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"Penghijauan bukan merupakan kegiatanyangpositifbagi saluran udara tegangan menengah (SUTM), karena sering menimbulkan gangguan sesaat akibat sentuhan ranting pohon yang tertiup angin dengan konduktor SUTM. Untuk mengatasi gangguan sesaat tersebut, maka digunakan kabel udara.Performance terhadap petir pada SUTM dengan kabel udara (OHC) juga akan mengalami perubahan, karena kekuatan isolasi OHC akan mempengaruhi jarak sambaran petir pada konduktor SUTM. Percobaan dengan menggunakan skala model telah dilakukan untuk mendapatkan hubungan jarak sambaran petir langsung ke SUTM yang menggunakan konduktor telanjang dan OHC. Dari hasil percobaan menunjukan bahwa kekuatan isolasi OHC akan memperkecil jarak sambaran petir langsung.

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Forestation is not always a positive activity for medium voltage overhead lines (MVOL), because it is often causing a temporary fault to MVOL when branches of adjacent trees is blown by the wind and to avoid that fault, then overhead cable (OHC) is used.

Lightning performance of MVOL using OHC have been improved since the dielectric strength of the insulation of OHC will affect and improve the striking distance to conductor of MVOL. The experiment results using scaled model shows the correlation between the striking distance of MVOL bare conductors to OHC, and the strength of OHC insulation will reduce the striking distance."

"Minyak jarak adalah komoditi yang potensial untuk dikembangkan di Indonesia; demikian juga polyurethane, dimana pasar produk polyurethane berkembang pesat tanpa diiringi perkembangan industri dalam negeri. Polyurethane berbasis minyak jarak mempunyai banyak kelebihan dibandingkan yang ada umumnya. Dari analisis pasar, diketahui bahwa kapasitas pabrik yang sesuai untuk dibangun di Indonesia adalah 8.300 ton/tahun. Modifikasi minyak jarak dengan anhidrida suksinat dan neopentil glikol menghasilkan poliol poliester dengan reaktivitas tinggi, yang terutama sesuai digunakan sebagai komponen resin poliurethane untuk aplikasi coating, adhesive dan binder. Peralatan utama yang dibutuhkan di pabrik adalah: dua reaktor, sebuah mixer, empat pompa, sebuah kondenser, dan sebuah tangki. Hasil simulasi dengan bantuan CHEMCAD 5.2 menunjukkan efisiensi karbon sebesar 83,57% dan efisiensi energi sebesar 93,83%. Besarnya investasi yang dibutuhkan untuk membangun pabrik ini adalah Rp 21 miliar. Untuk setiap ton produk membutuhkan biaya manufaktur sebesar US$ 1,928 dimana harga jualproduk diasumsiknn sebesar USS 3,000. Analisis kelayakan ekonomi mendapatkan nilai: Net Present Value (NPV) sebesar USS 22.5 juta, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 40,3%, dan Payout Period 2,03 tahun. Faktor yang paling sensitifyang dapat mempengaruhi kelayakan proyek ini adalah harga jual produk dan volume produksi. Berdasarkan analisayang dilakukan, pabrik layak untuk dibangun.

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Castor oil is a potential commodity to be developed in Indonesia; polyurethane is also a potential one since its market grows rapidly without being accompanied by local industry's capability to fulfill. Polyurethane based on castor oil is superior in many properties to currently available polyurethane. According to market analysis, the suitable capacity to be applied is 8,300 tons/year. Modification of castor oil with succinic anhydride and neopentyl yields high reactivity polyester polyol suitable to be used as component of polyurethane resin for coating, adhesive and binder applications. Main equipments needed in the plant are: two reactors, one mixer, four pumps, one condenser, and one tank. Simulation with the aid of CHEMCAD 5.2 resulted in carbon efficiency of 83.57% and energy efficiency of 93.83%. Total investment required to construct this plant is about Rp 21 billion. Assuming product price of USS 3,000/ton, manufacturing cost will be US$ 1,928/ton-product. Economic feasibility analysis yielded values: Net Present Value (NPV) of USS 22.5 million, Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 40.3%, and Payout Period of 2.03 operating-years. The most significant factors influencing the feasibility are product price and production volume. Based on the analysis that has been done, the plant is feasible to build."

"Terbatasnya sumber daya minyak bumi dan gas alam dan meningkatnya kebutuhan minyak bumi dan gas alam dalam negeri sebagai bahan bakar dan bahan baku industri serta masih diperlukannya minyak bumi dan gas alam sebagai devisa negaera maka pemanfaatan dan pengelolaan minyak bumi dan gas alam dilaksanakan seefektif dan seefisian mungkin. Untuk mencapai hal tersebut pemodelan industri minyak bumi dan gas alam sangat diperlukan untuk meramalkan perkembangan industri minyak bumi dan gas alam yang pada saat ini menggunakan sistem kontrak bagi hasil (production sharing contracts).

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Limited oil and gas resources increased domestic oil and natural gas demand, such as gasoline and industries feedstock commodities and still oil and natural gas function as part of fund resources for national development, so that effeciently and effectively utilization and exacution oil and natural gas are needed. To get this goal, oil and natural gas industries models is very needed to forecast oil and natural gas industries development and to formulate a policy will be used on oil and natural gas industries. The policy that is used today is Production Sharing Contract (SPC)."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan studi kinetika reaksi hidrogenasi CO2 menjadi metanol menggunakan katalis CuO ZnO AlOCrO dengan pendekatan analisis kinetika makro (hukum pangkat sederhana dan hukum pangkat kompleks). Analisis kinetika makro menghasilkan model kinetika ;hukum pangkat sederhana (SPL) dan hukum pangkat kompleks CPL seperti pada persamaan-persamaan berikut.Hasil studi kinetika makro tersebut menunjukkan bahwa model kinetika hukum pangkat kompleks dapat memperbaikan model kinetika hukum pangkat sederhana. Secara statistik model CPL lebih baik (akurat) dari pada model SPL dan secara kinetika model CPL dapat memberikan informasi yang lebih lengkap dibandingkandengan model SPL"

"Studi keandalan analisis waktu hidup dan peninjauan ekonomis sejalan dengan gagasan untuk mengemilinasi satu sirkuit hantaran udara 150 kv menurut teknik value engineering untuk kasus transmisi kosambi baru-grogol akan memberikan keuntungan ekonomis yang nyata dan memperlihatkan keandalan yg dpt diterima. Analisis yg sederhana ini terdiri dari dua bagian yg pertama adalah berdasarkan data dan kejadian sedangkan yg kedua adalah analysisberdasarkan data riil rata-rata pd 68 sirkuit 150 kv yg ada di PT PLN (Persero) P3B area 2.Dari sisi pandang yg berlaku terhdap keandalan akan di dpt resiko ekonomis, ketersediaan dan life time yg dihubungkan dengan penghematan CAPEX yg dibandingkan dengan biaya tahunan dan persent value cash flow sebelum dan sesudah eliminasi satu sirkuit hantaran udara 150 kv."

"Jakarta is, indeed a kampung and at the same time a kota. Jakarta is a complex city or city of contrasts: the traditional and modern, the rich and poor; the sacred and the worldly, often standing side by side in this bustling metropolis. Jakarta is a big city and as well a big kampung. Kampung is the traditional spontaneous, and diverse form of indigenous' urban development in Indonesia which has grown organically and incrementally over many years without planning guidance or regulations, building codes, coordinated service provision. Gotong rayon is one of the ancient traditions, the custom of cooperation, mutual self-help, the sharing of burdens, or solidarity in kampung communities. Gotong royong is a central ideological element of Indonesian nation-building or a concept of human relations.

Gotong royong is the traditional concept of the relationsip among people in kampung; forming its socio-cultural form. At present, however, gotong royong has gradually become less prominent, and even lost from the everyday life of people in kampung. it could be swamped by social conflicts occurring between one kampung and another; or between kampung and quota. This paper explores the significance of gotong royong and how it works in the socio-cultural form of kampung."

"This paper will analyze the performance of adaptive slotted ALOHA DS-CDM4 over multipath fading with capture eject to increase throughput transmit data when traffic condition in saturation. To divine intervention we use algorithm to control level change transmission rate use user based on trqffic condition. Adaptive slotted ALOHA DS-CDA/L4 technique is technique access can do adaptation level transmission rate based trams condition. Using protocol access channel adaptive slotted ALOHA DS-CDAM combine between slotted ALOHA and DS-CDMA in wireless communication system. This method may users to do access simultaneously and using efficient spectrum is providential from adaptive slotted ALOHA DS-CDMA Performance of S-ALOHA DS-CDMA decrease on channel fading. To handle throughput decrease because amount bit on transmit packet, so capture effect can use to handle this problem. So effective throughput depend capture probability and probability packet success. From that result throughput adaptive slotted ALOHA DS-CDMA with capture eject on multipath fading channel increase with decrease capture ratio length bit packet and different number of path."

"Throughput S-ALOHA CDM4 using technique of diversities MRC differential detected with L branch antenna has been analyzed Desired signal will be intercepted then combined and also analyzed the influence of co channel interference. By using two different model of fading between desired signal and interference signal, throughput can he analyzed under channel condition of Nakagami/ Nakagami and Rician/Nakagami. MRC diversities and differential detection (DPSK) with L branch antenna are used on receiver to overcome multi path fading interference and to increase the system performance. From the result indicating the use of L branch antenna at receiver make .system throughput becomes better The higher the amount of interference signals the worse throughput system. The bigger Nakagami parameter m, and Rician factor, K, of the desired signal and interference signal the better the throughput."

"Anti scale magnetic treatment is a hard water treatment method using magnetic field to prevent (CaCO3) scale formation. This method has along and controversial history due to its unclear result of its mechanism and effectiveness. The results of researches, hypothesis, or explanations given by researchers were still partial and didn't satistfy yet in answering the magnetic phenomenon. There were three mechanisms which were suggested: ion mechanism. particle mechanism and Lorentz force eject. Hard water contain Ca2+ cations , CO3 anions, and CaCO3, particles. Magnetic field eject on CO3 (ion mechanism) modified hydration of ions which suppressed CaC03 precipitation, whereas magnetization CaCO; particle (particle mechanism) supported particles to attract to each other and increased nucleation rate. Both ion and particle mechanism are clearly showed by using static magnetization system, system where water were static to magnetic field Lorentz force caused ion shift in solution and known as by the magnetohydroidinamic phenomenon that forced nucleation of CaCO3. Lorentz force acts on every ions in hard water when it 's moving through applied magnetic field therefore dynamic magnetization system was needed to investigate this phenomenon. Particle mechanism and Lorentz force effect could increase CaCO, particle formation so that reduced concentration of Ca" ions in bulk solution, in the other hand ion mechanisms with its memory effect on CO3 could suppress CaCO, formation. Magnetization followed by deposition and filtration could increase effectiveness of AMT process."