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"Environmental risk analysis is complex and interdisciplinary; this book explains the fundamental concepts and analytical methods in each essential discipline."

"Pulau Pasaran merupakan salah satu pulau yang berada tepat ditepi Teluk Lampung Kota Bandar Lampung, yang masyarakatnya mempunyai kebiasaan mengkonsumsi ikan rata-rata 3 kali sehari. Dalam sehari harinya masyarakat Pulau Pasaran terpajan oleh logam cadmium melahii ikan (risk agent) yang dikonsumsi., Pajanan cadmium terns menerus dapat menimbulkan risiko gangguan kesehatan, untuk itu dilakukan analisis risiko dampak cadmium (Cd) dalam ikan terhadap kesehatan masyarakat.Penelitian ini merupakan studi analisis risiko kesehatan lingkungan, khususnya tentang pengamanan pangan akibat mengkonsumsi ikan yang mengandung logam cadmium yang dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan studi crossectiunal dengan menggunakan analisis deskriptif-analitik untuk mengetahui angka-angka yang mencerminkan kontribusi faktor risiko yang dapat mernberikan prediksi besarnya risiko kesehatan manusia akibat logam cadmium dalam ikan.Hasil penelitian didapatkan masyarakat pulau Pasaran Kota Karang-Bandar Lampung berisiko mengalamai gangguan kesehatan dengan rata-rata besarnya. risiko adalah 0,574. Adapun faktor-faktor yang berhubungan signifikan dengan besar risiko adalah konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan, laju asupan, durasi pajanan dan berat badan. Sedangkan faktor yang paling dominan menentukan besar risiko adalah konsentrasi cadmium dalam ikan dan durasi pajama, dengan model prediksi besarnya risiko gangguan kesehatan masyarakat Pulau Pasaran adalah :Besar Risiko = - 0,212 - 0,492 * C - 0,00084 * R - 0,0012 * Dt + 0,0139 * Wb + 0,0128 (C * R) + 0,1250 (C * Dt) - 0,0404 (C * Wb) + 0,000095 (R * Dt) - 0,000025 (R * Wb) - 0,00039 (Dt * Wb)

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Pasaran Island is one of the island residing in precisely by the side of Teluk Lampung, Bandar Lampung which its society have a habit to consume fish 3 times a day Society of Pasaran Island exposures by cadmium metal through fish (risk agent) which is consumed, Cadmium exposure continuously can generate health trouble risk, so analyse risk affect cadmium (Cd) in fish to public health.

This research is risk analysis study of environment health, especially concerning food security effect of consuming fish which consist metal cadmium by using approach of crossectionai study with analytic descriptive analysis to know numbers expressing risk factor contribution which able to give level prediction of human being health risk effect of metal cadmium in fish.

Research result from society of Pasaran Island, Kota Karang, Bandar Lampung risk of health trouble with level mean is 0.574_ Factors that related significantly with risk level are cadmium concentration in fish, intake, exposure duration, and body weight While most dominant factor determine of risk level is cadmium concentration in fish and exposure duration, with level prediction model of health trouble risk of Pasaran Island society is :

Risk Level = - 0,212 - 0,492 * C - 0,00084 * R - 0,0012 * Dt + 0,0139 * Wb + 0,0128(C*R) + 0,1250(C*Dt) - 0,0404(C*Wb) + 0,000095 (R * Dt) - 0,000025 (R * Wb) - 0,00039 (Dt Wb)."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang Health Risk Assessment yang diperoleh pada proses kegiatan kerja di Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) PT.X tahun 2012. Penilaian risiko kesehatan dilakukan dengan menganalisis nilai Potensial Risk (PR), Intrinsic Gravity Rate (G), Frequency Rate of Exposure (F), Duration of the exposure or the repeat rate of exposed task (D), Residual Risk (RR), dan Prevention Means (PM) dari setiap wilayah kerja yang kemudian dibandingkan dengan tabel standar ACGIH TLV's 2011 dan Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja (Kepmenaker No. 13/Men/X/2011) untuk mengetahui level risiko kesehatan yang ada pada setiap kegiatan kerja tersebut. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional dengan melakukan observasi, pengukuran dan pengumpulan data. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ditemukan level risiko kesehatan yang sangat tinggi (very critical) pada wilayah Main Deck (Bising, Asbestos, Paederus littoralis), Main Floor, Lower Engine Flat, Upper Engine Flat (Bising dan Asbestos) di PT.X tersebut.

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This Health Risk Assessment (HRA) research that was held at Floating Storage and Offloading (FSO) PT.X in 2012, is based on process working area. Health Risk Assessment was conducted by analyzing Potensial Risk (PR), Intrinsic Gravity Rate (G), Frequency Rate of Exposure (F), Duration of the exposure or the repeat rate of exposed task (D), Residual Risk (RR), and Prevention Means (PM) value that came from every job activity. The result will be compared with ACGIH TLV's 2011 and Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja (Kepmenaker No. 13/Men/X/2011).

The design of this study is cross sectional by conducting observation, measurment, and data gathering. The result of this study showed that heath risk level are very high (very critical) on Main Deck (Noise, Asbestos, Paederus littoralis), Main Floor, Lower Engine Flat, Upper Engine Flat (Noise and Asbestos) in the PT.X work area."

"Central Processing Area (CPA) milik JOB Pertamina-PetroChina East Java memiliki risiko kebakaran dan ledakan dalam prosesnya, hal itu dikarenakan terdapat tangki timbun yang digunakan sebagai tempat penyimpanan Crude Oil yang termasuk ke dalam flammable liquid dalam jumlah besar. Oleh sebab itu, diperlukan penilaian risiko kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki untuk mengetahui tingkat risiko dan pengendalian yang diperlukan. Penelitian dengan melakukan penilaian risiko kebakaran dan ledakan pada crude oil storage tank TK 8001 B JOB P-PEJ ini menggunakan Metode Dow`s Fire and Explosion Index. Objek penelitian yang berupa crude oil storage tank yaitu tangki TK 8001 B memiliki kapasitas 30.000 BBL dengan diameter 24,837 m dan tinggi 12,511 m. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian telah diketahui nilai F&EI pada tangki TK 8001 B adalah sebesar 121,12, yang menunjukkan bahwa tangki TK 8001 B memiliki tingkat risiko bahaya kebakaran dan ledakan dalam kategori Intermediat. Radius pajanan jika terjadi kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki TK 8001 B adalah 43,43 m dari titik pusat tangki dengan luas area pajanan sebesar 3.019,49 m2. Nilai pengganti area pajanan sebesar Rp 6.228.825.967. Dengan faktor kerusakan sebesar 0,83 atau 83%, maka nilai kerugian dasar jika terjadi kebakaran dan ledakan adalah Rp 5.169.925.602. Faktor pengendali kerugian yang didapat adalah 0,52, sehingga kerugian sebenarnya jika terjadi kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki TK 8001 B adalah sebesar Rp 2.688.361.332. Lama hari kerja yang hilang apabila terjadi kebakaran dan ledakan pada tangki TK 8001 B adalah 18 hari dan besarnya kerugian yang dialami apabila terhentinya bisnis dengan jumlah hari kerja hilang tersebut adalah Rp 327.174.305.300.

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Central Processing Area (CPA) belongs JOB Pertamina-PetroChina East Java has a risk of fire and explosion in the process, it?s because there is a storage tank that is used as a storage of Crude Oil which included in flammable liquid in bulk. Therefore, it is necessary to assess the risk of fire and explosion on the tank to determine the level of risk and necessary controls. Research to assess the risk of fire and explosion on the crude oil storage tank TK 8001 B JOB P-PEJ used Dow?s Fire and Explosion Index?s Method. The object of this research is TK 8001 B tank which contains 30.000 BBL of crude oil with a diameter of 24,837 m and 12,511 m high.

Based on the results of this research showed that the Fire and Explosion Index of TK 8001 B tank was 121,12, which indicates that TK 8001 B tank categorized as intermediate risk level. Radius of exposure in the event of a fire and explosion at TK 8001 B tank is 43,43 m from the center of the tank with the area of exposure is 3019.49 m2. Replacement value of exposure area is Rp 6.228.825.967. With damage factor was 0.83 or 83%, then the value of the basic loss in case of fire and explosion is Rp 5.169.925.602. Loss control credit factor is 0,52, so base maximum probable property damage of fire and explosion at TK 8001 B tank is Rp 2.688.361.332. Maximum probable days outage if fire and explosion happens is 18 days with business interruption Rp 327.174.305.300."

"Menilai risiko pajanan partikulat PM2.5 dilakukan pada pekerja di industri pengolahan batu kapur di Kecamatan Ciampea, Jawa Barat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperkirakan besar risiko pajanan yang diterima oleh pekerja. Konsentrasi PM2.5 diukur secara langsung pada 12 titik tungku pembakaran di area pembakran dan data pola aktifitas pekerja dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner pada 50 pekerja. Konsentrasi PM2.5 tertinggi tercatat sebesar 1,141 mg/m3 dan terendah 0,065 mg/m3 dari 12 titik lokasi pembakaran. Perhitungan risiko memperlihatkan adanya kelompok berisiko pada kelompok pekerja di area tungku 1-7 (RQ > 1) sedangkan kelompok tidak berisiko lebih dominan pada area tungku 8-12 (RQ < 1). Meskipun konsentrasi PM2.5 masih dibawah nilai NAB Permenakertrans, lamanya aktifitas kerja meningkatkan risiko pada pekerja. Adanya perbedaan risiko disebabkan karena adanya perbedaan jenis bahan bakar yang digunakan pada setiap tungku. Minimalisasi risiko dilakukan dengan mengurangi waktu kontak dengan pemajan bisa dilakukan dengan menggunakan pengendalian administratif dengan cara mengatur lama pekerja per hari (tE) dan per minggu (fE).

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Risk analysis of exposure to particulate matter PM2.5 was conducted on a group of workers at a limestone processing industry in the Ciampea District, West Java. This research was aimed to estimate the risk of PM2.5 exposure received by workers. PM2.5 was measured directly on 12 furnace burning point. Meanwhile workers activity pattern was collected using questionnaire to 50 workers. Highest concentration of PM2.5 was recorded at 1,141 mg/m3 and 0,065 lowest among 12 monitoring points. Risk calculation showed that there was risk group in furnace burning point 1-7 (RQ > 1), while the no-risk group was more dominant in the furnace burning point 8-12 (RQ <1). Although recorded PM2.5 concentration was lower than Permenakertrans threshold limit value, duration of working will increase the risk to workers health. Difference of risk value between each furnace area is caused kind of fuel used and type of fuel. Minimization of risk can be conducted by decreasing time of contact, administrative control by setting time of working per day or per week."

"Risiko kesehatan di tempat kerja adalah permasalahan yang harus diminimalisasi agar para pekerja tetap sehat dan selamat. Penelitian yang dilakukan di Area Gas Plant dan Power Plant PT.X menunjukkan bahwa dua area pendukung eksplorasi minyak dan gas bumi PT.X ini masih banyak bahaya kesehatan yang belum teridentifikasi sehingga belum dilakukan pengendaliannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui nilai dan tingkat risiko Area Gas Plant dan Power Plant PT.X sehingga dapat diberikan rekomendasi pengendalian bahaya kesehatan yang sesuai untuk meminimalisasi risiko yang ada, berdasarkan penilaian risiko kesehatan dan analisis sumber daya. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah desktiptif analitik dengan pendekatan observasional yang mengacu pada standar AS/NZS 4360:2004 dan perhitungan nilai risiko berdasarkan metode semikuantitatif ICMM (2011). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat berbagai bahaya kesehatan yang mendapatkan prioritas tinggi pengendalian yaitu bahaya bising, bahan kimia silika, dan bahan kimia amina di dua area tersebut.

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Health risks in the workplace are the problem that must be minimized in order to keep workers healthy and safe. Research conducted in Gas Plant and Power Plant Area shows that the two areas of PT.X, which to support oil and gas exploration, still have many health hazards that have not been identified so that control is not performed. This study aims to determine the level of risk and the value of Gas Plant and Power Plant Area of PT.X so it can be given appropriate health hazard control recommendations to minimize risks, based on the health risk assessment and analysis of resources. Study design used is descriptive analytical observational approach which refers to standard AS/NZS 4360:2004 and calculation of risk based on a semiquantitative method of ICMM (2011). The results of this study indicate that there are a variety of health hazards whose priority is high, that is, noise hazards, silica chemicals, and chemicals amine in both areas."

"Penelitian ini membahas tentang penilaian risiko keselamatan kesehatan kerja pada aktivitas structural works di PT. WIKA proyek pembangunan Hospital Teaching Universitas Indonesia tahun 2014. Penilaian risiko dilakukan untuk mendapatkan nilai risiko yang terdapat pada aktivitas structural works di PT. WIKA. Identifikasi bahaya dan risiko menggunakan Job Hazard Analisis (JHA). Analisis tingkat risiko menggunakan standar level risiko kualitatif AS/NZS 4360: 2004. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi cross sectional dengan pendekatan observasional. Nilai risiko adalah hasil perkalian dari konsekuensi, dan kemungkinan. Hasil penelitian menyatakan bahwa terdapat 53 risiko yang ada pada proses structural works.

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This study discusses the occupational health safety risk assessment On Structural Works Activity in PT. Wijaya Karya Project Teaching Hospital Universitas Indonesia 2014. Risk assessment carried out to obtain the value of the risks inherent in the activity of structural works in PT. WIKA. Hazard identification and risk using the Job Hazard Analysis (JHA). Analysis of the level of risk using the standard risk level qualitative AS/NZS 4360:2004. This study used a cross-sectional study design with observational approach. Value is the result of multiplying the risk of consequences and possibilities. The study states that there are 53 existing risks in the process of structural works."

"Penelitian ini tentang health risk assessment pada kegiatan produksi yang dilakukan di area Stasiun Pengumpul A (SP A) dan Stasiun Pengumpul Utama B (SPUB) PT X tahun 2014. Penilaian risiko kesehatan dilakukan dengan dengan menganalisis nilai potensi dari bahaya yang ada (P), Frekuensi pajanan (F), Durasi (D), Risiko Awal (RA), Upaya Perlindungan (UP) dan Risiko Risidual (RR) untuk mengetahui level risiko kesehatan yang ada pada setiap kegiatan kerja. metode penelitian ini adalah semikuantitatif dengan melakukan observasi dan pengumpulan data. Hasil dari penilaian risiko menunjukkan bahwa pada kegiatan di area SP A yaitu pengukuran volume tangki di tangki produksi 7 (benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, pasta gasoline), di tangki 4 dan 6 (pasta gasoline), pengoprasian pompa transfer, compressor (bising) memiliki risiko kesehatan tinggi. Sedangakn di area SPU B pajanan kebisingan pada pompa transfer memiliki risiko medium.

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This Health Risk Assessment research that was held at Oil Station A (SP A) and Primary Oil Station B (SPU B) PT X Years 2014. Health risk assessment was conducted by analyzing the value potential of hazard (P), Frequency rate of exposure (F), Duration (D), level of risk (RA), Prevention means (UP) and Residual Risk (RR) from every job activity. This study is a semi quantitative method by observation and data collection. The result of this risk assessment indicated that in SP A activity, measuring the volume of tank in tank production 7 (benzene, toluene, xylene, hexane, gasoline pasta), in tank 4 and 6 (gasoline past), in transfer pump and compressor (noisy) has a high risk. While in the area SPU B noise exposure in transfer pump that have a medium risk."

"[ABSTRAKAnalisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan Akibat Pembuangan Limbah CairPembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) Ulumbu ke Sungai (Pada LapanganPanas Bumi Ulumbu, Kabupaten Manggarai, Nusa Tenggara Timur)Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Panas Bumi (PLTP) merupakan salah satu sumberenergi yang ramah lingkungan karena menghasilkan volume limbah yang rendah,salah satunya adalah limbah cair. Limbah cair panas bumi mengandung unsurkimia, salah satunya adalah Arsen. Limbah cair PLTP akan menimbulkan dampakapabila dibuang secara langsung ke sungai. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untukmengidentifikasi besarnya konsentrasi Arsen pada limbah PLTP dan air sungai dilokasi penelitian dan dampaknya terhadap konsentrasi Arsen di sungai serta dampakterhadap kesehatan lingkungan. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan hasil konsentrasiArsen pada limbah PLTP sebesar 0,0365 mg/l. Kandungan Arsen dalam limbahyang dibuang masih berada di bawah baku mutu, yaitu sebesar 0,5 mg/l.Pembuangan limbah cair PLTP ini juga tidak meningkatkan konsentrasi Arsen disungai. Konsentrasi Arsen pada air yang dikonsumsi masyarakat adalah 0,008 mg/l.Perhitungan risiko kesehatan masyarakat yang mengkonsumsi air sungaimenunjukkan tidak menimbulkan risiko kesehatan RQ < 1 (RQ = 0,6522).

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ABSTRACTGeothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).;Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522)., Geothermal power plant is one of the green energy which produces low wastevolume, including wastewater. Geothermal wastewater contains Arsenic, adangerous chemical. It can generate impact when it is discharged to the rivernearby. The purpose of this research is to identify Arsenic concentration in thegeothermal wastewater and in the river on the research location. The result of thisresearch shows that geothermal wastewater Arsenic concentration is still below theregulation, that is 0,0365 mg/l. Its content in the discarded waterwaste is still belowthe quality standar, which is 0,5 mg/l. Geothermal wastewater discharge has noeffect to the Arsenic concentration in the river. Arsenic concentration in the riverthat people consume is 0,008 mg/l. Based on this concentration, health riskassessment ot the comunity who consume the water from the river shows noharmful potential to cause health problem as the RQ less than 1 (RQ = 0,6522).]"