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Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tesis ini membahas kohesi, koherensi, dan alur wacana argumentasi pada teks hasil menulis berstimulus teks dan hasil menulis berstimulus nonteks yang dibuat oleh mahasiswa semester VI Program Studi Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia, Universitas Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif yang memberikan perhatian pada bentuk dan makna teks dengan menggunakan pendekatan analisis wacana. Hasil penelitian ini menyarankan bahwa mahasiswa perlu diberi banyak latihan menulis dalam berbagai jenis wacana dan dengan berbagai stimulus dan topik agar kemampuan menulisnya meningkat.

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Abstract
This thesis deals specifically with cohesions, coherence and the flow of argumentation discourse on a text resulted from a text-writing work and writing output stimulated by nontext materials written by sixth semester student at Indonesians Language and Literature Program at Sultan Ageng Tirtayasa University. This research is a qualitative research which focuses on a form of texts and their meanings using a discourse analysis approach. The result of this research suggests that college students need to be given a lot of writing practices using various discourse stimuli and topics in order to improve their writing ability.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adakah kesamaan pemeriksaan CDR oleh dokter dibandingkan dengan menggunakan optical coherence tomography OCT . Studi ini menggunakan desain studi cross-sectional yang dilakukan pada pasien yang melakukan pengobatan di RSCM Kirana pada Januari-Juni 2016. Data yang digunakan adalah data dari rekam medis pasien. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data, didapatkan jumlah bola mata yang diolah sebanyak 89 bola mata yang dilakukan pemeriksaan oleh dokter PPDS mata dan OCT. Setelah data diolah, didapatkan bola mata dengan selisih v-CDR le; 0.1 sebanyak 55 bola mata, selisih v-CDR > 0.1 sebanyak 34 bola mata. Tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara selisih v-CDR dengan jenis kelamin pasien, usia pasien, bola mata, dan jenis glaukoma, tekanan intraocular, kelainan refraksi sferis, kelainan refraksi silinder, jenis kelamin dokter, dan tahapan dokter PPDS mata. Didapatkan jumlah selisih v-CDR > 0.1 yang cukup besar sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian yang berfokus pada dokter PPDS mata yaitu pada pengalaman dalam melakukan pemeriksaan cup-disc ratio dan kemampuan dokter PPDS saat menjalani program studi dokter umum, serta mengurangi bias pemeriksa dengan melakukan blinding. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan masih terdapat perbedaan hasil pemeriksaan yaitu sebanyak 34 bola mata.

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This research is aimed to evaluate the differences in cup disc ratio examination by doctor compared to optical coherence tomography OCT . Cross sectional study was conducted on patient that went to RSCM Kirana on January June 2016. Data obtained from patient rsquo s medical record. After processing the data collected, there was 89 eyeballs that was processed and evaluated by doctor and OCT. After processing the data about the evaluation on the eyeballs, there are differences in v CDR le 0.1 on 55 eyeballs, differences in v CDR 0.1 on 34 eyeballs. There are no significant correlation between differences in v CDR with patient rsquo s gender, patient rsquo s age, eyeball, and type of glaucoma, intraocular pressure, spherical refractive error, cylindrical refractive error, doctor rsquo s gender, and residency rsquo s stage. There are differences in evaluating v CDR 0.1 which is considered many therefore there should be research focusing in assessing ophthalmology resident performance such as experience in evaluating cup disc ratio and skills when studying for general medical doctors, and reducing doctors confounding factor by using blinding technique. The result for this research is there are differences in cup disc ratio examination in 34 eye balls used in this research.

Abstrak :
ABSTRAK
Tujuan untuk menilai hubungan antara respons elektrofisiologis makula menggunakan multifocal electroretinogram (MfERG), ketebalan makula sentral (KMS) menggunakan Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) dan tajam penglihatan pasca-injeksi anti-VEGF intravitreal pada pasien edema makula diabetik (EMD). Desain penelitian studi prospektif, intervensi tanpa randomisasi. Total 33 mata dari 16 pasien non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy dan 17 pasien non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi mendapatkan injeksi bevacizumab 1,25mg intravitreal, setelah melalui pemeriksaan tajam penglihatan dengan koreksi (TPDK) menggunakan ETDRS chart, pemindaian SD-OCT dan pemeriksaan 61-heksagon MfERG pada baseline, 1 minggu dan 1 bulan pasca-injeksi. Parameter MfERG yang dinilai adalah first-order MfERG (N1,N2 dan P1) pada daerah dua-derajat sentral makula. Hasil Terdapat perbaikan tajam penglihatan sebesar 2LogMar disertai 19% penurunan KMS pada satu bulan pasca-injeksi (p<0.05). Terjadi penurunan amplitudo P1 satu minggu pasca-injeksi (p<0.01) diikuti perbaikan amplitudo P1 satu bulan pasca injeksi (p>0.05). Tampak pemendekan waktu implisit P1 namun secara statistik tidak bermakna. Tidak didapatkan korelasi antara peningkatan TPDK, penurunan KMS, perbaikan amplitudo serta pemendekan waktu implisit gelombang P1 MfERG. Tidak ditemukan efek samping okular maupun sistemik yang berbahaya pasca-injeksi.. Simpulan Dalam jangka pendek, injeksi bevacizumab intravitreal dapat meningkatkan tajam penglihatan, mengurangi ketebalan makula sentral/KMS dan memperbaiki respons MfERG pasien DME namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Perbaikan TPDK tidak memiliki korelasi dengan penurunan KMS dan respons MfERG secara statistik namun kombinasi penggunaan SD-OCT dan MfERG dapat digunakan untuk mengevaluasi fungsi makula pasien EMD yang mengalami perburukan tajam penglihatan.

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ABSTRACT
Purpose To evaluate and investigate any possible correlation between changes of visual acuity (VA), central macular thickness/CMT using Spectral Domain Optical Coherence Tomography (SD-OCT) and electrophysiological responses using multifocal electroretinography (MfERG) in diabetic macular edema (DME) following intravitreal injection of bevacizumab Methods Prospective, non-randomized, interventional case study. Thirty-three eyes of 33 DME patients, consists of 16 non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients and 17 non-high-risk proliferative diabetic retinopathy patients, receives intravitreal bevacizumab 1,25mg. All patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination including ETDRS VA testing, Sixty-one scaled hexagon MfERG and SD-OCT scan at baseline, 1-week, and 1-month post-injection. Components of the first order kernel (N1, N2 and P1) in central 2o were measured. Results MfERG showed reduced P1 amplitude (P<0.05) at 1-week after injection followed by increased P1 amplitude (P>0.05) at 1-month after treatment as compared to the baseline in all subjects. Improvement were seen in the implicit time P1 but without statistical significance. There was 19% improvement in CMT and 0.2Logmar VA improvement 1-month post-injection compared to the baseline (P<005). This study showed no serious ocular adverse effects. Conclusion In this study intravitreal injection bevacizumab resulting in improved visual acuity, reduction in CMT and mild improvement in the MfERG amplitude and implicit time. Although VA changes did not correlate with reduced CMT nor with improved responses of MfERG, the combined use of SD-OCT and MfERG may be used to evaluate macular function in DME patient with worsened visual acuity post anti-VEGF injection.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Uveitis merupakan sekelompok penyakit yang ditandai dengan adanya inflamasi intraokular. Derajat inflamasi bilik mata depan yang dinilai secara semi-kuantitatif berdasarkan penghitungan sel dan flare, digunakan untuk menentukan keparahan penyakit, efektivitas terapi serta pemantauan jangka panjang pada uveitis anterior dan panuveitis. Tujuan: Menilai validitas dan reliabilitas optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmen anterior dalam mengukur inflamasi bilik mata depan secara kuantitatif sebagai metode alternatif dari standar baku pengukuran semi-kuantitatif, Kriteria SUN. Metode: Studi ini adalah studi potong lintang, prospektif. Penghitungan jumlah sel menggunakan optical coherence tomography dengan bantuan ImageJ dilakukan oleh dua penilai yang berbeda. Hasil: Sebanyak 30 mata yang berasal dari 24 pasien diikutkan dalam penelitian. Sebanyak 80% pasien menderita panuveitis dengan tuberkulosis sebagai etiologi tersering (50%). Uji kesesuaian Cohen’s kappa pada protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai 0,352 (p=0,000) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai -0,218 (p=0,032). Uji korelasi Gamma protokol multiple line scans didapatkan nilai rho=0,595 (p=0,002) sedangkan protokol single line scan didapatkan nilai rho=-0,210 (p=0,313). Nilai inter-rater protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan hasil sangat baik sedangkan protokol single line scan baik (0,986 dan 0,892, p<0,001). Kesimpulan: OCT segmen anterior menghasilkan data kuantitatif sel inflamasi pada bilik mata depan. Jumlah sel bilik mata depan yang dihitung menggunakan OCT segmen anterior protokol multiple line scans menunjukkan korelasi sedang dan kesesuaian minimal dengan Kriteria SUN. ......Background: Uveitis is a group of diseases characterised by intraocular inflammation. The evaluation of anterior chamber inflammation, conducted through a semi-quantitative assessment involving cell counts and flares, plays a pivotal role in determining disease severity, assessing therapeutic effectiveness, and facilitating long-term monitoring in anterior uveitis and panuveitis cases. Purpose: To evaluate the validity and reliability of anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) as a quantitative measurement tool for assessing anterior chamber inflammation. The objective is to explore its potential as an alternative method to the standard semi-quantitative measurement defined by the SUN Criteria. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional study was conducted for this purpose. The anterior chamber cell numbers were quantified using anterior segment optical coherence tomography, assisted by ImageJ, and assessed independently by two raters. Result: The study included a total of 30 eyes from 24 patients. Panuveitis was observed in 80% of the patients, with tuberculosis identified as the predominant etiology (50%). The Cohen’s kappa test, conducted on the multiple-line scan protocol, yielded a value of 0.352 (p=0.000), while the single-line scan protocol showed a value of -0.218 (p=0.032). The Gamma correlation test for the multiple-line scan protocol demonstrated a value of rho=0.595 (p=0.002), whereas the single-line scan protocol had a value of rho=-0.210 (p=0.313). Inter-rater values for the multiple-line scan protocol indicated excellent agreement (0,986, p<0.001), while the single-line scan protocol showed good agreement (0.892, p<0.001). Conclusion: OCT yielded quantitative data on anterior chamber inflammatory cells. Quantifying anterior chamber cells through the multiple line scan protocols of anterior segment OCT showed a moderate correlation and minimal agreement with the SUN Criteria.

Abstrak :
Perceived national resiliencemembicarakan penilaian individu terhadap kemampuan masyarakat dalam mengatasi stressor nasional. Perceived national resilience dipengaruhi oleh faktor protektif, faktor resiko, dan karakteristik demografis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji prediktor terkuat dalam memprediksi perceived national resilience. Penelitian ini menggunakan perceived threat terhadap narkoba sebagai faktor resiko karena narkoba merupakan masalah prioritas yang mengganggu keamanan nasional Indonesia. Berikutnya, faktor protektif menggunakan sense of coherence karena berfungsi sebagai sumber penahan stres secara psikologis. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara survei daring dengan teknik convenience sampling. Data yang dianalisis sebanyak 315 responden yang merupakan masyarakat Kalimantan Barat. Selain menguji variabel utama penelitian, peneliti juga mengekplorasi kontribusi dari variabel demografis dalam memprediksi perceived national resilience. Uji hipotesis menggunakan analisis regresi berganda dengan bantuan software RStudio version 4.0.3. Hasil pengujian statistik menemukan bahwa hanya perceived threat terhadap narkoba dapat memprediksi perceived national resilience. Ditemukan sejumlah variasi pada karakteristik demografis yang ditunjukkan oleh pendidikan, status pernikahan, kerawanan wilayah, danreligiusitas. Variabel yang menjadi prediktor terkuat adalah perceived threat terhadap narkoba. Implikasi studi ini adalah penyegaran pada strategi pencegahan terhadap masalah narkoba sehingga dapat menumbuhkan kepercayaan masyarakat yang mengarahkan pada peningkatan nilai perceived national resilience. ......Perceived national resilience discusses the individual assessments of their society's ability to overcome the national stressors. Perceived national resilience is influenced by protective factors, risk factors, and demographic characteristics. This study aimed to examine the strongest predictor in predicting perceived national resilience. This study used the perceived threat of drugs as risk factor due to drugs is the priority problem that interferes with Indonesia's national security. The protective factor used sense of coherence due to its fuctions as a source of psychological stress. Data was collected by online survey using a convenience sampling method. The data analysed were 315 respondents who were people of West Kalimantan. Besides examining the main research variables, the researcher also explored the contribution of demographic variabels in predicting perceived national resilience. Hypothesis testing was using multiple regression analysis with RStudio version 4.0.3 software. The results of statistical testing found that only perceived threat of drugs could predict perceived national resilience. A number of variations were found in demographic characteristics indicated by education, marital status, vulnerability, and religiosity. The strongest predictor was perceived threat of drugs. The implication of this study is to refresh the prevention strategy against drug problems so that it can foster public trust which leads to increasing the level of perceived national resilience.

Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Silicone oil (SO) merupakan salah satu substitusi vitreus yang digunakan pasca vitrektomi pars plana (VPP) dalam manajemen ablasio retina rhegmatogen. Beberapa komplikasi penggunaan SO meliputi katarak, peningkatan tekanan bola mata, emulsifikasi, keratopati hingga menurunnya ketebalan dan densitas vaskular makula. Tujuan: Mengetahui perubahan ketebalan makula sentral serta densitas vaskular pleksus superfisial pada pasien ablasio retina rhegmatogen pasca VPP dengan tamponade SO. Metode: 41 pasien ablasio dianalisis dalam studi ini yang menggunakan dua desain: observasional prospektif tanpa pembanding untuk membandingkan efek tamponade SO minggu-1 dengan minggu-4 dan potong lintang untuk membandingkan mata kontralateral dengan minggu-1 pasca tamponade SO. Hasil: Central subfield thickness (CST), superficial vascular density (SVD) serta superficial perfusion density (SPD) pada minggu-1 lebih rendah dibandingkan mata kontralateral (p<0,001). Pada minggu-4 pasca tamponade SO ditemukan peningkatan CST, SVD, SPD dibandingkan minggu-1 meskipun tidak signifikan secara statistik. Pada analisis tambahan, didapatkan usia diatas 50 tahun mengalami kecenderungan penurunan SVD (p 0,033) dan SPD (0,011) dibandingkan kelompok usia muda. Kesimpulan: Tidak didapatkan penurunan ketebalan makula sentral dan densitas vaskular pleksus kapiler superfisial makula di minggu-4 pasca PPV dengan SO. Didapatkan ketebalan makula sentral dan densitas vaskular pleksus kapiler superfisial makula yang lebih rendah di minggu-1 pasca tamponade SO dibandingkan mata kontralateral ......Background: Silicone oil (SO) is one of the vitreous substitutes used after pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD) management. Complications arising from SO include cataracts, increased ocular pressure, emulsification, keratopathy, and decreased macular thickness and vascular density. Objective: To determine changes in central macular thickness and superficial vascular density in RRD patients after PPV with SO. Method: 41 patients were included in this study, which comprises two designs: a prospective observational without comparison to compare the effect of SO tamponade week-1 with week-4 and a cross-sectional design to compare the contralateral eye with week-1 after SO tamponade. Results: Central subfield thickness (CST), superficial vascular density (SVD), and superficial perfusion density (SPD) were lower at week 1 after PPV with SO compared to the contralateral eye (p<0.001). At week 4 after PPV with SO, there was an increase in CST, SVD, and SPD compared to week 1, although not statistically significant. In additional analysis, we found that those aged over 50 had tendencies toward decreased SVD (p 0.033) and SPD (0.011) compared to the younger age group. Conclusion: There was no reduction in central macular thickness or superficial vascular density at week 4 after PPV with SO in RRD patients. Central macular thickness and superficial vascular density were lower on week 1 after SO tamponade compared to the contralateral eye.

Abstrak :
Optical coherence tomography represents the ultimate noninvasive ocular imaging technique although being in the field for over two-decades. This book encompasses both medical and technical developments and recent achievements. Here, the authors cover the field of application from the anterior to the posterior ocular segments (Part I) and present a comprehensive review on the development of OCT. Important developments towards clinical applications are covered in Part II, ranging from the adaptive optics to the integration on a slit-lamp, and passing through new structural and functional information extraction from OCT data.

Abstrak :
This book presents the fundamental physics of optical interferometry as applied to biophysical, biological and medical research. Interference is at the core of many types of optical detection and is a powerful probe of cellular and tissue structure in interfererence microscopy and in optical coherence tomography. It is also the root cause of speckle and other imaging artefacts that limit range and resolution. For biosensor applications, the inherent sensitivity of interferometry enables ultrasensitive detection of molecules in biological samples for medical diagnostics. In this book, emphasis is placed on the physics of light scattering, beginning with the molecular origins of refraction as light propagates through matter, and then treating the stochastic nature of random fields that ultimately dominate optical imaging in cells and tissue. The physics of partial coherence plays a central role in the text, with a focus on coherence detection techniques that allow information to be selectively detected out of incoherent and heterogeneous backgrounds. Optical Interferometry for Biology and Medicine is divided into four sections. The first covers fundamental principles, and the next three move up successive scales, beginning with molecular interferometry (biosensors), moving to cellular interferometry (microscopy), and ending with tissue interferometry (biomedical).