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Deasy Grafianti
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Obat antiepilepsi (OAE), seperti asam valproat (valproic acid,
VPA) dan karbamazepin (carbamazepin, CBZ) sering digunakan dalam jangka waktu
panjang. Obat-obatan tersebut dapat mengganggu fungsi tubulus ginjal. N-acetylbeta-D-glucosaminidase
(NAG) urin merupakan enzim yang dapat dipakai sebagai
marka fungsi tubulus sehingga diharapkan dapat mendeteksi jejas tubulus. Penelitian
mengenai efek nefrotoksik VPA dan CBZ terhadap tubulus menggunakan penanda
NAG urin ini belum pernah dilakukan di Indonesia.
Tujuan: Mengukur indeks NAG (iNAG) urin pada anak epilepsi yang mendapat
VPA dan atau CBZ jangka panjang untuk mendeteksi efek nefrotoksik kedua OAE
tersebut pada tubulus ginjal.
Metodologi: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi potong lintang yang dilakukan pada
Januari-Maret 2015. Subjek penelitian ini adalah 36 anak epilepsi dengan monoterapi
VPA, 14 dengan monoterapi CBZ, 14 dengan kombinasi VPA dan CBZ, rentang usia
3-16 tahun. Pada seluruh subjek dilakukan pemeriksaan kadar kreatinin urin dan
kadar NAG urin. Sebagai nilai acuan kadar NAG urin, dipilih 30 anak sehat dengan
usia yang disesuaikan dengan subjek penelitian. Untuk menghilangkan variabilitas
harian, maka NAG urin dibagi dengan kreatinin urin, menjadi iNAG (satuan U/g
kreatinin). Indeks NAG dikategorikan meningkat bila nilainya lebih dari rerata NAG
+ 2 SD kelompok anak sehat.
Hasil: Rerata iNAG urin pada kelompok anak sehat, monoterapi VPA, monoterapi
CBZ dan kombinasi VPA dan CBZ berturut-turut adalah 3,01; 5,9; 4,07; 6,9. Tiap
kelompok kasus memiliki rerata iNAG urin lebih tinggi dibandingkan anak sehat.
Proporsi kenaikan iNAG urin ditemukan pada 11/ 36 anak dengan monoterapi VPA,
2/14 pada kelompok monoterapi CBZ, dan 9/14 pada terapi kombinasi VPA dan
CBZ.
Simpulan: Pemberian VPA jangka panjang dapat menyebabkan jejas pada tubulus ginjal dengan parameter kenaikan iNAG urin, dan jejas tubulus ini meningkat dengan pemakaian VPA dan CBZ secara kombinasi.ABSTRACT Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. ;Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. , Background: Antiepileptic drugs such as valproic acid (VPA) and carbamazepine
(CBZ) are often used in the long term manner. These drugs may disrupt the function
of the kidney tubules. Urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) is an enzyme
that can be utilised as marker of tubular function and is therefore expected to be
useful in detecting kidney tubular injuries. There have been no studies conducted in
Indonesia on the nephrotoxic effect of VPA and CBZ to tubules using urinary NAG
as marker.
Objectives: To measure urinary NAG index (iNAG) in epileptic children with longterm
use of VPA and CBZ in order to detect their nephrotoxic effects on kidney
tubules.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed on January to March 2015. The
subject includes 36 patients on VPA monotherapy, 14 patients on CBZ monotherapy,
and 14 patients on VPA-CBZ combination therapy with age ranging from 3 to 16
years old. Urine creatinine concentration and urinary NAG values of all the patients
are measured. Thirty age-adjusted healthy children are included in the study for NAG
value reference. To eliminate NAG diurnal variability, iNAG is calculated by
dividing urinary NAG value and urine creatinine concentration. Urinary iNAG values
that fall above the +2 standard deviations from the mean of healthy children are
considered elevated.
Results: Urinary iNAG values of the healthy children, VPA monotherapy, CBZ
monotherapy, and VPA-CBZ comination therapy groups are 3.01; 5.9; 4.07; 6.9 U/g
respectively. Each case group has higher urinary iNAG mean value than the control
group. Urinary iNAG urine increased proportion is found in 11/36 children on VPA
monotherapy, 2/14 children on CBZ monotherapy, and 9/14 children on VPA-CBZ
combination therapy.
Conclusions: Long-term VPA use may cause renal tubular injuries with increased urinary iNAG value as parameter. Tubular injury is increased with the use of VPA and CBZ in combination. ]"
Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Tartila
"[ABSTRAK
Latar belakang Pemeriksaan EEG merupakan modalitas terpenting dalam diagnosis multi aksial pada epilepsi dan pemberian obat anti epilepsi yang tepat Sensitivitas EEG untuk memperoleh gelombang epileptiform cukup rendah sehingga berbagai upaya dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sensitivitas EEG Faktor faktor yang memengaruhi kejadian gelombang epileptiform telah banyak diteliti pada pasien dewasa namun belum ada penelitian yang spesifik pada anak Tujuan Mengetahui proporsi kejadian gelombang epileptiform pada EEG anak dengan epilepsi dan faktor faktor yang berpengaruh Metode Studi potong lintang terhadap 110 anak epilepsi usia 1 bulan 18 tahun yang datang ke Poliklinik EEG Kiara RSCM dari bulan Mei hingga September 2015 Faktor faktor yang dianggap berpengaruh dianalisis secara multivariat dengan uji regresi logistik Hasil Proporsi munculnya gelombang epileptiform sebesar 48 110 43 6 Pada analisis bivariat didapatkan faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap munculnya gelombang epileptiform adalah lama anak terbangun hingga dilakukannya pemeriksaan EEG p 0 034 OR 2 449 IK95 1 071 5 599 dan jarak kejang terakhir dengan EEG p 0 005 OR 3 037 IK95 1 386 6 626 Pada analisis multivariat didapatkan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap kejadian gelombang epileptiform adalah jarak kejang terakhir dengan EEG p 0 016 OR 2 671 IK95 1 198 5 957 Simpulan Jarak kejang terakhir dengan pemeriksaan EEG kurang dari 3 hari dan deprivasi tidur parsial selama 6 jam merupakan faktor terjadinya gelombang epileptiform pada EEG anak dengan epilepsi ABSTRACT Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ;Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ;Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours , Background Top of Form EEG is an important modality in the multi axial diagnosis of epilepsy and therapy Sensitivity of EEG was low so efforts were made to improve it Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves has been studied in adult patients but no specific studies in children Top of Form Objectives Determine proportion of epileptiform waves in the EEG of children with epilepsy and identify the factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves Methods This is a cross sectional study on 110 children with epilepsy aged 1 month 18 years old who came to the EEG outpatient clinic at Kiara Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital from May to September 2015 Related factors was analyzed using multivariate Results The proportion of epileptiform waves was 48 110 43 6 Results in bivariate analysis revealed related factors were the duration of awakeness p 0 034 OR 2 499 95 CI 1 071 5 599 and the duration of last seizure until EEG done p 0 005 OR 3 037 95 CI 1 386 6 626 In the multivariate analysis duration of last seizure until EEG done was the most related factors to the occurence of epileptiform waves p 0 016 OR 2 671 95 CI 1 198 5 957 Conclusion Factors related to the occurence of epileptiform waves are duration of last seizure until EEG done less than 3 days and patial deprivation for 6 hours ]"
Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2015
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Maghffira Maura R. A. Dunda
"Epilepsi masih menjadi masalah neurologis pada anak, dengan pertambahan kasus sebesar 75%-80% setiap tahunnya di negara-negara berkembang. Sudah terdapat banyak pilihan Obat Anti Epilepsi (OAE) yang tersedia. Sayangnya, mencapai 30% pasien anak yang menjalani pengobatan tidak mencapai bebas kejang, dan berkembang menjadi epilepsi dengan kejang tidak terkontrol, atau disebut dengan epilepsi intraktabel. Perjalanan pengobatan sangat penting pada keadaan epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun, yang masih dalam masa perkembangan otak, namun belum banyak penelitian yang melihat evolusi faktor risiko dalam memprediksi kejadian epilepsi intraktabel. Penelitian ini melihat perubahan atau evolusi faktor risiko pasien epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun pada 3 lokasi penelitian di Jakarta, dengan melakukan studi kasus-kontrol.
Tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengidentifikasi peran evolusi faktor risiko untuk memprediksi epilepsi intraktabel anak usia di bawah tiga tahun. Penelitian dilakukan secara retrospektif, menggunakan data sekunder, dengan melihat rekam medis pasien epilepsi anak usia di bawah tiga tahun yang diperoleh dari RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Jakarta Pusat, RS Puri Cinere Depok, dan Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang Center, Jakarta Selatan. Total subjek sebanyak 102 rekam medis pasien, dengan perbandingan kasus:kontrol yaitu 1:1. Hasil analisis pearson chi-square memperoleh 3 evolusi faktor risiko yang signifikan terhadap kejadian epilepsi intraktabel, yaitu: evolusi kelumpuhan motorik kasar (p<0,001; OR 7,86; IK95% 3,142-19,659); evolusi status neurologis (p<0,001; OR 9,84; IK95% 3,934-24,614); dan evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG (p<0,001; OR 23,25; IK95% 7,657-70,599). Evolusi tipe kejang menunjukkan hasil tidak bermakna terhadap kejadian epilepsi intraktabel anak. Hasil analisis multivariat kemudian menunjukkan bahwa evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG baik/buruk memiliki peran paling kuat dalam memprediksi kejadian epilepsi intraktabel (p<0,001; OR 0,075; IK95% 0,022-0,253). Evolusi gelombang epileptiform EEG buruk merupakan faktor prediktor epilepsi intraktabel anak usia di bawah tiga tahun yang paling berpengaruh.

Epilepsy is still a neurological problem among children, with an increase in cases of 75% -80% annually in developing countries. There are already many choices of Anti-Epileptic Drugs (AED) available. Unfortunately, up to 30% of pediatric patients who undergo treatment do not achieve seizure-free, and develop epilepsy with uncontrolled seizures, also known as intractable epilepsy. The course of treatment is very important in the epilepsy of children under three years of age, who are still in the process of brain development, but not many studies have looked at the evolution of risk factors in predicting the incidence of intractable epilepsy. This study looked at changes or evolution of risk factors for epilepsy patients under three years of age in 3 study locations in Jakarta, by conducting a case-control study. The objective of this research is to Identified the evolution of risk factors role in predicting intractable epilepsy in children under three years of age. The study was conducted retrospectively, using secondary data, by looking at the medical records of epilepsy children under three years of age obtained from RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo, Central Jakarta, Puri Cinere Hospital Depok, and Klinik Anakku Pondok Pinang Center, South Jakarta. The total subjects were 102 patient medical records, with a case: control ratio of 1: 1. The results of the Pearson chi-square analysis obtained three significant evolution of risk factors for the incidence of intractable epilepsy, namely: the evolution of gross motor paralysis (p<0.001; OR 7.86; 95% CI 3.142-19.659); evolution of neurological status (p<0.001; OR 9.84; CI95% 3,934-24.614); and EEG epileptiform wave evolution (p<0.001; OR 23.25; IK95% 7,657-70,599). The evolution of seizure types showed no significant effect on the incidence of intractable epilepsy in children. The results of multivariate analysis then showed that the evolution of epileptiform EEG waves good/bad had the strongest role in predicting the incidence of intractable epilepsy (p<0.001; OR 0.075; CI95% 0.022-0.253). The bad evolution of EEG epileptiform waves was the most influential predictor of intractable epilepsy among children under three years of age."
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2020
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UI - Skripsi Membership  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Agung Triono
"Penghentian obat antiepilepsi OAE dengan terburu-buru meningkatkan risiko relaps pada epilepsi. Risiko resistensi obat pada epilepsi relaps sangat tinggi. Belum ada kesepakatan umum kapan OAE dapat dihentikan dengan aman sehingga tidak terjadi relaps. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui angka kejadian relaps pada anak dengan epilepsi terkontrol danyang belum terkontrol kejangnya, mengetahui karakteristik anak dengan epilepsi terkontrol yang mengalami relaps, mengetahui faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps, mengetahui luaranepilepsi relaps, mengetahui perjalanan EEG anak dengan epilepsi relaps. Penelitian dilakukan pada Juni-Desember 2016. Desain studi adalah kasus-kontrol, retrospektif, multisite dari rekam medis tahun 2012-2016. Studi rekam medis dilanjutkan dengan wawancara dan pemeriksaan EEG untuk kelompok kasus. Kelompok kasus adalah anak-anak dengan epilepsi relaps sedangkan kelompok kontrol adalah epilepsi remisi komplit. Analisis bivariat dan multivariat dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps. Angka kejadian epilepsi relaps pada penelitian ini adalah 13,6 . Dilakukan analisis terhadap 63 subyek epilepsi relaps dan 63 subyek epilepsi remisi komplit. Faktor prediktor epilepsi relaps pada analisis bivariat yaitu: epilepsi simptomatik P

An inappropriate antiepileptic drugs AED withdrawal increases the risk of relapse. The risk of drug resistance in epilepsy relapse is very high. There is no consensus when the AED is safely withdrawn, so that epilepsy will not relapse. This study aims to know the incidence of relapse in children with controlled and uncontrolled epilepsy, the characteristics, predictors, outcomes, and EEG evolutions in children with epilepsy relapse. This study was held from June December 2016. This was a case control study with retrospective, multi site medical record evaluation from 2012 2016, followed by interview and EEG examination for the case group. The case group was children with epilepsy relapse, while the control was children with epilepsy complete remission. Bivariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of relapse. The incidence of epilepsy relapse in this study was 13,6 . We analyzed 63 epilepsy relapse and 63 epilepsy complete remission subjects. Relapse predictors in bivariate analysis were symptomatic etiology P
"
Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2017
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Lenny Syukriati Asmir
"Latar belakang: Elektroensefalografi EEG adalah suatu prosedur untuk mendukung diagnosis dan evaluasi pengobatan pada penyakit epilepsi. Perekaman EEG ideal dapat dicapai bila anak mengalami tidur alamiah, yang sampai saat ini masih sulit untuk dilakukan. Melatonin, merupakan hormon tidur alami yang dihasilkan oleh kelenjar pineal, mulai dikembangkan sebagai premedikasi EEG yang diharapkan memiliki efek samping lebih kecil dibanding prosedur deprivasi tidur parsial DTP dan obat sedasi.
Tujuan: 1 mengetahui perbandingan awitan tidur, makrostruktur tidur, dan lama tidur pada anak epilepsi yang diberikan melatonin oral dengan yang dilakukan prosedur DTP, 2 mengetahui perbedaan efek samping pemberian premedikasi melatonin dibandingkan prosedur DTP pada anak epilepsi yang direncanakan EEG
Metode: Penelitian uji klinik acak tersamar tunggal secara paralel dilakukan pada 76 subyek berusia 1-18 tahun yang melakukan pemeriksaan EEG di Laboratorium Elektrodiagnostik IKA-RSCM selama periode November 2016 ndash; Januari 2017. Seluruh subyek tersebut dibagi menjadi 2 kelompok, satu kelompok diberikan premedikasi melatonin per oral, sedangkan kelompok lainnya dilakukan prosedur DTP.
Hasil: Rerata awitan tidur kelompok DTP adalah 42,39 menit sedangkan kelompok melatonin 33,97 menit p le;0,01 . Rerata lama tidur kelompok DTP adalah 22,58 menit, sedangkan kelompok melatonin 25,09 menit p=0,144 . Gambaran makrostruktur tidur p>0,05 dan efek samping prosedur p>0,05 pada kedua kelompok subyek tidak berbeda bermakna.
Simpulan: Awitan tidur pada kelompok melatonin lebih cepat dibandingkan kelompok DTP, dengan durasi tidur yang serupa antar 2 kelompok. Makrostruktur tidur kedua kelompok mirip dengan tidur alamiah. Tidak didapatkan perbedaan efek samping antara kelompok DTP dan kelompok melatonin. Melatonin dapat digunakan sebagai premedikasi EEG pada anak untuk praktik sehari-hari.

Background Electroencephalography EEG is a procedure to support and evaluate therapy in children with epilepsy. Ideally, EEG result can be achieved if the child fell on a natural sleep, but this phase was difficult to gain. Melatonin, a natural sleep hormone that is produced by the pineal gland, was started to developed as a premedication following EEG procedure to produce natural sleep with minimal side effects compared to partial sleep deprivation PSD and other sedative agents.
Aim 1 to discover sleep onset, sleep duration, and sleep macrostructure in children with the oral administration of melatonin compared to partial sleep deprivation, 2 to discover side effects of oral melatonin EEG premedication in epilepsy children
Method In a parallel single blinded randomized clinical trial, 76 children who were referred to EEG Unit of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital from November 2016 to January 2017 were evaluated. The children were randomly assigned into two groups to receive PSD procedure control group and oral melatonin treatment group.
Results Mean sleep onset in PSD group was 42.39 minutes, while in melatonin group was 33.97 minutes p le 0,01 . Mean sleep duration in PSD group was 22.58 minutes, while in melatonin group was 25.09 minutes p 0,05 . There were no significant differences in both sleep macrostructure p 0,05 and procedure rsquo s side effects p 0,05 in both groups.
Conclusions Sleep onset was more prompt in melatonin group compares to PDS group, while sleep duration was similar between each groups. Both of sleep macrostructures were similar to natural sleep process. There were no significant differences of side effects in both groups. Melatonin can be use as premedication for EEG examination in epilepsy children."
Depok: Universitas Indonesia, 2017
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UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Irawan Mangunatmadja
Depok: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2023
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UI - Pidato  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Gendis Ayu Ardias
"Latar belakang: Palsi serebral (PS) merupakan gangguan permanen pada perkembangan gerakan dan postur tubuh, bersifat non-progresif, dan dapat menyebabkan keterbatasan aktivitas. Gangguan motorik pada PS dapat disertai dengan gangguan fungsi sensasi, persepsi, kognisi, komunikasi dan tingkah laku, masalah muskuloskeletal sekunder, dan berisiko untuk terjadinya epilepsi di kemudian hari. Jenis PS yang diyakini berhubungan erat dengan kejadian epilepsi adalah PS tipe spastik dengan topografi kuadriplegia. Meskipun terdapat beberapa teori yang diyakini menjadi etiologi spesifik epilepsi pada PS spastik, masih sekitar 70% kasus belum diketahui penyebabnya.
Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi observasional analitik dengan desain kasus kontrol yang bertujuan untuk menelaah faktor-faktor risiko epilepsi pada PS spastik. Faktor risiko yang terkait kejadian epilepsi pada PS tipe spastik yang akan diteliti adalah mikrosefal, topografi PS spastik, usia pertama kejang < 1 tahun, riwayat kejang periode neonatal, riwayat infeksi SSP di usia < 2 tahun, temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI, dan temuan abnormal EEG.
Hasil: Sebanyak 103 subjek populasi kasus (PS spastik dengan epilepsi) dan 103 subjek populasi kontrol (PS spastik tanpa epilepsi) diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Analisis univariat hingga multivariat dilakukan menggunakan program statistical package for the social sciences versi 27 (SPSS 27). Faktor risiko dianggap bermakna apabila nilai p<0,05. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa faktor-faktor risiko PS tipe spastik yang paling berperan untuk terjadinya epilepsi pada penelitian ini adalah mikrosefal (p=0,003; OR 3,577; IK 95% 1,559–8,209), topografi PS spastik kuadriplegia dan hemiplegia (p=0,005; OR 6,636; IK 95% 1,797–24,509; dan p=0,006; OR 7,888; IK 95% 1,782–34,914), temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI (nilai p=0,002; OR 4,153; IK 95% 1,715–10,058), dan temuan abnormal EEG berupa gambaran hipofungsi (p < 0,0001; OR 219,338; IK 95% 40,103–1199,63). Kesimpulan: Mikrosefal, topografi PS spastik kuadriplegia, temuan abnormal CT scan/ MRI, dan temuan abnormal EEG terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya epilepsi pada PS spastik, sedangkan usia kejang pertama < 1 tahun, riwayat kejang neonatal, dan infeksi SSP usia < 2 tahun tidak terbukti meningkatkan risiko terjadinya epilepsi pada PS spastik.

Background: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a permanent and non-progressive disturbance in the development of movement and posture, and causes activity limitations. Motor disturbances in PS can be accompanied by impaired function of sensation, perception, cognition, communication and behaviour, secondary musculoskeletal problems, and the risk of developing epilepsy later in life. The type of CP that is believed to be closely related to the incidence of epilepsy is the spastic type with a quadriplegic topography. Although there are several theories that are believed to be the specific aetiology of epilepsy in spastic PS, the cause is still unknown in about 70% of cases.
Method: This is a case-control study design that aims to examine the risk factors of epilepsi in spastic CP. The risk factors associated with the occurrence of epilepsy that will be involved are microcephaly, topography of spastic CP, age at first seizure <1 year, history of neonatal seizures, history of CNS infection at the age < 2 years, abnormal CT scan/ MRI findings, and abnormal EEG findings.
Result: A total of 103 case population subjects (spastic CP with epilepsy) and 103 control population subjects (spastic CP without epilepsy) were included in this study. Univariate to multivariate analysis was performed using the statistical package for the social sciences version 27 (SPSS 27). Risk factors are considered significant if the p value <0.05. This study showed that the risk factors for epilepsy in spastic CP which were most significant for the occurrence of epilepsy were microcephaly (p=0.003; OR 3.577; 95% CI 1.559 – 8.209), quadriplegia and hemiplegia topography (p=0.005; OR 6.636; 95% CI 1.797- 24.509 and p=0.006; OR 7.888; 95% CI 1.782-34.914), abnormal CT scan/MRI findings (p=0.002; OR 4.153; 95% CI 1.715– 10.058), and hypofunction form of EEG findings (p<0,0001; OR 219.338; 95% CI 40.103–1199.63).
Conclusion: Microcephaly, quadriplegia topography, abnormal CT scan/MRI findings, and abnormal EEG findings have been shown to increase the risk of developing epilepsy in spastic CP. Whereas age of first seizure <1 year, history of neonatal seizures, and CNS infection at age <2 years old were not proven to increase the risk of epilepsy in spastic CP.
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Jakarta: Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia, 2023
SP-Pdf
UI - Tugas Akhir  Universitas Indonesia Library
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Jakarta: Badan Penerbit Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia , 2016
618.92 EPI
Buku Teks  Universitas Indonesia Library