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Abstrak :
Latar Belakang: Pandemi COVID-19 di Indonesia belum resmi berakhir, dan karena perilaku protektif yang terlihat diabaikan, menjadi sangat penting untuk terus dikampanyekan guna meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat dan menerapkan protokol kesehatan dalam rangka mengendalikan penyebarannya. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis persepsi risiko dan pengalaman masyarakat terhadap penularan COVID-19 di Indonesia. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode lintang potong dan dilakukan pada bulan Juli hingga Agustus 2022 dengan menggunakan survei daring. Kuesioner dikembangkan berdasarkan kuesioner standar (ECOM, 2015) tentang persepsi risiko wabah penyakit menular. Kuesioner ini kemudian didistribusikan melalui berbagai platform media sosial, termasuk WhatsApp, Facebook, dan Instagram. Hasil: Penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa responden wanita lebih banyak daripada pria (61,3%), memiliki pendidikan sarjana (38,5%), bekerja di perusahaan swasta (32,3%), dan pernah tertular Covid (43,8%). Responden yang memiliki skor persepsi risiko di atas rata-rata adalah 60%. Menurut kesepuluh data distribusi persepsi risiko, sebagian besar responden menganggap COVID-19 sebagai ancaman. Memakai masker, rutin mencuci tangan, jaga jarak fisik, dan tinggal di rumah tetap menjadi pilihan dan efektif untuk mencegah penularan. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa sebagian besar responden memiliki penularan COVID-19 yang intens secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Kesimpulan: Meskipun sebagian besar responden khawatir akan penularan Covid-19, mereka menyatakan siap untuk penularan dan sadar bagaimana mengendalikan dan mencegah penularan. ......Background: The COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia has not officially ended, and due to the apparent underestimation of protective behavior, it is imperative to continuously promote public awareness and implement health  protocols  to control its spread. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the community's risk perception and experiences of COVID-19 transmission in Indonesia. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from July to August 2022 using an online survey. The questionnaire was developed based on a standard questionnaire (ECOM, 2015) on the risk perception of an infectious disease outbreak. It was then distributed through various social media platforms, including WhatsApp, Facebook, and Instagram. Result: This study revealed that there were more female respondents than men (61.3%), held bachelor’s degree (38.5%), work in private company (32.3%), and been infected by Covid (43.8%). Respondents who have risk perception score above average is 60%. According to all ten risk perception distribution data, most respondents considered COVID-19 a threat. Wearing mask, regularly wash hands, physical distancing, and stay at home still options and effective to prevent the transmission. This showed that most respondents had intense COVID-19 transmission directly or indirectly. Conclusion: Although most of respondents worry of Covid-19 transmission, they stated ready for transmission and aware how to control and prevent the transmission.

Abstrak :
Di tengah pemberlakuan kebijakan new normal, risiko para tenaga kesehatan terinfeksi COVID-19 masih tinggi. Pemerintah Provinsi Jawa Tengah memberikan arahan terhadap rumah sakit untuk melaksanakan langkah preventif, kuratif dan promotif dalam penanganan COVID-19. Brebes merupakan kabupaten dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk tertinggi kedua di Jawa Tengah yaitu sebanyak 1.925.365 jiwa dengan luas wilayah Kabupaten Brebes mencapai 1.769,62 km2. Dengan tingkat kepadatan penduduk serta luas wilayah yang tinggi, rumah sakit di Kabupaten Brebes tentunya dituntut untuk dapat memberikan pelayanan maksimal dengan pemenuhan standar rumah sakit dan tenaga kesehatan. Pelaksanaan pencegahan dan pengendalian COVID19 di rumah sakit merupakan upaya penting dalam melindungi tenaga kesehatan dari risiko infeksi COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa penerapan manajemen risiko pada tenaga kesehatan yang menangani COVID-19 di RSUD Brebes tahun 2022. Penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus deskriptif ini menggunakan data primer yang berasal dari wawancara mendalam dan data sekunder yang berasal dari telaah dokumen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan manajemen risiko COVID-19 pada tenaga kesehatan di RSUD Brebes belum berjalan secara maksimal. Hal utama yang menyebabkan belum dilaksanakannya manajemen risiko secara maksimal ini adalah belum adanya komitmen dari seluruh staf terutama pimpinan dalam mengupayakan dan mendukung terlaksananya program manajemen risiko. Kondisi ini juga didukung dengan masih minimnya jumlah personil tenaga kesehatan sehingga menjadi pemicu kendala dalam penerapan manajemen risiko COVID-19.Oleh karena itu, peneliti menyarankan untuk memasukkan manajemen risiko sebagai salah satu kebijakan strategis rumah sakit dalam upaya peningkatan keselamatan dan kesehatan kerja. Untuk tenaga kesehatan, disarankan untuk lebih berpartisipasi aktif dalam penerapan dan pengembangan manajemen risiko. ......In the midst of the implementation of the new normal policy, the risk of health workers being infected with COVID-19 is still high. The Central Java Provincial Government provides directions for hospitals to carry out preventive, curative and promotive steps in handling COVID-19. Brebes is the district with the second highest population density in Central Java, which is 1,925,365 people with the area of ​​Brebes Regency reaching 1,769.62 km2. With a high level of population density and area, hospitals in Brebes Regency are certainly required to be able to provide maximum service by meeting hospital standards and health workers. The implementation of the prevention and control of COVID-19 in hospitals is an important effort to protect health workers from the risk of COVID-19 infection. This study aims to analyze the application of risk management to health workers who handle COVID-19 at the Brebes Hospital in 2022. This qualitative research with a descriptive case study design uses primary data from in-depth interviews and secondary data from document review. The results showed that the application of COVID-19 risk management to health workers at the Brebes Hospital had not run optimally. The main reason why risk management has not been implemented to its full potential is the lack of commitment from all staff, especially the leadership, in seeking and supporting the implementation of risk management programs. This condition is also supported by the still minimal number of health personnel so that it triggers obstacles in the implementation of COVID-19 risk management. Therefore, the researchers suggest including risk management as one of the hospital's strategic policies in an effort to improve occupational safety and health. For health workers, it is recommended to actively participate in the implementation and development of risk management.

Abstrak :
Penelitian ini membahas tentang pandemi Covid-19 dan kebijakan penanggulangan yang dikeluarkan di 10 negara anggota Uni Eropa (UE) yaitu Spanyol, Italia, Jerman, Prancis, Belgia, Belanda, Portugal, Irlandia, Austria, dan Swedia. Negara-negara tersebut dipilih karena dikonfirmasi memiliki kasus positif Covid-19 terbanyak pada awal masa pandemi. Penelitian dianalisis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan memanfaatkan baik data kualitatif mapun kuantitatif. Teori Ancaman Nasional dan Konsep Kapasitas Fiskal diaplikasikan untuk menganalisis mengapa 10 negara anggota UE  berinisiatif mengeluarkan kebijakan masing-masing dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 meskipun berada di bawah institusi supranasional yaitu UE, serta kebijakan pada sektor apa yang menjadi prioritas dalam penanggulangan pandemi Covid-19 di 10 negara UE dan mengapa negara memprioritaskan kebijakan tersebut. Argumentasi dalam penelitian ini adalah 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman nasional yang perlu segera ditangani sehingga masing-masing negara memutuskan untuk mengeluarkan kebijakan tanpa menunggu respon dari UE.  Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa 10 negara anggota UE melihat pandemi Covid-19 sebagai ancaman lingkungan yang berdampak pada stabilitas nasional di sektor sosial-kemasyarakatan, politik, dan ekonomi. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa semakin kuat kapasitas fiskal suatu negara, semakin kuat juga kebijakan dan peran pemerintah dalam penanggulangan krisis pada negara tersebut. ......This study discusses the Covid-19 pandemic and the policy response of 10 member countries of the European Union (EU), namely Spain, Italy, Germany, France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Portugal, Ireland, Austria, and Sweden. These countries were chosen because they were confirmed to have the highest positive cases of Covid-19 at the beginning of the pandemic. The research was analysed using qualitative methods by utilizing both qualitative and quantitative data. National Threat Theory and Fiscal Capacity Concept were applied to analyse why 10 EU member states took the initiative to issue their respective policies in dealing with the Covid-19 pandemic even though they were under a supranational institution, namely the EU, as well which sector of policies was the priority in handling Covid-19 pandemic in 10 EU countries and why they prioritize those policies. This study argues that 10 EU member states see the Covid-19 as a national threat, which needs to be addressed immediately so that each country decides to issue a policy without waiting for a response from the EU. This study found that 10 EU member states saw the Covid-19 pandemic as an ecological threat that impacts national stability in the social, political, and economic sectors. This study also found that countries with strong fiscal capacity can issue strong government’s policies and involvement in overcoming crisis.

Abstrak :
Dalam dua tahun terakhir pandemi corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) telah menginfeksi > 220 juta orang dan 5 juta orang meninggal. Di Indonesia > 4 juta orang terinfeksi dan > 140.000 orang meninggal. Pada puncak pandemi, kebutuhan perawatan tidak seimbang dengan sarana rumah sakit sehingga WHO menganjurkan untuk memprioritaskan pasien secara ekual. Untuk itu diperlukan prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19. Penelitian ini bertujuan menyusun prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19 menggunakan regresi logistik dan machine learning. Penelitian terdiri atas 2 tahap. Tahap pertama adalah kohort retrospektif untuk menyusun prediktor kematian di rumah sakit dengan regresi logistik dan machine learning (decision tree, random forest, support vectore machine, gradient boost and extreme gradient boost). Pasien terkonfirmasi COVID-19 diinput di data registri REG-COVID-19 pada bulan Maret–Juli 2020 di RS Persahabatan (RSP) dan RS Universitas Indonesia (RSUI). Tahap kedua adalah kohort prospektif pada pasien COVID-19 di RSP, RSUI dan RSPI Suliati Saroso pada bulan Maret–Mei 2021. Data yang diinput adalah data demografi, gejala klinis, komorbid, laboratorium, skor Brixia dari radiografi toraks, luaran pasien dari perawatan dan lama rawat. Pada tahap penyusunan diperoleh 271 subjek untuk analisis machine learning, 239 subjek untuk model 1, sebanyak 180 subjek model 2, dan 152 subjek model 3 dan model 4. Hasil analisis regresi logistik model 1 terdiri atas 7 variabel yaitu demam, diabetes melitus, frekuensi napas, saturasi O2, leukosit, SGOT dan CRP dengan AUC 0,930. Model 2 memberikan hasil hampir sama tetapi SGOT menjadi SGPT dengan AUC 0,926. Model 3 memiliki AUC 0,919 dan model 4 memberikan AUC 0,924 dengan variabel D dimer > 2000 menjadi salah satu prediktor. Validasi semua model regresi logistik dan machine learning menunjukkan penurunan AUC, tetapi tidak berbeda bermakna (uji perbandingan AUC, p = 0,683–0,736). Perbandingan model regresi logistik dan machine learning juga tidak berbeda bermakna (uji perbandingan AUC dengan rumus Hanley, p = 0,492–0,923). Disimpulkan prediksi kematian pasien COVID-19 menggunakan regresi logistik dan machine learning memiliki akurasi yang baik sehingga regresi logistik dan machine learning dapat dijadikan prediktor luaran pasien COVID-19. ......Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has lasted almost 2 years worldwide with more than two hundred million world population were infected and almost 5 million (2%) death. In Indonesia, there have been more than 4 million people were infected with more than 140.000 (3.5%) death. At the peak of the outbreak there were discrepancy between health care facilities and demands. WHO recommended to prioritize patient equally, to avoid patient discrimination by social class, race, and gender. The best prediction tool should be valid, reliable and feasible. Many studies develop assessment with logistic regression and machine learning with the goal to improve accuracy. Some study showed variety of predictors in outcome prediction, in this study we developed and validated assessment tool to predict hospital mortality comparing logistic regression and machine learning, included support vector machine (SVM), decision tree (DT), random forest (RF), gradient boost (GB) and extreme gradient boost (XGB). Our study was conducted in 2 stages. The first stage study was cohort retrospective to develop assessment tool to predict hospital mortality by comparing logistic regression and machine learning among hospitalized COVID-19 patients from March to July 2020. The second was cohort prospective study among the same population, to validate the tools. The development data were collected from Persahabatan hospital and Universitas Indonesia hospital who registered in REG-COVID-19, 271subjects were eligible for machine learning analysis and 239 subjects for logistic regression data set 1; 180 subjects for data set 2; 152 for data set 3 and 4. Analysis of data set 1 resulted in 8 variables as mortality prediction include fever, DM, respiratory rate (RR), oxygen saturation, leucocyte, ALT > 42, CRP > 88, with AUC 0,930. Data set 2 resulted in similar variables except AST, with AUC 0,926. Data set 3 resulted in 6 variables with AUC 0,919 and Data set 4 resulted in 7 variables included fever, HR, RR, leucocyte, age above 52, CRP > 86 and D-dimer > 2000 with AUC 0,924. Validation of all models showed decreasing AUC. Machine learning analysis resulted in 5 models with the best was XGB among all set data with AUC between 0,8–0,9. There were decreasing of AUC of all models, but not statistically different (p 0.683–0.736). Comparing developed models with logistic regression and machine learning showed there were differences but not statistically significant. (p 0.492-0.923)

Abstrak :
Pandemi Covid-19 (coronavirus diseases 2019) yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-Cov-2 yang pertama kali muncul Kota Wuhan, Provinsi Hubei, China pada akhir tahun 2019. Virus ini muncul di berbagai negara di dunia sehingga menciptakan dampak yang signifikan bagi masyarakat dan ekonomi global. Tidak hanya itu, pandemi Covid-19 juga menimbulkan kekhawatiran dan berbagai gangguan kesehatan mental lainnya di masyarakat. Selain itu, tenaga kesehatan juga rentan terhadap gangguan kesehatan mental selama menangani pasien Covid-19. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui prevalensi gejala kecemasan dan depresi pada tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu di Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia selama pandemi Covid-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang dilakukan di Laboratorium Terpadu Rumah Sakit Universitas Indonesia pada bulan Juli 2021. Analisis yang digunakan yaitu, univariat, bivariat dan multivariabel dengan derajat kepercayaan 95%. Dari 42 tenaga kesehatan laboratorium terpadu RS UI didapatkan prevalensi gejala kecemasan sebesar 11,9% dan prevalensi gejala depresi sebesar 14,3%. Hasil analisis bivariat dengan uji chi-square menyatakan tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara gejala kecemasan ataupun depresi dengan variabel independen penelitian. ......The Covid-19 pandemic (coronavirus diseases 2019) caused by the SARS-Cov-2 virus which first appeared in Wuhan City, Hubei Province, China at the end of 2019. This virus appeared in various countries in the world, causing a significant impact on society and the global economy. Covid-19 pandemic has also caused concern and various other mental health disorders in the community. Furthermore, healthcare workers are also vulnerable to mental health disorders while treating Covid-19 patients. The purpose of this study is to estimate the prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms in healthcare workers in the integrated laboratory at the Universitas Indonesia Hospital during the Covid-19 pandemic. This study uses a cross sectional design conducted at the Integrated Laboratory of the Universitas Indonesia Hospital in July 2021. The analysis used is univariate, bivariate and multivariable with a 95% confidence interval. Of 42 integrated laboratory health workers at Universitas Indonesia Hospital, the prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 11.9% and the prevalence of depressive symptoms was 14.3%. The results of the bivariate analysis with the chi-square test there is no significant relationship between symptoms of anxiety or depression with the independent variables of the study.

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Terdapat cukup banyak penyakit berbahaya yang menular melalui udara, diantaranya adalah Tuberkulosis dan Covid-19. Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Berbeda dengan TB, Covid-19 merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh virus SARS-CoV-2. Tuberkulosis dan Covid-19 merupakan penyakit yang cukup serupa. Selain penularannya yang sama-sama melalui udara, secara umum kedua penyakit ini sama-sama menyerang pernapasan manusia. Koinfeksi dari kedua penyakit ini membuat situasi semakin memburuk. Pada skripsi ini, dikonstruksi model matematika penyebaran koinfeksi penyakit TB dan Covid-19. Dari model tersebut, dilakukan kajian analitik yang meliputi analisis eksistensi dan kestabilan titik keseimbangan penyakit serta analisis dan interpretasi bilangan reproduksi dasar R0. Selain itu, diteliti juga mengenai bilangan reproduksi dasar invasi antar kedua penyakit. Kemudian dilakukan simulasi numerik yang mencakupi analisis elastisitas dan sensitivitas serta simulasi autonomous dari model. Analisis pada submodel single infection, yaitu model TB saja dan Covid-19 saja, juga dilakukan untuk melihat dinamika keberadaan kedua penyakit secara bersamaan. Dari kajian analitik yang dilakukan, diperoleh titik bebas penyakit yang stabil asimtotik lokal saat R0<1. Namun, bifurkasi mundur mungkin terjadi saat R0=1 sehingga titik bebas penyakit tidak stabil secara global. Titik endemik model ada dan stabil asimtotik lokal saat R0>1. Berdasarkan kajian numerik, diperoleh hasil bahwa perubahan laju infeksi TB dan Covid-19 secara bersamaan dapat memberikan pengaruh terhadap keberadaan penyakit TB-Covid-19 di populasi. ......There are quite a number of dangerous diseases that are transmitted through the air, including Tuberculosis and Covid-19. Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by the Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria. Unlike TB, Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Tuberculosis and Covid-19 are quite similar diseases. Apart from being transmitted through the air, these two diseases attack human respiration. The co-infection of these two diseases makes the situation even worse. In this thesis, a mathematical model for the spread of co-infection with TB and Covid-19 is constructed. From this model, an analytical study was carried out which included an analysis of the existence and stability of the disease equilibrium point as well as an analysis and interpretation of the basic reproduction number (R0). In addition, the invasion reproduction number between the two diseases was also investigated. Then a numerical simulation is carried out which includes elasticity and sensitivity analysis as well as autonomous simulation of the model. Analysis of the single infection submodel, namely the TB-only model and Covid-19-only model, was also carried out to see the dynamics of the coexistence of the two diseases. From the analytical study conducted, a local asymptotically stable disease-free equilibrium was obtained when R0<1. However, a backward bifurcation may occur when R0=1 so the disease-free equilibrium is not globally stable. The endemic equilibrium exists and is locally asymptotically stable when R0>1. Based on a numerical study, the results obtained were that changes in the infection rate of TB and Covid-19 simultaneously could have an impact on the presence of TB-Covid-19 disease in the population.

Abstrak :
Walaupun pendidikan di berbagai wilayah di Indonesia sudah dapat berlangsung secara tatap muka, bukan berarti ancaman terhadap paparan COVID-19 pada warga sekolah telah hilang. Hal tersebut terlihat dari tingginya kasus positif COVID-19 di Indonesia, di mana Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan provinsi dengan kasus positif COVID-19 tertinggi di Indonesia. Selain itu, keberadaan klaster penularan COVID-19 di sekolah-sekolah juga menunjukkan pentingnya penerapan protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di sekolah. SDN Ujung Menteng 02 merupakan salah satu sekolah yang harus ditutup selama dua minggu akibat terdapat beberapa warga sekolah yang positif COVID-19. Dalam penelitian ini dibahas mengenai implementasi protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di SDN Ujung Menteng 02 dengan melihat variabel yang terdapat pada Model Implementasi Edward III. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus. Metode pengambilan data menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Berdasarkan data yang diperoleh, SDN Ujung Menteng 02 telah cukup baik dalam mengimplementasikan protokol kesehatan COVID-19. Namun, masih terdapat perilaku warga sekolah yang harus dibenahi, seperti penggunaan masker, menjaga jarak, dan lain sebagainya. Sumber daya, komunikasi, dan disposisi (sikap) warga sekolah sudah baik dalam mengimplementasikan protokol kesehatan COVID-19 di SDN Ujung Menteng 02. Namun, struktur birokrasi pada Satgas COVID-19 SDN Ujung Menteng 02 masih perlu diperbaiki dan ditingkatkan. ......Although schools in various regions in Indonesia have been opened, the threat of exposure to COVID-19 for the school residents has not disappeared. This can be seen from the number of positive cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia, where DKI Jakarta Province is the province with the highest positive cases of COVID-19 in Indonesia. The COVID-19 transmission clusters in schools also show the importance of implementing COVID-19 health protocols in schools. SDN Ujung Menteng 02 was one of the schools that had to be closed due to several school residents who were positive for COVID-19. This study discusses the implementation of the COVID-19 health protocol at SDN Ujung Menteng 02 by looking at the variables from Edward III Implementation Model. The type of research used is qualitative research with case study design, using in-depth interviews and observation. Based on the data obtained, there are still behaviors of school residents that must be addressed, such as the use of masks, physical distancing, etc. Resources, communication, and disposition of school residents are good in implementing the COVID-19 health protocol at SDN Ujung Menteng 02. However, the bureaucratic structure of the Satgas COVID-19 SDN Ujung Menteng 02 still needs to be improved.

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Mahasiswa keperawatan yang berada pada masa remaja akhir yaitu sudah mampu mengenali permasalahan dan memikirkan apa yang menjadi penyebab serta sudah mampu memikirkan solusi untuk masalah tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi hubungan data demografis Mahasiswa S1 Reguler FIK UI dengan Perilaku adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemi COVID-19. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional dengan 242 sampel diambil dengan stratified sampling. Penelitian ini menggunakan instrumen pengetahuan, sikap dan keterampilan yang telah di modifikasi dari penelitian olum,et.al (2020). Analisis penelitian ini menggunakan uji Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square dan Pearson Chi-Square. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa responden berada pada rentang usia 18-22 tahun, sebagian besar berjenis kelamin perempuan (92,6%), berasal dari suku Jawa (46,3%) dengan pendapatan lebih dari atau sama dengan rata-rata UMR (75,6%), serta sebagian besar berasal dari angkatan 2020 (26,8%). Sebagian besar responden memiliki pengetahuan baik (54,9%), sikap yang positif (71,1), keterampilan yang baik (73,1%) serta perilaku yang baik (57,4%). Berdasarkan analisis bivariat bahwa usia memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku (p-value 0,002 ) dan angkatan masuk juga memilki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku (p-value 0,010). Jenis kelamin , suku dan status sosial ekonomi tidak memilki hubungan yang signifikan dengan perilaku adaptasi kebiasaan baru di masa pandemi COVID-19. ......Nursing students who are in their late teens are able to recognize problems and think about what is the cause and are able to think of solutions to these problems. This study aims to identify the relationship between the demographic data of the Regular S1 students of FIK UI and the behavior of adapting new habits during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study used a cross sectional research design with 242 samples taken by stratified sampling. This study uses knowledge, attitudes and skills instruments that have been modified from the research of olum, et.al (2020). The analysis of this study used the Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-Square and Pearson Chi-Square tests. The results showed that the respondents were in the age range of 18-22 years, most of them were female (92.6%), came from Javanese ethnicity (46.3%) with income more than or equal to the average UMR (75, 6%), and most of them are from the class of 2020 (26.8%). Most of the respondents have good knowledge (54.9%), positive attitude (71.1), good skills (73.1%) and good behavior (57.4%). Based on bivariate analysis that age has a significant relationship with behavior (p-value 0.002 ) and the entry force also has a significant relationship with behavior (p-value 0.010). Gender, ethnicity and socioeconomic status did not have a significant relationship with the behavior of adapting new habits during the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Latar belakang: Kekhawatiran pasien dan dokter gigi terhadap penularan Covid-19 dan anjuran PDGI untuk menunda perawatan yang tidak mendesak menyebabkan berkurangnya pasien yang berkunjung ke dokter gigi selama pandemi Covid-19. Hal ini membuat peneliti tertarik untuk melakukan penelitian mengenai evaluasi kunjungan pasien selama pandemi Covid-19 di Klinik Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI.Tujuan: Mendapatkan data kunjungan pasien selama pandemi Covid-19. Metode: Menggunakan desain penelitian deskriptif dan observasional analitik dengan pendekatan cross-sectional. Data diambil dari 167 rekam medis Klinik Periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI periode Juni 2020-Mei 2021. Analisis data dilakukan dengan analisis univariat dan bivariat menggunakan SPSS. Hasil: Jumlah pasien yang berkunjung mayoritas perempuan (53,9%) dan usia 26-44 tahun (42,4%). Mayoritas pasien yang berkunjung memiliki OHI-S sedang (45%). Keluhan utama paling banyak karena ingin membersihkan karang gigi (29,3%). Pasien banyak mengalami periodontitis (71,8%) dan mayoritas Periodontitis stage III grade C (26,7%). Rencana perawatan initial yang banyak direncanakan adalah Dental Health Education (29,2%) dan Scaling Root Planing (28,1%). Rencana perawatan bedah terbanyak adalah kuretase (30,1%) dan rencana perawatan rekonstruksi adalah rujukan ke Spesialis Prostodonsia (54,2%). Kesimpulan: Terdapat peningkatan jumlah kunjungan, perbedaan jumlah perawatan SRP dan perawatan periodontal lainnya pada periode Juni-September 2020, Oktober 2020-Januari 2021, dan Februari-Mei 2021 di klinik periodonsia RSKGM FKG UI. ......Background: The concern of patients and dentists about the transmission of Covid-19 and the PDGI's recommendation to postpone non-urgent treatments have led to fewer patients visiting the dentist during the Covid-19 pandemic. This makes researchers interested in conducting research on evaluating patient visits during the Covid-19 pandemic at the Periodontal Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. Objective: To obtain data on patient visits during the Covid-19 pandemic. Methods: Using a descriptive and observational analytic research design with a cross-sectional approach. Data were taken from 167 medical records of the Periodontal Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI for the period June 2020-May 2021. Data analysis was carried out by univariate and bivariate analysis using SPSS. Results: The majority of patients who visited were women (53.9%) and aged 26-44 years (42.4%). The majority of patients who visited had moderate OHI-S (45%). The main complaint was mostly because they wanted to clean tartar (29.3%). Most of the patients had periodontitis (71.8%) and the majority of them had stage III grade C periodontitis (26.7%). The initial treatment plans that were mostly planned were Dental Health Education (29.2%) and Scaling Root Planing (28.1%). Most of the surgical treatment plans were curettage (30.1%) and the reconstructive treatment plan was referral to a prosthodontic specialist (54.2%). Conclusion: There was an increase in the number of visits, differences in the number of SRP treatments and other periodontal treatments in the period June-September 2020, October 2020-January 2021, and February-May 2021 at the periodontics clinic of RSKGM FKG UI.

Abstrak :
Tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk meneliti apakah tingkat return harian dari indeks milik perusahaan Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Market memiliki ketahanan terhadap volatilitas asimetris yang muncul ketika dihadapkan dengan pandemi Covid-19. Alasan utama munculnya volatilitas yang asimetris ini dikarenakan pasar keuangan dilanda oleh krisis, yaitu pandemi Covid-19 yang menyerang seluruh negara di dunia dan dampaknya paling dirasakan oleh negara-negara berkembang. Sampel dari penelitian ini terdiri 24 negara berkembang dari wilayah Asia, Eropa, Timur Tengah, Afrika, dan Amerika. Metode yang digunakan untuk menganalisis hal tersebut adalah GJR-GARCH. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa wilayah dengan tingkat leverage effect paling rendah merupakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia dikarenakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia bagian Tenggara (ASEAN) memiliki mayoritas saham dengan nilai yang masih berkembang sehingga memiliki tingkat sentimen investor yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan negara-negara yang sahamnya sudah memiliki nilai tinggi. ......The purpose of this study is to examine whether the daily rate of return of the index belonging to the company Morgan Stanley Capital International Emerging Markets has resistance to the asymmetric volatility that arises when faced with the Covid-19 pandemic. The main reason for the emergence of this asymmetrical volatility is because the financial market was hit by a crisis, which is the Covid-19 pandemic that attacked all countries in the world and its impact was felt most by developing countries. The sample of this study consisted of 24 developing countries from Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Africa, and America. The method used to analyze this event is GJR-GARCH. This study found that the regions with the lowest levels of leverage effect are developing countries in Asia, especially developing countries in Southeast Asia (ASEAN) most of their stocks have a value that is still small and developing so that they have a lower level of investor’s sentiment compared to other countries. countries whose stocks already have a high value.