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"The Social Stratification of Sundanese-Indonesian Phonetic InterferenceThis study is focused on Sundanese-Indonesian phonetic interference and their co-variation with social variables such as class, age, and using of Sundanese compared to Indonesian. The data was collected on two main styles, i.e., simple text reading and word list reading. The identifying of phonetic realization in respondent speech assisted by the CECIL software. To claim that interference is coming from Sundanese, neither from another languages, the study takes Weinreich's criteria of bilingualism that emphasize using of both languages in active interaction. In other word, the understanding without speaking bilingual treated as nonbilingual speaker. It is very important because there are too many speakers who are using Arabic in Islamic ritual but they never use Arabic in daily conversation. The selected respondent was Sundanese and Indonesian speaker only. The study find out that at least three of the social features have a strong correlation to the interference. The lowest interference level placed by the young speaker (second generation) with high education and with high frequency to speak in Indonesian than Sundanese. The middle position placed by the young speaker with lowest education level and speak in Sundanese more frequently than Indonesian. The other side placed by the first generation with at least middle education level. Between three main positions above spread the speakers with combination of social features, but the high to middle position dominated by the first generation and the middle to lowest level interference dominated by the second generation. This finding accepted by T-Student analysis on 95% significant degree."

"ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to find out how the prosodic markers characterize the contrast of declarative and interrogative utterances both in the production and perception perspectives. The research is based on the assumption that studying prosody as a part of the symbols system has to set the prosody completely on the interaction domain, involve how the speaker organizes the prosody component concurrently with segmental and lexical items to enunciate the meaning and how in fact the hearer distinguishes the prosodic symbols to perceive the meaning of the utterance. As well as to find the prosodic marker either an individual part or their configuration to construct melodic and temporal structures, the study is also intended to measure each of the relevant variables within the two structures.

In the production experiment I found that the component of melodic structure such as the reference pitch or initial pitch in tout contour (nada dasar), final pitch (nada final), peak(s) (puncak nada), and pitch range (jam nada.) as well as duration significantly mark the contrast of declarative. and interrogative utterances. In general, the study came to the conclusion that

1. Declaratives reference is about 9.13 st and this is 1 st higher then interrogative reference.

2. The final pitch of declarative is about 7.28 st and it is about 2 st lower than the interrogatives final pitch Compare to the reference, the declarative final pitch feature negative excursion and the interrogative final pitch features positive excursion.

3. The peak(s) excursion of declarative utterances is only about 0.95 st above the reference and this is significantly different from interrogatives peaks, which is about 231 above the reference. Relative to the onset, the peaks are 5.46 st in declaratives contour and 3.14 st in interrogatives.

4. In term of pitch movement (alirnada), the contrasts are mark by the final pitch movement. The contours are closed by flat rise followed fall tail (DNt) in declaratives and by rise followed fall tail (Nt) in interrogatives. Both, declaratives and interrogatives contour started by fall-rise (TN) movement.

5. Moreover, concerning temporal characteristics, the study concludes that the contrast of declarative and interrogatives is marked by lengthening of the syllable at the final constituent It appears that on top of the peak(s), the speaker also indicates the constituent boundaries with length of syllable and the syllabic lengthening that happens at the end of utterance is greater.

In the perception experiment, I found that the declaratives base stimuli could be perceived as fully declarative with perfect intonation if the pitch range of the contour ranges between 3 st to 35 st. In term of excursion size, minimum contour is characterized by P1 onset at the same level of reference (0 st or no excursion), Pi and P2 with excursed 1 st and final pitch excursed about -2 st (or 2 st under the reference). Maximum contour is characterized by P1 onset with excursion approximately -20.11 st P2 about 15.21 st, P2 about 14.28 st, and final pitch -15.53 st

The study did not find minimum contour of interrogative base stimuli since there is no stimulus perceived as perfect interrogative utterance - positively caused by extremely small step size value in stimulus manipulation. However, I found the maximum contour of interrogative base stimuli found with 36 st pitch range which is characterized by onset PI with excursion about -16.6 st, followed, by Pi with 15.8 st, P2 with 19.39 st, and final pitch with 16.04 st

On searching of contrastive threshold, I found that interrogative utterances more sensitive to the prosodic change than declarative utterances. More than 95% of interrogative base stimuli are perceived as declarative, while only about 422% of declarative base stimuli are perceives as interrogative utterance. Regarding excursion, the declarative base stimuli which is initiate interrogative perception has 1.4 st P2 onset, more than 4.3 st

P2, and about 2.4 st excursion of final pitch. On the other hand, the interrogative base stimuli would initiate declarative perception when the stimuli hold and excursion of the P2 onset as much as 03 st with about 1.9 st excursion of P2 and -3.6 st final pitch excursion. In the two base stimuli, the range of syllabic length manipulation is 20% to 60% of the original duration.

Compared to the acoustic characteristics in their utterances, it seems that the speaker of the language can perceived more than that they produce. The pitch range of their utterances distributes from 5 st to 22 st, but the can perceive stimuli as perfect utterances in range of 3 st to 35 st. They are also able to perceive much higher peaks and final pitch excursion then what they can produce."

"Teknologi sistem pengantaran bahan aktif hingga sampai organ target saat ini semakin banyak dikembangkan dalam industri kosmetika, padahal awalnya hanya diterapkan dan digunakan dalam industri farmasi saja. Hal ini karena masyarakat semakin kritis dan menyadari bagaimana kosmetika yang mengandung bahan aktif dapat mempengaruhi dan bermanfaat bagi kulit dan kecantikan mereka. Emolien primer sebagai komponen dalam sistem pengantaran bahan aktif berfungsi untuk meningkatkan kelarutan bahan aktif dalam sediaan. Hal ini penting sebab salah satu faktor penetrasi bahan aktif melalui kulit ditentukan oleh konsentrasi bahan aktif yang terlarut dalam sediaan. Vitamin E asetat merupakan vitamin yang praktis tidak larut dalam air dalam formula ini digunakan oleum ricini, oleum olivarum dan oleum arachidis yang berfungsi sebagai emolien primer dengan dasar pemilihan pendekatan parameter lipofilisitasnya. Pengujian difusi dengan alat Flow through diffusion cell selama 180 menit menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan oleum ricini memberikan hasil penetrasi vitamin E asetat sebesar 4807,12 ± 7,90 ug/cm2 , oleum olivarum sebesar 362,61 ± 1,50 ug/cm2 dan oleum arachidis sebesar 198,04 ± 0,89 ug/cm2.

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The technology of active materials delivery to the target organ has been more and more developed recently in the cosmetic industry which was previously applied only in pharmaceutical industry. This is due to the people’s critical on think and awareness of now cosmetics containing active ingredients giving more advantages on the people skin appearance. Primary emollient as a component in the active materials delivery system has a function of increasing the solubility of active materials in the dosageform. This is important because one of the skin penetration factor of the active materials is determined by the concentration of the active materials dissolved in dosageform. Vitamin E acetate is practically insoluble in water and in this formula, oleum ricini, oleum olivarum, and oleum arachidis work as primary emollient based on lipofilicity parameter approach. The diffusion test with Flow through diffusion cell apparatus as long as 180 minutes showed that the use of oleum ricini gave the penetration levels Vitamin E acetate of 4807,12 ± 7,90 μg/cm2, oleum olivarum of 362,61 ± 1,50 μg/cm2 and oleum arachidis of 198,04 ± 0,89 μg/cm2."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian transformasi fasa pada 3 grade baja yaitu 45 K, SCM 435 dan 12 A, ketiganya dapat dibuat spheroidite namun hanya SCM 435 dan 45 K yang dapat dibuat menjadi martensite dan martemper. Hal ini terlihat dari mikrostruktur yang diperkuat data uji tarik dan hardness. Grade 12 A tidak cocok untuk aplikasi industri baut dan mur.

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Have been conducted by research of transformation fasa at 3 grade become militant that is 45 K, SCM 435 and 12 A, third of grade can be made by spheroidite but only SCM 435 and 45 K which can be made to become martensite and martemper. This matter is seen from microstructure strenghtened by data of interesting test and hardness. Grade 12 A incompatible for the industrial application of bolt and nut."