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Abstrak :
Sebagaimana diketahui bahwa situasi ekonomi-politik internasional pada Pasca Perang Dingin diwarnai oleh perkembangan dinamis, di antaranya adalah arus gobalisasi dan munculnya blok-blok perdagangan regional. Untuk mengantisipasi dampak perubahan dan perkembangan ini, dibentuklah suatu kerjasama ekonomi antar negara di kawasan tertentu, seperti kawasan Asia Pasifik yang disebut APEC. Pembentukan APEC memiliki arti yang sangat strategic bagi Indonesia sebagai salah satu negara yang terletak di kawasan Asia Pasifik. Arti penting APEC bagi Indonesia tercermin dari pentingnya kawasan Asia Pasifik bagi perdagangan dan perekonomian nasional. Kawasan Asia Pasifik merupakan pasar ekspor potensial barang-barang produksi Indonesia dan sumber impor, penanaman modal (investasi), serta sumber pinjaman dan bantuan luar negeri. Dengan adanya peranan APEC yang penting bagi perdagangan dan perekonomian nasional, Indonesia memiliki peluang dan tantangan yang besar dalam perdagangan APEC di tengah situasi krisis moneter yang sedang melanda sebagian besar negara-negara di kawasan Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut di atas, penulis melakukan suatu penelitian mengenai "Liberalisasi Perdagangan dalam APEC: Peluang dan Tantangan Indonesia di tengah Situasi Krisis Moneter (1997-1999)". Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa peluang dan tantangan yang dihadapi oleh Indonesia dalam perdagangan bebas dalam APEC di tengah situasi krisis rnoneter yang sekarang ini sedang melanda sebagian besar negaranegara di Asia Tenggara dan Asia Timur. Dari analisa mengenai peluang dan tantangan Indonesia dalam liberalisasi perdagangan APEC tersebut, dapat diketahui sejauh mana peran APEC dan peran Indonesia dalam mengatasi krisis moneter. Untuk membahas pokok permasalahan dalam tesis ini, digunakan Metode Penelitian yang bersifat Deskriptif. Meskipun digunakan data-data berupa angka-angka, akan tetapi data angka-angka ini hanya berfungsi sebagai pelengkap karena adanya penerapan Metode Penulisan Kualitatif.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Penelitian ini mempelajari faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi lebih besarnya ekspor Thailand ke Timur Tengah, dibandingkan dengan ekspor Indonesia. Tujuannya adalah untuk mempelajari pengalaman Thailand dalam meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekspornya ke kawasan tersebut. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif, wawancara dan riset pustaka. Dari hasil penelitian ini, disarankan agar kapabilitas teknologi di sektor industri perlu ditingkatkan; beberapa instrumen kebijakan strategis perlu digunakan demi pembangunan industri nasional; isu infrastruktur, lingkungan bisnis dan upah buruh segera diatasi untuk memperkuat daya saing ekonomi; kolaborasi pemerintah dan sektor swasta dilembagakan; perjanjian bilateral dimanfaatkan untuk memperluas akses pasar; alokasi anggaran untuk program promosi dan misi dagang ditingkatkan.

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ABSTRACT
This research studied factors underlying the greater export of Thailand to Middle East than the Indonesia?s export to that region. The objective is to study Thailand?s experiences in increasing its export to the region. The research method was qualitative by library research and interviewing. The result suggests that government enhance technological capability in industrial sector; employ strategic policies to boost the development of national industries; overcome issues in infrastructure, business environment and labor cost to strengthen economic competitiveness; institutionalize collaboration between government and private sector; optimize bilateral agreement to gain market access; allocate greater budget for promotion and trade mission.

Abstrak :
Tesis membahas mengenai latar belakang dilarangnya perjanjian penetapan harga dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat serta kesesuaian Putusan Komisi Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat Nomor 04/KPPU-I/2016 dengan ketentuan peraturan yang ada di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan tesis ini adalah penelitian ini hukum normatif. Secara umum, tujuan dibentuknya UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 adalah untuk menciptakan suatu persaingan yang sehat diantara pelaku usaha pesaing. Salah satu praktek monopoli yang dilarang adalah perjanjian penetapan harga. Sehingga penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa penetapan harga dilarang karena banyak terjadi praktek konglomerasi pada tahun 1998. Dalam pembuktiannya KPPU menggunakan pembuktian circumstantial evidence. Pembuktian secara circumstantial evidence cukup sulit karena tidak ada bukti dokumen yang mengarahkan langsung kepada pelanggaran, sehingga KPPU diharuskan melakukan penyelidikan untuk mendapatkan bukti yang dibutuhkan. Salah satu kasus penetapan harga yang diputuskan oleh Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha baru-baru ini mengenai kasus kartel harga yang melibatkan dua perusahaan besar yaitu PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing dengan PT Astra Honda Motor. Putusan Nomor 04/KPPU-I/2016. Dalam Putusannya Yamaha-Honda terbukti melakukan pelanggaran terhadap Pasal 5 UU No. 5 Tahun 1999 yaitu penetapan perjanjian penetapan harga motor skutik 110-125cc. KPPU dalam menjerat kedua pelaku usaha tersebut menggunakan unsur price parallelism dan concerted action.Berdasarkan penelitian yang penulis lakukan, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa kedua unsur tersebut tidak terbukti. Penelitian juga menunjukan bahwa keputusan majelis KPPU tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku. ......Thesis discusses about the background of the prohibition of pricing agreement of the Law Number 5 of the Year 1999 on Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition and Conformity of the Decision of Unfair Business Competition Commission Number 04 KPPU I 2016 with the provisions of existing regulations in Indonesia. This research focused on the reasoning behind the ban of price fixing in the Law Number 5 of the Year 1999 on Prohibition of Monopoly Practices and Unfair Business Competition and whether the Verdict of Commission of business competition supervisor has been done in accordance to the existing regulations. This research used juridical normative method that refers to positive law or written norms law. In general, the purpose of the establishment of Law no. 5 of 1999 is to create a healthy competition among competitors. Price fixing is prohibited because of the many conglomeration practices in 1998. Commission of business competition supervisor condoned the uses circumstancial evidence, which is difficult to do because there is no the process of proofment to point the violation of the rules. One of price fixing case which was handled by Commission of business competition supervisor recently involved 2 major company, PT Yamaha Indonesia Motor Manufacturing with PT Astra Honda Motor. Commission of business competition supervisor found that Yamaha Honda was gulity of doing a price fixing on product scooter motorcycle 110 125cc, based on the element of price parallelism and concerted action. Thus make the verdict of Commission of business competition supervisor has not been done in accordance to the existing regulation.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
The relationship between Indonesia and European Union has already bond since years ago. An economic cooperation, especially in trade, was the beginning of it relation that made European Union an important business partner for Indonesia. Chapter one explains how European Union has a significant position in trade with Indonesia, where the percentage is more or less of 13 percent of Indonesian total trade worldwide. Mapping should be done in order divide Indonesian commodities into two parts, which are competitive commodities and uncompetitive commodities in European Union's market. There are several leading Indonesian commodities in European Union's market that should be secured ,and increased. Thus Indonesia is able to be more responsive to the European Union about the alternatives to increase market share. Commodities in this thesis are divided into five (5) categories such as fuels, agricultures and raw materials, food, ores and metals, and manufactures. Indonesia hopes that the integration of European Union will increase the export value of Indonesia to EU market, although there are some barriers in trading activities. One of the barriers is EU import policy that had been imposing to Indonesia export commodity, either tariff policy or non-tariff policy. Apparently, there are many perspectives about those trade policies that can be seen from European Union's (as the importer countries) and Indonesia's (as the exporter country) point of view. Because of that reason we have to recognize and identify -several factors that set up those policies such as Economic factor and Social-Politic factors. Finally, after the mapping and formulating factors of export activities, Indonesia is able to describe threat and opportunities in exporting commodities to the European Union's market. As results, the writer would like to give some opinions about alternative efforts to increase Indonesian export to European Union.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Berkembangnya industri penerbangan di Indonesia 10 tahun terakhir ini di satu sisi memberikan implikasi positif bagi masyarakat pengguna jasa penerbangan. Apalagi dengan masuknya maskapai asing yang berkonsep Low Cost Airlines ( LCA ) ke pasar domestik, membawa konsumen untuk menikmati jasa penerbangan dengan biaya murah dan juga membawa konsumen pada banyak pilihan atas maskapai penerbangan dengan berbagai ragam pelayanan. Para perusahaan penerbangan bersaing untuk menarik penumpang sebanyak - banyaknya dengan menawarkan harga tiket murah sampai memberikan berbagai bonus. Namun, di sisi lain dengan tarif murah tersebut sering menurunkan kualitas pelayanan, bahkan yang lebih menghawatirkan lagi akan menyebabkab berkurangnya kualitas pemeliharaan dan perawatan pesawat sehingga rawan terhadap keselamatan penerbangan. Kekhawatiran ini muncul akibat sering terjadinya kecelakaan pesawat terbang belakangan ini. Sebenarnya harga tiket murah tidak ada kaitannya dengan faktor keselamatan dan keamanan penerbangan, karena faktor keselamatan penerbangan sudah menjadi suatu keharusan untuk dipenuhi sesuai dengan standar yang ada oleh operator agar mendapatkan izin terbang. Jika standar keselamatan itu tidak dipatuhi maka konsekuensi yang diterima yaitu pesawat tidak dapat beroperasi dan bahkan sampai pada pencabutan izin beroperasi jika benar - benar terbukti melanggar ketentuan yang ada. Oleh karena itu upaya Pemerintah (Departemen Perhubungan) dalam mengatasi perang tarif yang telah berimbas pada beberapa faktor penting harus didukung juga peranan dari lembaga KPPU,INACA,YLKI, operator dan juga pengguna (konsumen).Yang harus dilakukan yaitu pembenahan aspek regulasi dan pengawasan terhadap pelaksanaan regulasi. Selain itu juga faktor lain yang harus diperhatikan terkait dengan keselamatan yaitu mengenai kondisi pesawat, kondisi awak pesawat, infrastruktur, perawatan dan pemeliharaan, hingga faktor alam. Pemerintah juga hares berupaya untuk meningkatkan Somber Daya Manusia (SDM) guna pengembangan teknologi agar usaha penerbangan di Indonesia dapat berkembang dan bersaing dengan Negara lain.

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Sebagai negara maju dan anggota OECD, Australia merupakan negara yang sangat aktif berkontribusi dalam pembangunan internasional dan pemberantasan kemiskinan melalui pemberian ODA (Official Development Assistance). Dalam rangka mengakselerasi tujuan ODA tersebut, Australia mengadopsi dan mengintegrasikan kebijakan Aid for Trade (AfT) yang secara internasional diluncurkan pada WTO Hongkong Declaration 2005 kedalam kebijakan bantuan luar negerinya pada tahun 2006. Kebijakan ini diambil dengan prinsip bahwa negara maju dapat membantu negara berkembang keluar dari kemiskinan dengan meningkatkan kapasitasnya dalam perdagangan internasional. Berbasis hal ini, sejak 2006, Australia mengimplementasikan kebijakan AfT dengan fokus regional di negara-negara ASEAN melalui bantuan infrastruktur, teknis, dan peningkatan kapasitas dengan inisiatif Greater Mekong Subregion Trade and Transport Facilitation (GMS TTF), ASEAN Australia Development Cooperation Partnership Phase II (AADCP II), dan ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Economic Cooperation Support Program (AAZNFTA ECSP). Berdasarkan hal ini, bila kebijakan AfT Australia ditujukan untuk membantu negara berkembang keluar dari kemiskinan, fokus regional Australia dalam kebijakannya tersebut dinilai timpang dengan kenyataan problematika kemiskinan yang lebih besar terjadi di kawasan lain seperti Afrika. Lebih daripada itu, jika dinilai dari aspek perdagangan internasional, tidak semua negara ASEAN merupakan mitra utama perdagangan dua arahnya. Hal ini menimbulkan pertanyaan mengapa ASEAN menjadi fokus dalam kebijakan AfT Australia ini. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan tersebut dengan menilai aspek kepentingan Australia dalam kebijakan luar negerinya terhadap ASEAN dengan kerangka konsep geoekonomi. Dalam pembahasannya, metode kualitatif akan digunakan untuk menjelaskan kepentingan geoekonomi Australia dalam kebijakan AfT-nya di ASEAN (periode 2006-2014). Analisis kepentingan geoekonomi Australia ini kemudian didasarkan pada tiga hal, yakni: 1) konektivitas perdagangan internasional Australia lintas kawasan, dimana akan membahas kepentingan Australia atas jalur perdagangan strategis di ASEAN yang menghubungkannya kepada mitra dagang utamanya; 2) posisi Australia dalam arsitektur ekonomi regional yang akan mengkaji keterlibatan Australia dalam proses pembentukan dan pemanfaatan perjanjian perdagangan bebas baik bilateral maupun regional, dimana kebijakan AfT Australia sebagai katalis dalam usaha tersebut; dan 3) potensi ekonomi ASEAN bagi Australia di abad Asia dengan penekanan pada potensi demografi ASEAN dan relasi investasi asing langsung (Foreign Direct Investment/FDI) antara kedua pihak.

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ABSTRACT
Australia, as developed country and member of OECD, is a country which actively contributes to international development and poverty eradication efforts via providing ODA (Official Development Assistance). In order to expedite the goal of its ODA, Australia adopts and integrates the Aid for Trade (AfT) policy which was internationally lauched at the WTO Hongkong Declaration 2005 to its aid policy in 2006. This policy was adopted with the principle of which developed countries could assist developing countries to leave poverty by increasing their capacity in international trade. Based on this, since 2006, Australia has been implementing AfT policy with regional focus towards ASEAN countries through infrastructure and technical assistance, as well as capacity building with the initiatives of Greater Mekong Subregion Trade and Transport Facilitation (GMS TTF), ASEAN Australia Development Cooperation Partnership Phase II (AADCP II), and ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Economic Cooperation Support Program (AAZNFTA ECSP). In regards of this policy, if Australia’s AfT policy is directed to assist developing country to leave out poverty, the regional focus of Australia is considered to be inappropriate pertaining to the fact that the problem of poverty is bigger in another region, such as in Africa. Moreover, if it is considered from international trade aspect, it is not all of ASEAN countries which is the main two-way trading partner of Australia. This matter then rises question why ASEAN become the focus in Australia’s AfT policy. This research is adressed to answer that question by considering the aspect of Australia’s interest in its foreign policy towards ASEAN with the conceptual framework of geoeconomics. Inside of explanation, the qualitative methode would be used to explain Australia’s geoeconomic interest in AfT policy in ASEAN (period of 2006-2014). The analysis of geoeconomic interest would then be established upon three things, which are: 1) the connectivity of Australia’s international trade across the region, which would explain Australia’s interest upon strategic trade pathways in ASEAN which connect Australia to its main trade partner; 2) Australia’s position in the regional economic architecture, which would further analyze Australia’s engagement in the process of establishing and utilizing free trade agreement bilaterally an regionally by which the AfT policy plays a role as catalyst towards those efforts; and 3) the ASEAN economic potential for Australia in the Asian century with the emphasis on demographic potential of ASEAN as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) relation on both parties., Australia, as developed country and member of OECD, is a country which actively contributes to international development and poverty eradication efforts via providing ODA (Official Development Assistance). In order to expedite the goal of its ODA, Australia adopts and integrates the Aid for Trade (AfT) policy which was internationally lauched at the WTO Hongkong Declaration 2005 to its aid policy in 2006. This policy was adopted with the principle of which developed countries could assist developing countries to leave poverty by increasing their capacity in international trade. Based on this, since 2006, Australia has been implementing AfT policy with regional focus towards ASEAN countries through infrastructure and technical assistance, as well as capacity building with the initiatives of Greater Mekong Subregion Trade and Transport Facilitation (GMS TTF), ASEAN Australia Development Cooperation Partnership Phase II (AADCP II), and ASEAN-Australia-New Zealand Free Trade Agreement Economic Cooperation Support Program (AAZNFTA ECSP). In regards of this policy, if Australia’s AfT policy is directed to assist developing country to leave out poverty, the regional focus of Australia is considered to be inappropriate pertaining to the fact that the problem of poverty is bigger in another region, such as in Africa. Moreover, if it is considered from international trade aspect, it is not all of ASEAN countries which is the main two-way trading partner of Australia. This matter then rises question why ASEAN become the focus in Australia’s AfT policy. This research is adressed to answer that question by considering the aspect of Australia’s interest in its foreign policy towards ASEAN with the conceptual framework of geoeconomics. Inside of explanation, the qualitative methode would be used to explain Australia’s geoeconomic interest in AfT policy in ASEAN (period of 2006-2014). The analysis of geoeconomic interest would then be established upon three things, which are: 1) the connectivity of Australia’s international trade across the region, which would explain Australia’s interest upon strategic trade pathways in ASEAN which connect Australia to its main trade partner; 2) Australia’s position in the regional economic architecture, which would further analyze Australia’s engagement in the process of establishing and utilizing free trade agreement bilaterally an regionally by which the AfT policy plays a role as catalyst towards those efforts; and 3) the ASEAN economic potential for Australia in the Asian century with the emphasis on demographic potential of ASEAN as well as foreign direct investment (FDI) relation on both parties.]

Abstrak :
[ABSTRAK
Dalam era globalisasi ekonomi saat ini, pelaku ekonomi swasta memiliki peranan cukup penting dalam menjalankan proses perkembangan perekonomian suatu negara. Tidak mengherankan bila proses perkembangan perekonomian lebih banyak diserahkan kepada swasta untuk mengelola dan menjalankannya, sehingga peran aktif dan inisiatif para pelaku usaha swasta sangat dibutuhkan dalam era globalisasi ekonomi saat ini. Salah satu akibat dari globalisasi perdagangan adalah dengan meningkatnya Toko retail di Indonesia sejak 1980-an. Toko Retail mulai bermunculan dengan bentuk yang lebih modern atau yang disebut dengan pasar ritel modern. Pemerintah melalui Menteri Perdagangan Republik Indonesia telah mengamanahkan Undang – Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 2014 tentang Perdagangan, Peraturan presiden Nomor 112 Tentang Penataan dan Pembinaan Pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern, Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor No. 70/MDAG/ PER/12/2013 Tentang Pedoman Penataan dan Pembinaan pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern dan 6. Peraturan menteri perdagangan Republik Indonesia Nomor 56/M-DAG/PER/9/2014 Tentang Perubahan Atas Peraturan Menteri Perdagangan Nomor No. 70/M-DAG/PER/12/2013 Tentang Pedoman Penataan dan Pembinaan pasar Tradisional, Pusat Perbelanjaan dan Toko Modern. Peraturan perundang – undangan tersebut bertujuan untuk meningkatkan penggunaan produk dalam negeri khususnya pada toko retail modern. Namun pada kenyataanya, Permendag 56/2014 yang baru diterbitkan ini mengalami berbagai kritikan terutama dari pelaku industry. 2. Indonesia sebagai Negara anggota World Trade Organization (WTO) dan telah meratifikasinya dengan Undang – Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1994 Tentang Tentang Pengesahan Agreement Establishing The World Trade Organization (Persetujuan Pembentukan Organisasi Perdagangan Dunia). Pemerintah Indonesia di dalam merumuskan Pasal 22 UU Perdagangan, Permendag 70/2013 dan Permendag 56/2014 ini juga melihat dari prinsip – prinsip Perdagangan WTO.

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ABSTRACT
In the current era of economic globalization, the private economic actors have an important role in carrying out the process of economic development of a country. Not surprisingly, the process of economic development more left to the private sector to manage and run, so that the active role and initiative of private entrepreneurs is needed in the current era of economic globalization. One consequence of the increasing globalization of trade is with retail shops in Indonesia since the 1980s. Retail stores began popping up with a more modern form, or the so-called modern retail market. The Government through the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia has mandated Act - Act No. 7 of 2014 on Trade, president Regulation No. 112 On Planning and Development of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores, Trade Minister Regulation No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores and 6. The Regulation of Trade Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number 56 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2014 on Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores. Laws - laws aim to increase the use of domestic goods, especially in modern retail stores. But in fact, the recently published Regulation 56/2014 is subjected to various criticisms, especially from industrialists. Indonesia as a State member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has been ratified by Law - Act No. 7 of 1994 About On Ratification of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization). Indonesian government in formulating Article 22 of the Law of Commerce, Regulation 70/2013 and Regulation 56/2014 also see from the principle - the principle of the WTO Trade., In the current era of economic globalization, the private economic actors have an important role in carrying out the process of economic development of a country. Not surprisingly, the process of economic development more left to the private sector to manage and run, so that the active role and initiative of private entrepreneurs is needed in the current era of economic globalization. One consequence of the increasing globalization of trade is with retail shops in Indonesia since the 1980s. Retail stores began popping up with a more modern form, or the so-called modern retail market. The Government through the Ministry of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia has mandated Act - Act No. 7 of 2014 on Trade, president Regulation No. 112 On Planning and Development of Traditional Markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores, Trade Minister Regulation No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores and 6. The Regulation of Trade Minister of the Republic of Indonesia Number 56 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2014 on Amendment to the Regulation of the Minister of Trade No. No. 70 / M-DAG / PER / 12/2013 on Guidelines for Management and Development of Traditional markets, Shopping Centers and Modern Stores. Laws - laws aim to increase the use of domestic goods, especially in modern retail stores. But in fact, the recently published Regulation 56/2014 is subjected to various criticisms, especially from industrialists. Indonesia as a State member of the World Trade Organization (WTO) and has been ratified by Law - Act No. 7 of 1994 About On Ratification of the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization (the Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization). Indonesian government in formulating Article 22 of the Law of Commerce, Regulation 70/2013 and Regulation 56/2014 also see from the principle - the principle of the WTO Trade.]

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji tingkat persaingan di industri pengolahan berorientasi ekspor. Melalui teori SCP, struktur pasar yang semakin terkonsentrasi akan membawa dampak yang buruk bagi masyarakat karena kinerjanya akan semakin tidak efisien. Selain itu akan diuji bagaimana pengaruh variabel-variabel lain seperti proporsi ekspor dan pertumbuhan output. Model yang digunakan berasal dari Chirwa (1998) yang menganalisis hubungan antara kinerja industri yang ditunjukkan oleh variabel price cost margin (PCM) dengan rasio konsentrasi industrinya yang ditunjukkan oleh variabel rasio konsentrasi empat perusahaan (CR4). Dengan menggunakan metode panel random effect dan fixed effect didapatkan bahwa ternyata konsentrasi pasar ternyata tidak berpengaruh terhadap price cost margin.

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The aim of this study is to assess the level of competition in the export-oriented manufacture industry. By using Structure-Conduct-Performance framework, it is found concentrated market structure will give adverse impact to the industry as its performance will be inefficient. Furthermore, this study test the correlation of other variables such as the proportion of exports and output growth to the exportoriented manufacture industry performance. The model used is derived from Chirwa (1998) who analyzed the relationship between industry performance variables indicated by the price cost margin (PCM) with industry concentration ratio indicated by the ratio of variable concentrations of four firms (CR4). By using the panel fixed effect and random effect, it is concluded market concentration has no effect on price cost margins.