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Abstrak :
Objective: There are many factors that govern growth and resistant of Salmonella typhi. A study had reported that the use of sodium benzoate caused antibiotic resistant. However, no study has directly evaluated the effect of sodium benzoate exposure on S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol. The aim of this study was to evaluate the resistance or sensitivity of S. typhi to chloramphenicol after sodium benzoate exposure. Methods: The study was conducted in seven groups: three treatment groups (sodium benzoate insensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), three positive control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+8 μg/mL, 16 μg/mL, and 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol), and one negative control groups (sodium benzoate sensitive S. typhi+0 μg/mL of chloramphenicol). The effect of sodium benzoate exposure to S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol was measured after 24 hours. Spearman test was used to analyzed this association. Results: In this study, we found that the average S. typhi growth in the treatment groups (A, B, C) was 445 CFU/mL, 385 CFU/mL, and 171 CFU/mL, respectively. While in the positive control group (D, E, F) was not obtained any S. typhi growth. Average S. typhi growth in the negative control group was 430 CFU/mL. We found that sodium benzoate exposure inhibited S. typhi growth and affected S. typhi sensitivity to chloramphenicol (p<0.05). In addition, we found that 32 μg/mL chloramphenicol had the highest mean difference value, so this showed that the dose 32 μg/mL of chloramphenicol had the best effectiveness of various treatment groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Sodium benzoate exposure can inhibit S. typhi growth and cause S. typhi resistant to chloramphenicol.;

Abstrak :
Perubahan warna email setelah aplikasi Averrhoa bilimbi. Perubahan warna gigi terutama diatasi dengan melakukan perawatan pemutihan gigi. Penggunaan agen pemutih kimia dapat menyebabkan efek samping, sehingga perlu ditemukan agen pemutih gigi alternatif berbahan dasar alam. Averrhoa bilimbi mengandung peroksida dan asam oksalat yang memiliki kemampuan memutihkan gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis perubahan warna email gigi setelah aplikasi Averrhoa bilimbi dan karbamid peroksida 10%. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan 20 gigi premolar pascaekstraksi (masing-masing 10 spesimen untuk aplikasi Averrhoa bilimbi dan karbamid peroksida 10%). Setelah aplikasi, spesimen diletakkan di inkubator 37°C selama 2 jam, kemudian dicuci dan direndam dalam akuades, dan diinkubasi kembali selama 14 hari. Perubahan warna diamati oleh 5 pengamat menggunakan panduan warna. Hasil: Hasil pengamatan dianalisis secara kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Perubahan warna email gigi setelah aplikasi dengan Averrhoa bilimbi dari A3 menjadi C1, A2, D2, B2, dan B1. Perubahan warna gigi secara homogen dari A3 ke B1 terjadi dalam aplikasi karbamid peroksida 10%. Perubahan warna yang lebih jelas terjadi pada kelompok karbamid peroksida 10% (p=0,004) dibandingkan kelompok Averrhoa bilimbi (p=0,005). Perbedaan perubahan warna yang terjadi pada kedua kelompok tersebut berbeda bermakna (p=0,002). Simpulan: Averrhoa bilimbi memiliki prospek yang baik sebagai bahan pemutih gigi karena penggunaannya dapat menimbulkan perubahan warna email, namun efektivitasnya masih di bawah 10% karbamid peroksida.

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Teeth discoloration is mainly treated with dental bleaching. Use of chemical bleaching has side effects, so it is important to find an alternative natural dental bleaching agent. Averrhoa bilimbi contains peroxide and oxalate acid that possess tooth whitening properties. Objective: To determine the change in color of dental enamel after the application of Averrhoa bilimbi and 10% carbamide peroxide. Methods: Samples were 20 post-extracted of the two tested materials premolars (10 specimens each for Averrhoa bilimbi and carbamide peroxide application). After the application, the specimens were incubated at 37ºC for 2 hours, washed and soaked in aquadest before further incubated for another 14 days. The colour changed was observed by 5 independent observers using shade guide. Results: Quantitative and qualitative analyzes were performed. Qualitatively, A3 color has changed into C1, A2, D2, B2 and B1 in the Averrhoa bilimbi group. A more significant color change in the 10% carbamide peroxide group (p=0.005) compared to Averrhoa bilimbi group (p=0.005) were observed. The difference of resulted enamel colour change was statistically significant (p=0.002). Conclusion: Averrhoa bilimbi had a good prospect as dental bleaching agent since its application effectively resulted in a slight enamel colour change although its whitening properties was still lower than 10% carbamide peroxide.

Abstrak :
Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) sebagai limbah padat di industri minyak kelapa sawit belum dimanfaatkan sebagai sumber energi alternatif untuk membangkitkan listrik. Sudah sangat dimaklumi bahwa pemakaian limbah padat (biomassa) sebagai sumber energi adalah bagian dari skema Mekanisme Pembangunan Bersih (MPB) karena dapat mereduksi emisi Gas Rumah Kaca (GRK) secara langsung dan dapat memberikan kontribusi langsung terhadap pembangunan berkelanjutan. Pemanfaatan TKKS sebagai sumber energi sangat potensial untuk diimplementasikan di Aceh karena provinsi ini memiliki 25 Pabrik Kelapa Sawit (PKS) saat sekarang yang aktif memproduksi sekitar 870.000 ton TKKS per tahun. Studi ini diarahkan untuk me ngevaluasi potensi listrik dari TKKS secara teoritik dengan menggunakan data primer (data survei) dan data sekunder. Potensi TKKS dan jumlah listrik yang dapat diproduksi dari TKKS tersebut masing-masing diestimasi menggunakan data primer dan skenario pembakaran langsung. Metode perhitungan untuk reduksi emisi yang diperoleh dilakukan dengan AMS-I.D: Pembangkitan listrik dari energi terbarukan untuk dimasukkan ke grid dan AMS-III.E: Pencegahan emisi metana dari penumpukan biomassa di tempat pembuangan limbah padat. Hasil dari investigasi ini menunjukkan bahwa konsumsi energi untuk 25 PKS adalah sebesar 45 GW(e)h per tahun. Jumlah energi/listrik yang mungkin diproduksi dengan memanfaatkan 75% potensi TKKS adalah 1,047 GWh per tahun; sehingga reduksi emisi GRK mencapai 171,232.21 tCO2e per tahun.

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Abstract
Empty Fruit Bunch (EFB) as a solid waste in Crude Palm Oil (CPO) industry does not utilized yet as an alternative energy source to generate electricity. It is well known that use of solid wate (biomass) as an energy source is part of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) scheme due to direct reduction of Green House Gases (GHGs) emission and provide a direct contribution to sustainable development. Utilization of EFB as a source of energy is very potential to be implemented in Aceh since this province has 25 CPO Mills at the moment which actively produce about 870,000 ton EFB per year. This study is subjected to evaluate the potency of electricity from EFB theoretically by using primary data (survey data) and secondary data. Potency of EFB and number of electricity produced from that EFB are estimated using primary data and direct combustion scenario, respectively. Calculation methods for emission reduction acieved are done by AMS-I.D: Renewable electricity generation to the grid and AMS-III.E: Methane emissions avoided from dumping at a solid waste disposal site. The result of this investigation shows that energy consumption in 25 CPO Mills is 45 GW(e)h per year. Evidently, the number of energy/electricity which is potential to be produced by using 75% EFB is 1,047 GWh per year; so that the GHGs emission reduction up to 171,232.21 tCO 2 e per year.

Abstrak :
Latar belakang: Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui tingkat stigma dan diskriminasi tenaga kesehatan terhadap orang dengan HIV/AIDS (ODHA) serta menentukan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Metode: Penelitian ini dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Umum Dr. Zainoel Abidin Banda Aceh, Indonesia dengan menggunakan metode potong lintang. Delapan puluh sembilan tenaga kesehatan diikutsertakan dalam penelitian yang dipilih secara purposif. Analisis korelasi, analisis varian (Anova) dan analisis t-test digunakan sesuai dengan jenis data. Model analisis linier berganda digunakan untuk menentukan faktor prediktor munculnya stigma dan diskriminasi pada tenaga kesehatan. Hasil: Didapatkan bahwa stigma dan diskriminasi masih tinggi pada tenaga kesehatan. Analisis bivariat didapatkan bahwa jenis tenaga kesehatan, pendidikan, status perkawinan, pengetahuan tentang penularan dan pencegahan HIV dan ketakutan irasional terhadap penularan HIV berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap tingkat stigma (p < 0,05). Jenis tenaga kesehatan, status perkawinan, umur, pengetahuan tentang penularan dan pencegahan HIV dan ketakutan irasional terhadap penularan HIV berpengaruh secara bermakna terhadap tingkat disriminasi (p < 0,05). Model regresi linier berganda mendapatkan bahwa jenis tenaga kesehatan, dan ketakutan irasional terhadap penularan HIV berhubungan dengan stigma (R2 = 0,230), sedangkan pengetahuan tentang penularan dan pencegahan HIV berhubungan dengan disriminasi (R2 = 0,119). Kesimpulan: Ketakutan irasional terhadap penularan HIV dan jenis tenaga kesehatan merupakan faktor prediktor munculnya stigma sedangkan pengetahuan tentang penularan dan pencegahan HIV merupakan faktor prediktor munculnya diskriminasi pada tenaga kesehatan terhadap ODHA.

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Abstract
Background: The aim of this study was to identify the level of stigmatized and discriminatory attitudes towards people living with HIV (PLHIV) among health care workers (HCWs) and the factors that influenced these attitudes. Methods: This research was conducted at Dr. Zainoel Abidin General Hospital Banda Aceh, Indonesia. A cross-sectional study design was adopted for this research. Eighty nine HCWs were included in this study and they were selected purposively. Correlation analysis, analysis of variance and independent sample t test analysis was used according to the type of data. Finally, a multiple linear regression model was used to identify the predictor factor for stigmatized and discriminatory attitudes. Results: We found that the level of stigmatized and discriminatory attitudes was high. Bivariate analysis showed that type of HCW, education, marital status, knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV and irrational fear of HIV transmission were significant related with stigmatized attitudes (p < 0.05). Type of HCW, marital status, age, knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV and irrational fear of HIV transmission indicated significant (p < 0.05) differences in the levels of discriminatory attitudes. A multiple linear regression model identified type of HCW and irrational fear of HIV transmission correlated with stigmatized attitudes (R2 = 0.230) and knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV correlated with discriminatory attitudes (R2 = 0.119). Conclusion: Irrational fear of HIV transmission and type of HCW are significant predictors to stigmatized attitudes; knowledge on transmission and prevention of HIV is a predictor to discriminatory attitudes towards PLHIV among HCWs.

Abstrak :
Iklim organisasi dipengaruhi oleh pemberdayaan. Tujuan penelitian cross sectional ini untuk mengetahui hubungan struktur pemberdayaan dengan iklim organisasi perawat pelaksana di suatu rumah sakit di Depok, Jawa Barat. Hasil penelitian pada 101 perawat pelaksana (total sampling) menggunakan dua instrumen (CWEQ-II dan OCQ) menunjukkan mayoritas perawat mempersepsikan struktur pemberdayaan cenderung rendah sedangkan iklim organisasi cenderung baik. Uji Chi Square membuktikan struktur pemberdayaan (kesempatan, informasi, dukungan, sumber daya, kekuatan formal, kekuatan informal) berhubungan dengan iklim organisasi (p= 0,000?0,031; α= 0,05). Faktor yang paling berpengaruh pada iklim organisasi dalam penelitian ini adalah dimensi kekuatan informal, sehingga perlu ditingkatkan di rumah sakit tersebut. Perawat manajer perlu memiliki keterampilan kepemimpinan dalam pemberdayaan perawat pelaksana untuk meningkatkan iklim organisasi dan pelayanan keperawatan. ......Empowerment Strategy Improving Organizational Climate of Staff Nurse at the Hospital. Organizational climate is affected by empowerment. This cross sectional research aimed to investigate the relationship between structural empowerment and organizational climate of nurses at a hospital in Depok, West Java. The results from 101 nurses using two instruments (CWEQ-II and OCQ) showed that majority of the nurses perceived that the structural empowerment tended to be low while the organizational climate was already in a good condition. Statistical tests using Chi Square showed a relationship between structural empowerment (opportunity, information, support, resource, formal power, informal power) and organizational climate (p=0.000?0.03; α= 0.05). Moreover, the most influential factor on the organizational climate was the dimension of the informal power, therefore this factor should be strengthened in the hospital. It is suggested that the nurse manager is expected to have empowerment leadership skill to enhance the organizational climate and nursing services.