elysium, Neil Blomkamp, crafted a movie to mirror how society is shaped around us. Therefore, to examine how the movie Elysium serves as a criticism of the issues related to hegemony, violence, and class disparity in our society, this study analyzed cinematic elements and main themes of Elysium, mainly around the politics and healthcare system in the story. There are also seven characters of different social classes from the movie that were inspected. Such elements are addressed by two means: first by mise-en-scene, and second by semiotic analysis. In addition, this research discusses how the Elysium film represented an important breakthrough in middle-class representation. The findings presented in this study suggest that the hegemony in Elysium is represented by the contrasting difference in the living conditions such as healthcare, immigration, military characteristics, language, and the visual contrasts of the two places. The hegemony results in power abuse and mistreatment, which create inevitable violence that sees the lives of middle-class society, women and children as mere throwaway tools to attain the goals of both the protagonists and antagonists."

"Asia-Pasifik sebagai “pivot” area abad ke-21, tentunya tidak terlepas dari beragam permasalahan yang menjadi agenda utama ketika membahas perkembangan politik internasional dewasa ini. Dinamika major-power relation sebagai gambaran kompleksitas hubungan Amerika Serikat-Cina telah berdampak signifikan terhadap tatanan regional di Asia-Pasifik. Urgensi pembentukan kembali tatanan regional Asia-Pasifik, menyimpan agenda “terselubung” ketika Cina sebagai emerging power secara perlahan menghadirkan ancaman bagi eksistensi hegemoni AS di kawasan. Dinamika major-power relation secara tidak langsung telah menciptakan persepsimenguatnya pengaruh Cina ditingkat regional yang berujung pada upaya pelemahan sentralistik kepemimpinan AS di Asia-Pasifik. Secara bersamaan, penciptaan perdamaian dan stabilitas keamanan kawasan juga menuntut pembentukan kembali tatanan regional Asia-Pasifik yang dapat mengakomodir adanya kemungkinan jika benar-benar terjadi transisi kekuasaan AS terhadap Cina."

"Modernisasi militer China adalah bagian dari kekuatan militer yang terus dikembangkan oleh militer China. Kekuatan militer China ditujukan untuk menjaga kedaulatan negara, menjaga kepentingan nasional, menjaga sumber-sumber energi dan berfungsi sebagai kekuatan regional.Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, China memerlukan strategi militer guna menghadapi kekhawatiran akan persepsi ancaman China dengan melakukan diplomasi bahwa China merupakan kekuatan damai, militer China juga aktif dalam peran internasionalnya.Tesis ini mencoba membahas pengaruh modernisasi militer China terhadap kebijakan Amerika Serikat di Asia Pasifik. Dengan memakai pendekatan realis, penulis berusaha memahami strategi pertahanan dan militer China dalam menjaga kepentingan nasionalnya. Metode penelitian yang digunakan penulis adalah deskriptif analistis melalui penelitian kepustakaan. Kekuatan militer AS yang dominan menebabkan strategi yang digunakan oleh China tidak konfrontatif tetapi bersikap low profile. Dengan terus menaikan anggaran militernya pertahunnya dan melakukan modernisasi militer China, China dapat menjadi kekuatan regional mengimbangi dominasi pertahanan AS dan aliansinya di Asia Pasifik.

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The modernisation of the China military was part of the strength of the military that continued to be developed by the China military. The strength of the China military was aimed to maintain the sovereignty of the country, maintain the national interests, maintain sources of energy and function as the regional strength. To achieve this aim, China needed the military strategy in order to faces the concern would the perception of the Chinese threat by carrying out diplomacy that China was the strength of peace, the China military was also active in his international role.This thesis tried to explain the impact of the China?s military modernization towards United States policies in the Asia Pacific region. By using the realist's approach, the writer tried to understand the defence strategy and the China military in maintaining his national interests. The research method that was used by the writer was descriptive analistis through the bibliography research. The strength of the US military that was dominant so the strategy that was used by China not confrontational but have an attitude low profile. China also developed the strategy peaceful rising countering the perception of the China Threat. By continue rising the budget of his military every year and carried out the modernisation of the China military, China could become the regional strength matched the domination of the US defence and his alliance."

"Tesis ini membahas strategi buck-passing yang dilakukan Amerika Serikat (AS) di kawasan Asia Timur pada periode presiden George W. Bush I dan II pada tahun 2001-2009. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian diskriptif kuantitatif dengan desain diskriptif. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui mengapa AS menggunakan strategi tersebut. Kemudian, penelitian ini mengulas strategi yang digunakan AS sebagai hegemon pada struktur polar di Asia Timur dengan memberi data-data berupa aplikasi dari strategi tersebut juga data yang menunjukkan struktur polar di kawasan ini. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa AS menggunakan strategi buck-passing karena struktur multipolar tidak seimbang (unbalanced multipolar) terjadi di kawasan ini.

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This research focuses on the buck-passing strategy used by United States during Bush administration in 2001 to 2009 in East Asia. The objective of this thesis is to analyze why the U.S applies this strategy and uses quantitative descriptive methodology. Furthermore, concerning on the context in East Asia where the U.S is the hegemon, this thesis provides the number of the military deployment (troops), the military balance among the U.S allians data to help the writer to analyze the current structure in this region. Finally, this thesis comes up to the conclusion that the U.S. uses buck-passing strategy in this regions influenced by unbalanced multipolarity."

"After Japanese taking over Indonesia from the Dutch, they have built military bases across the country. Every one of it is completed with adjunct comfort station, a place for serving Japanese army's biological needs. Comfort station is filled with Indonesian women called jugun-ianfu. Jugun-ianfu is a form of concentrated systematic rape. Jugun-ianfu is a value system that Japanese brought to Indonesia. And yet, it is a form of crime that Japanese conduct to Indonesian women. It is an ideal value system for Japanese, not Indonesian women. They have tried to impose their culture values over Indonesian women. Culture hegemony is a term that never discussed comprehensively in jugun-ianfu discourse. It was only explain about victim's condition, Indonesian's social condition and jugun-ianfu's related law process. This research's purpose is to discuss how jugun-ianfu could be seen as Japanese culture hegemony over Indonesia. This research utilizes qualitative method in order to yields descriptive data as a result. Thus could represent Japan's social condition before and after their presence in Indonesia, Indonesia's social condition and form of hegemony which Japanese have creates. The data has divided to primary and secondary. Primary data obtained from deep interview with Mr. Mardiyono (late Mrs. Mardiyem's son), Mr. Budi Hartono (late Mrs. Mardiyem's lawyer), and Dwi Mulyatari (Indonesian History tutor staff at Cultural Science Faculty, University of Indonesia). Then the secondary data obtained from literatures and newspaper clipping related to jugunianfu."

"Tesis ini meneliti perlawanan terhadap dominasi tersamar melalui novel gratis berjudul Persepolis: 77ze Story of A Childhood karya Marjane Satrapi. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan paradigma konstruktivis-kritis. Kemudian, semiotik Roland Barthes digunakan untuk menganalisis tiga subjudul yang ada dalam buku komik tersebut, yaitu The Veil, The Trip, dan Kim Wilde, sehingga akan terungkap mitos di balik itu. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa komik tidak hanya sebagai alat penyebar hegemoni, tetapi alat untuk melawan adanya hegemoni itu sendiri. Melalui penggambaran kembaii hegemoni dan penggambaran perlawanan terhadap hegemoni, komik menjadi alat untuk melawan hegemoni terhadap kelas berkuasa di Iran yang mengeluarkan kebijakan kewajiban memakai jilbab untuk perempuan.

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This thesis examine resistance of hidden domination through grapich novel Persepolis: The Story of A ChiI$xood by Marjane Satrapi. This research is qualitative method with critical-eonstructionism paradigm. Then, semiotic of Roland Barthes is used to reveal myth in three subtitle (The Veil, The Trip, and Kim Wilde) of the comic.

The result of this research reveal that comic was not only a tool to spread hegemoni, but a tool to resist that hegernoni. From repeatedly description of hegemoni and resistance of that hegemoni, comic become tool to resist hegemoni to powerful class in Iran which made a policy about obligation of wear veil to Iran’s woman."