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"The regulations regarding the Restoration of Cultural Heritage were established from the restriction of its removal. The main treaty providing the norm to restore the removed Cultural Heritage from the State of origin is 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Through this convention, State, as a subject in international law, was given a set of Rights and Obligations to claim for its Restoration. Indonesia as a developing State has its own interest in the Restortion of Cultural Heritage after its independence, including from Netherlands. Through this thesis, the author analyses the practice in the case of the Restoration from Netherlands to Indonesia, Indonesian Law No. 11 of 2010 on Cultural Heritage, and the urgency of Indonesia to become a State party to 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property.

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Ketentuan mengenai Pengembalian Benda Cagar Budaya muncul dari ketentuan pelarangan pemindahan atasnya. Perjanjian Internasional yang terutama dalam mengatur Pengembalian Benda Cagar Budaya kepada Negara asal adalah 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property. Dalam konvensi tersebut Negara sebagai subyek hukum internasional yang diberikan seperangkat Hak dan Kewajiban untuk mengajukan klaim Pengembalian. Indonesia sebagai Negara berkembang memiliki kepentingan Pengembalian Benda Cagar Budaya dari Negara-Negara maju pasca kemerdekaan, salah satunya dari Belanda. Penulisan ini melakukan analisis terhadap praktik Pengembalian yang selama ini telah dilakukan oleh Belanda ke Indonesia, UU Cagar Budaya No. 11 Tahun 2010, dan kepentingan Indonesia menjadi Negara peserta Konvensi 1970 UNESCO Convention on the Means of Prohibiting Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property."

"PREFACEThe Jakarta Workshop on Environmental Health 1998 is the second meeting of the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme and UNESCO UNISPAR Programme on Environment in Asia. The first meeting was hosted by Bunkyo University in Tokyo from 10 to 12 April 1997. This second meeting is hosted by the Centre for Research of Human Resources and the Environment (CRHRE) from 16 to 17 February 1998.This proceedings reported the implementation of the Workshop Programme from 16 - 17 February 1998. The Organizing Committee (OC) did its utmost towards the realization of both the UNESCO UNITWIN Programme Director and Co-Directors' meeting as well as the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme member Universities meeting. The former was attended by Bunkyo University, Griffith University, Prince of Songkla University and the University of Indonesia. The latter was attended by representatives of Prince of Songkla University, Suranaree University of Technology, the University of Indonesia, the University of the Philippines and Griffith University was present as observer, whilst Dr Y Aoshima of UNESCO Regional Office for Science and Technology in Southeast Asia chaired the meeting.Apologies came from Nankai University, China due to Chinese New Year Holidays, Vietnam National University due to Professor Nguyen Van Davis tight schedule and Kong Hee University, Korea due to inability of Professor Chungwon Chone to leave his post. Further apologies came from UNEP, both Dr Wimala Ponniah and Dr Mahesh Pradhan of NETTLAP in view of prior commitments; the same is true with Professor Wang Yi Bing. The Director of CRHRE, Professor Retno Soetaryono SH; MSi, due to ill health and on the advice of her Family Physician prevented her participation in the event.The OC extends its earnest appreciation to UNESCO UNITWIN Programme partner universities and UNESCO UNISPAR partner universities who participated in the workshop, hence fostered closer relations with each other. Finally, our thanks are due to UNESCO for the assistance and advice as well as TOYOTA Motor Corporation for sponsoring both this workshop and the UNESCO UNISPAR Programme.The third workshop will be held in either Brisbane, Australia or Hatyay, Thailand in 1999. The decision will be cast in July oe August this year. It is hoped that this proceedings will be of interest and informative as well."

"Pemaknaan terhadap warisan budaya memantik sebuah pembahasan dan perdebatan terkait diskusi warisan budaya secara global. Pembahasan seputar warisan budaya memiliki asal ontologis yang cukup kompleks, mengingat kehadiran wacananya yang bersifat lintas disiplin. Terlepas dari berkembangnya minat akademis dalam politik warisan budaya, belum terdapat pemahaman secara menyeluruh terhadap literatur warisan budaya dalam bingkai Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Untuk mengisi ceruk tersebut, penulis melakukan tinjauan pustaka sistematis untuk menelaah badan literatur politik warisan budaya dalam Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. Penulis terlebih dulu memetakan perdebatan, konstruksi makna, serta tata kelola warisan budaya di tingkat global. Melalui pemetaan tersebut, penulis kemudian melakukan analisis tematis terhadap globalisasi wacana warisan budaya. Tema-tema tersebut di antaranya mencakup identitas, pascakolonialisme, diplomasi, keamanan, dan arus pariwisata. Berdasarkan kajian literatur, penulis berargumen bahwa: 1) terdapat jangkauan mengenai bagaimana warisan budaya dapat diidentifikasi atas dasar pengakuan oleh aktor-aktor internasional; 2) terdapat keterikatan warisan budaya dengan identitas simbolis suatu negara; serta 3) terdapat unsur wewenang dan tata kelola khusus atas rezim warisan budaya di tingkat internasional.

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The meaning-making of cultural heritage sparks sequences of discussions and debates circumscribing the globalised past. A discussion surrounding cultural heritage embodies a complex ontological source, given the multidisciplinary nature of the globalised heritage discourse. Notwithstanding the growing level of scholarly interest towards heritage politics, a comprehensive understanding of cultural heritage literature within the International Relations framework is noticeably absent. To address this gap, I conveyed a systematic literature review to identify the state of knowledge on how cultural heritage politics is being scrutinised globally. The first half of the research maps the debate, construction, and the global governance of cultural heritage. Through the aforementioned mapping, the second half contains a thematic analysis towards the globalised discourse of cultural heritage. This research pinpoints five major themes, among others, including: identity, postcolonialism, diplomacy, security, and tourism. Based on a thorough literature review, I argue that: 1) there is a notion of how certain heritage is acknowledged by international actors; 2) there is a nexus between cultural heritage and a symbolic identity of a state; and 3) there is a particular authority and governance within the international heritage regime.

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"Nominasi Warisan Dunia UNESCO dilakukan oleh negara penyelenggara dengan menyampaikan dossier yang diperlengkapi peta geografis dari properti yang hendak diusulkan. Peta seperti ini terletak di dalam kontinuum Peta Propaganda hingga Peta Sempurna dan lebih mendekati ujung Peta Sempurna. Menggunakan pendekatan hermeneutik Pickles, skripsi ini memahami Peta Sub-Area B Kraton dari dossier Hisotrical Landmarks Along the Cosmological Axis of the Yogyakarta City. Kartografi yang dihasilkan menunjukkan peta tersebut terletak lebih dekat ke ujung Peta Propaganda daripada ujung Peta Sempurna, dan elaborasi kartografi dengan mengubah kode peta dapat menggeser posisi peta ini mendekat ke ujung Peta Sempurna.

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A nomination of UNESCO World Heritage is conducted by a State-party through the submission of a dossier that includes map(s) of the nominated property. Maps of this kind are placed within the Propaganda-Perfect Map continuum. Using Pickles’ hermeneutics approach, this undergraduate thesis reads the Sub-Area B Kraton map of the Historical Landmark Along the Cosmological Axis of the Yogyakarta City dossier. The resulting cartography revealed that the map’s position is closer to the Propaganda extreme than to the Perfect extreme on the continuum, and an elaboration of the cartography by changing the map’s code can move this position of the map closer to the Perfect Map extreme"

"Konflik bersenjata adalah salah satu titik perubahan terpenting yang dapat ditemukan sepanjang sejarah umat manusia. Berbeda dengan konflik bersenjata di masa lalu yang bersifat simetris antar-negara, konflik bersenjata modern kini memiliki karakter yang lebih asimetris, mengikutsertakan aktor internasional non-negara, dan condong terhadap isu identitas. Terlepas dari transisi bentuk konflik tersebut, properti budaya selalu hadir dalam perang besar sehingga menandakan bahwa benda-benda bersejarah ini memiliki peran penting dalam konflik. Publikasi Konvensi Den Haag UNESCO 1954 juga mengkatalisasi rezim perlindungan properti budaya internasional yang kini terus menjadi bagian dari wacana perang modern. Dengan menganalisis 77 dokumen yang diakui Scopus menggunakan software VosViewer, paparan ini mengelompokkan empat tema inti yang ditemukan dalam perkembangan kajian Properti Budaya dalam Konflik Bersenjata menggunakan metode taksonomi. Tema-tema inti tersebut adalah (1) definisi properti budaya lintas budaya; (2) peran dan makna properti budaya dalam konflik bersenjata; (3) norma properti budaya dan etika perang lintas zaman, dan (4) tanggapan aktor internasional. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa properti budaya sungguh memiliki nilai dan peran berlapis dalam konflik bersenjata, dan bahwa perlindungannya sangat penting di hadapan hak asasi manusia. Sayangnya, perbincangan tentang properti budaya dari masa kolonial, serta tulisan-tulisan dari negara jajahan dan source countries, masih tertutup oleh akademisi Barat. Terlepas dari semua terobosan signifikan dalam hukum properti budaya internasional, masih terdapat banyak hal yang dapat dikembangkan oleh rezim ini dalam menanggapi konflik bersenjata modern dan aktor-aktornya yang relevan. Penting bagi wacana ini untuk berkembang secara mandiri di luar kasus-kasus konflik bersenjata empiris.

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Armed conflicts are one of society’s most defining points that can be found throughout history. Different with conflicts in the past that were more symmetric in nature and fought between nations, modern armed conflicts are now more asymmetric manner with the addition of non-state international actors and issues regarding identity. Despite this change, cultural property seems to always be present in big wars, hence signalling that these historical objects play an essential role in conflicts. The publication of UNESCO's 1954 Convention of Den Haag also catalysed the international cultural property protection regime that is now constantly part of the modern warfare discourse. By analysing 77 documents acknowledged by Scopus using a software called VosViewer, this exposé taxonomically identifies the four core themes found in the development of the Cultural Property in Armed Conflict study, namely: (1) the definition of cultural property crossculture; (2) the role and value of cultural property in armed conflicts; (3) cultural property norms and warfare ethics cross-periods, and (4) responses from international actors. This study shows that cultural property truly has multi-layered values and roles in armed conflicts, and that its protection is essential in the eyes of human rights. Unfortunately, conversations regarding cultural properties from the colonial eras, as well as writings from colonies and source countries, are still overshadowed by Western academicians. Despite all the significant breakthroughs in international cultural property law, there are still many ways that this regime can be further developed in responding to modern armed conflicts and their relevant actors. It is vital for this discourse to develop independently outside of the empirical armed conflict cases."

"Makanan memiliki peran yang amat penting dalam kehidupan manusia, termasuk di antaranya dalam konteks diplomasi. Dalam hubungan internasional, relevansi makanan telah berkembang dari semata-mata sebagai sumber daya kekuatan tradisional menjadi sumber pengaruh yang berbasis unsur budaya. Meningkatnya kesadaran akan pentingnya soft power lantas mendorong aktor negara untuk menerapkan diplomasi publik guna mencapai kepentingan nasionalnya. Hal tersebut lantas mendorong kemunculan dan berkembangnya narasi diplomasi makanan dalam tataran akademis. Tinjauan literatur ini berupaya untuk memetakan literatur akademis mengenai diplomasi makanan dan menggambarkan ragam pandangan yang terlihat dari poin-poin perdebatan dan konsensus. Pemetaan literatur dilakukan dengan metode taksonomi yang membagi pokok bahasan menjadi tiga tema besar, yakni konseptualisasi, inisiatif aktor masyarakat transnasional, dan peran aktor negara dalam diplomasi makanan. Penulis memperoleh kesimpulan bahwa diplomasi makanan merupakan instrumen penyebaran pengaruh yang cukup signifikan baik diinisiasi oleh aktor transnasional maupun aktor negara. Penggunaan diplomasi makanan diprediksi akan terus berkembang pada tahun-tahun berikutnya dan menjadi instrumen yang semakin relevan dalam kebijakan luar negeri serta upaya pembangunan citra di level internasional.

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Food has always played an essential role in human life, and this is no less true in the context of diplomacy. In International Relations, the relevance of food has evolved from being solely a source of traditional power to a source of influence based on cultural elements. The growing awareness of the importance of soft power has encouraged state actors to implement public diplomacy in order to achieve their national interests. This has led to the emergence and development of food diplomacy narratives at the academic level. This literature review seeks to map the academic literature on food diplomacy and illustrate the range of views that emerge from points of debate and consensus. Literature mapping was carried out using a taxonomic method which divided the subject matter into three major themes: conceptualization, initiatives by transnational actors, and the role of state actors in food diplomacy. The author concludes that food diplomacy is a significant instrument for spreading influence, both initiated by transnational actors and state actors. The use of food diplomacy is predicted to continue to grow in the following years and become an increasingly relevant instrument in foreign policy as well as attempts to build image at the international level."