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Abstrak :
This study was carried out to investigate the effect of 4NQO oral induction in oesophagus of male rat. Sixteen male Sprague Dawley rats were divided into three experimental groups and one untreated group as control. The experimental groups were applied with 0.5% 4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide on the dorsal mucosa of tongue thrice weekly for 8, 16 or 24 weeks, one brush stroke per application. At the end of the 36th week, all rats were sacrificed and the tongue and oesophagus were excised and fixed in 10% buffed formalin for 24 hours. The H&E sections were prepared for histological examination. The microscopial assessment showed that all rat tongues whether applied with 4NQO for 8, 16 or 24 weeks were identified having Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC). Microscopial examination of oesophagus indicated that 75% or the rats applied with 4NQO for 16 weeks showed hyperkeratosis, and 80% and 20% of the rats applied with 4NQO for 24 weeks showed malignancy changes and hyperkeratosis, respectively. No histological changes were detected either in the tongue or the oesophagus of the control rats. It was concluded that the effect of carcinogenic induction in oral mucosa caused malignant changes in oesophagus.

Abstrak :
Penyakit kusta masih menjadi masalah kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia. Kabupaten Majalengka saiah satu daerah endemis kusta di Indonesia dengan angka kecacatan tingkat 2 tertinggi di Jawa Barat yang berhubungan dengan keterlambatan penemuan kasus baru dan pengobatan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, maka diperlukan suatu penelitian yang mendalam mengenai pencarian pertolongan pengobatan pada penderita kusta. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memperoleh informasi yang mendalam mengenai pencarian pertolongan pengobatan penderita kusta serta faktor penghambat dan penunjangnya. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kecamatan Sindangwangi, Argapura, dan Sumberjaya Kabupaten Majalengka dengan metode kualitatif yang pengumpulan datanya dilakukan dengan wawancara mendalam. Jumlah informan dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 31 orang yang meliputi informan penderita kusta dan informan kunci. Untuk menguji validitas hasil penelitian, dilakukan triangulasi sumber dan metode. Pengolahan data yang dilakukan terdiri dari mengumpulkan catatan hasil wawancara, membuat rekapitulasi hasil wawancara, membuat kategorisasi data, dan membuat matriks. Analisis yang dilakukan adalah analisis isi atau content analysis untuk melihat kecenderungan hubungan antar variabel. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, bahwa pencarian pertolongan pengobatan memiliki kecenderungan berhubungan dengan persepsi keparahan dan bahaya penyakit, dorongan tokoh masyarakat, keluarga, media, dan penyuluhan petugas kesehatan. Pemilihan pelayanan kesehatan memiliki kecenderungan berhubungan dengan kebiasaan dan pengalaman berobat, sedangkan keteraturan berobat memiiiki kecenderungan berhubungan dengan persepsi terhadap kualitas pelayanan kesehatan. Keterlambatan mencari pertolongan pengobatan memiliki kecenderungan berhubungan dengan pengetahuan penderita kusta mengenai penyakit kusta yang rendah, ketidaktahuan penderita kusta kalau di Puskesmas terdapat pengobatan untuk kusta dan salah diagnosa. Untuk itu perlu dilakukan advokasi terhadap Pemerintah Daerah Kabupaten Majalengka dan Dinas Kesehatan Kabupaten Majalengka, meningkatkan promosi kesehatan dengan mengikutsertakan petugas promosi kesehatan di Puskesmas, menjalin kerjasama dengan lintas program dan Iintas sektor, pelatihan keterampiian deteksi tanda kusta bagi petugas puskesmas, sosialisasi tentang pengobatan kusta dan keterampilan deteksi tanda kusta bagi dokter praktek di wilayah kerja puskesmas, peiatihan (training of trainers) penyuluhan kusta, penyuluhan intensif dan pemberdayaan masyarakal. ......Leprosy disease is still become the problem for public health in Indonesia. This matter happened, caused by factor pursuing effort of early case finding and leprosy treatment directly and also indirectly. Based on these. hence it is needed a circumstantial research in health seeking behavior of leprosy patient. The objective this research is to obtain circumstantial information on heatlh seeking behavior of leprosy patient. This research was conducted in Sindangwangi, Argapura. and Sumberjaya Sub-distriets with qualitative method, which its data collecting conducted by indepth interview. The number of informants in this research is 31 people. which consisting of leprosy patient and key informant. To assess the validity of result of the research, it was conducted triangulation resources. The Data analysis consist of collect the record of interview results, made summary of the result of interview, made the transcript, made data categorization, and made matrix. The next step is content analysis to see the tendency of the relationship between those variables. The result of this research show, that seeking help of medication have tendency relate to hard perception and the severeness of discase, motivation of community leader, family, media, and education of health service officer. Election of the health service have tendency relate to experience and habit of medication, while regularity of medication have tendency relate to perception to the quality of health service. The delay in seeking help of medication have tendency relate to knowledge of leprosy suspect on leprosy disease is still low, the lack of knowledge of leprosy patient, where in Community Health Center there is medical treatment for leprosy and wrong diagnosed. Thereby require to be conducted advocacy to Local Government of Majalengka District, and health service of Majalengka District for the allocation of fund and support Leprosy Program with curative and preventive priorities,improving health promotion by involve health promotion officer in Community Health Center, cooperation between cross section that is religion section, and education in order to apply the Leprosy Progrnm specially counseling, training about leprosy detection for health workers. socialization about leprosy treatment and leprosy sign for private doctors in Puskesmas area, training of trainers for leprosy IEC (information, education, and communication), intensive counseling with the target is leprosy patient, family member of leprosy patient, and also community, and enforce community participation in leprosy control.

Abstrak :
Prevalensi tertinggi penyakit pada lansia adalah hipertensi, yang dapat meningkatkan ketergantungan jika tidak ditangani dengan baik. Program pemerintah banyak dilaksanakan namun belum mampu menekan angka ketidakpatuhan minum obat dan kontrol rutin pada lansia. Tujuan penelitian untuk mengetahui pengaruh edukasi kesehatan terstruktur terhadap dukungan dari keluarga dan kepatuhan minum obat pada lansia. Metode penelitian menggunakan desain kuasi eksperimen dengan pretest dan posttest serta kelompok kontrol digunakan. Besar sampel 60 orang dengan metode simple random sampling dengan masing-masing 30 orang pada kelompok kontrol dan intervensi. Analisis data dukungan dari keluarga menggunakan Paired t test dan Independent t test, sedangkan variabel kepatuhan minum obat menggunakan Wilcoxon sign- rank dan Mann Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat pengaruh signifikan antara pemberian edukasi kesehatan terstruktur terhadap dukungan dari keluarga (p = 0,982) dan terdapat pengaruh pemberian intervensi edukasi kesehatan terstruktur terhadap kepatuhan minum obat anti hipertensi (p < 0,0001). Pengaruh edukasi kesehatan terstruktur perlu ditingkatkan pada dukungan dari keluarga dengan melakukan perbaikan intervensi dan pengamatan jangka panjang. Dukungan dari keluarga pada perawatan lansia dengan hipertensi memerlukan waktu untuk menginternalisasi perubahan ketrampilan dan sikap keluarga dalam merawat lansia hipertensi. Intervensi pendampingan keluarga direkomendasikan untuk diintegrasikan pada pelatihan caregiver, dikombinasikan dengan intervensi bina keluarga, pengukuran tekanan darah berkala, dan pembentukan self-help group. ......The highest prevalence of disease in the elderly is hypertension, which can increase dependency if not handled properly. Many government programs have been implemented but have not been able to reduce the rate of drug non-adherence and routine control in the elderly. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of structured health education on family support and medication adherence in the elderly. The research method uses a quasi-experimental design with pretest and posttest and a control group is used. The sample size is 60 people using simple random sampling method with 30 people each in the control and intervention groups. Analysis of family support data used the Paired t test and Independent t test, while the medication adherence variables used the Wilcoxon sign-rank and Mann Whitney. The results showed that there was no significant effect of providing structured health education on family support (p = 0.982) and there was an effect of providing structured health education interventions on adherence to taking antihypertensive medication (p <0.0001). The effect of structured health education needs to be increased on support from families by improving interventions and long-term observations. Support from the family in caring for elderly people with hypertension takes time to internalize changes in family skills and attitudes in caring for elderly hypertension. Family assistance interventions are recommended to be integrated into caregiver training, combined with family development interventions, periodic blood pressure measurements, and the formation of self-help groups.