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"Statin adalah kelompok obat antihiperlipidemik yang dapat menurunkan kadar kolesterol dalam darah. Statin dapat menghambat kerja enzim HMG CoA reductase yang berperan dalam reaksi konverasi HMG CoA dalam sintsesis kolesterol dalam hati. Dehidrolovastatin adalah senyawa analog dari lovastatin yang nantinya digunakan untuk terapi pasien yang mempunyai kadar kolesterol darah yang tinggi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan metode yang valid untuk penetapankadar dehidrolovastatin dalam plasma in vitro. Validasi metode analisis ini meliputi studi tentang kurva kalibrasi dan linieritas, LLOQ dan selektivitas, akurasi, presisi, perolehan kembali dan stabilitas. Metode analisis ini menggunakan KCKT Knauer dengan perangkat detektor UV 2500, kolom Kromasil ®100-5, C18, 250 x 4,6 mm.Sistim fase terbalik ini mempunyai kondisi optimum yaitu menggunakan fase gerak asetonitril dan asam fosfat 0,1 % (75:25), laju alir 1,2 mL/menit, standar internal simvastatin dan panjang gelombang 238 nm. Sampel dengan rentang konsentrasi 0,013 - 0,200 ppm memberikan kurva kalibrasi dengan koefisien korelasi 0,998 dan LLOQ 0,013 ppm. Hasil penelitian validasi metode penetapan kadar ini memenuhi persyaratan standar.

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AbstractStatins are antihyperlipidemic drugs for lowering LDL-cholesterol level in human blood. They were designed to inhibit HMG CoA reductase in the liver so that the enzyme will not catalyze the transformation of HMG CoA into early precursor of LDL-cholesterol. Dehydrolovastatin is a kind of statins whose structure is analogous to lovastatin (its starting material). The aim of this study was to validate method forin vitro analysis of dehidrolovastatin in plasm. The validation included studies of calibration curve and linearity, LLOQ and selectivity, accuracy, precision, recovery, and stability. Dehidrolovastatin was deteminated by Knauer ® HPLC using UV 2500detector, Kromasil ® 100-5, C18, 250 mm, 4.6 mm i.d., column. Reversed phase was applied with the optimal condition such as mobile phase acetonitrile and phosphoric acid 0.1 % (75:25), the flow rate of 1.2 mL. minutes -1, simvastatin as internalstandard and wavelength 238 nm. Concentrations of sample ranged from 0.013 to 0.200 ppm with correlation coefficient of the calibration curves 0,998 and lower limit of quantitation was 0.013 ppm. The results of validation studies fulfilled standard criteria."

"Statin telah diketahui dapat menurunkan kandungan kolesterol dalamdarah. Statin menurunkan kandungan kolesterol dengan cara menghambatkefja enzim HMG Co-A reduktase yang dibutuhkan pada biosintesiskolesterol, Enzim tersebut mengkatalis reaksi perubahan p^iidrokshpmetilglutarilCo-A menjadi asam mevalonat. Statin biasanya dihasilkanmelalui fermentasi dengan menggunakan kapang jenis Aspergillus danMonascus. Akan tetapl, statin yang dihasilkan dari kapang Monascm tipeliar, kadamya masih relatif kecil. Untuk Itu dilakukan upaya peningkatangalur untuk mendapatkan galur yang leblh potensial dafem menghasilkanstatin. Jenis Monascus yang dipakal adalah Monascus purpumus. Upayapeningkatan galur dilakukan dengan mutasi sinar gamma (y) padabeberapa dosis irradiasi yaitu 0,1-0,5 kGy. Seleksl mutan dilakukansecara aoak trerdasarican pola penampakan koloni pada cawan petii dansetelah itu dipilih dosis optimum irradiasi (dosis yang memberikan persentasisurvival terkecil) berdasarkan jumlah koloni tunggal yang terbentuk. Dosisdosisoptimum yang didapatkan adalah 0,2 ; 0,3 dan 0,4 kGy. Fermentasiyang dilakukan terhadap Monascus purpureus tipe liar dan isolat-isolatnyatidak menunjukkan adanya statin. Beberapa senyawa yang diperkirakandihasilkan pada fermentasi dari isolat Monascus purpureus dan tipe liarnyaadalah pigmen warna monascin, monascorubrin, ankaflavin, sertarubropunctatin

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Statin has been known capable of reducing cholesterol content in

blood by inhibiting HMG Co-A reductase enzyme (an enzyme which is

needed in cholesterol biosynthesis). This enzyme catalysts the formation of

mevalonic acid from p-hydroxyl- p-methylglutaryl Co-A. Statin is usually

produced from the fermentation of AspergUlus and Monascus, but the statin

yield from the fermentation of Monascus wild type is still low. Therefore, it

needs strain improvement to increase the statin production which is done by

modifying the genetics. The strain used in this experiment Is Monascus

purpureus. The strain improvement is done by mutating Monascus purpureus

wild type using gamma (y) ray in several doses. The doses used in the

irradiation are 0,1; 0,2; 0,3; 0,4 and 0,5 kGy. Mutant selection is done

randomly based on the single colony pattern on petri dish. Before random

selection, the optimum doses of irradiation are needed to be determined. The

optimum doses are those which give the smallest survival fractions. Those

optimum doses are 0,2 kGy, 0,3 kGy and 0,4 kGy. Monascus purpureus wild

type and its isolates did not produce any statin under fermentation in Miyake's

medium. Several compounds which were predicted produced from

Monascus purpureus wild type and its isolates are monascin, monascorubrin,

ankaflavin and rubropunctatin"

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini merupakan uji validitas dan reliabilitas kuesioner Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8) versi bahasa Indonesia untuk mengukur kepatuhan konsumsi statin pada 40 penerbang militer di Skadron Udara Halim Perdanakusuma pada tanggal 6 April-15 Mei 2016. Hiperkolesterolemia merupakan penyebab penyakit kardiovaskular yang dapat menyebabkan inkapasitasi dalam penerbangan. Salah satu cara untuk mengontrol hiperkolesterolemia adalah dengan minum obat antikolesterol golongan statin, namun belum ada instrumen yang dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kepatuhan minum obat statin di kalangan penerbang militer di Indonesia. Validitas diuji dengan validitas kriteria. Reliabilitas diuji dengan konsistensi internal dan uji ulang (test-retest). Didapatkan korelasi negatif lemah dan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara antara kadar kolesterol dan tingkat kepatuhan minum statin (koefisien Spearman -0,199; p=0,218). Konsistensi internal moderat (Cronbach?s α=0,759) dengan reliabilitas tes ulang yang baik (koefisien Spearman=0,860). Hasil uji validitas dan reliabilitas MMAS 8 versi bahasa Indonesia pada penerbang militer belum dapat digunakan untuk mengukur kepatuhan minum statin pada penerbang militer di Indonesia.

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ABSTRACTThis study analyzed the validity and reliability of Morisky Medication Adherence Scale 8 (MMAS-8) Bahasa version to measure statin adherence among 40 military pilots in Halim Perdanakusuma Air Force Base on April 06th-May 15th 2016. Hypercholesterolemia is the cause of cardiovascular disease which lead to inflight incapacitation. One of the way to control hypercholesterolemia is using statin medication, however there has not been an instrument to measure statin adherence in military pilots in Indonesia. Validity was confirmed using crirerion-related validity. Reliability was tested for internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Negative weak correlation and no significant association between cholesterol and statin adherence level (Spearman coefficient -.199, p=0.218) was found. Moderate internal consistency and excellent test-retest reliability were found (Cronbach?s α=0.759; Spearman correlation=0.860). Validity and reliability of MMAS 8 Bahasa version has not been able to be used to measure statin adherence among military pilots in Indonesia."

"Dislipidemia merupakan suatu keadaan ketidakseimbangan profil lipid dalam tubuh dan menjadi salah satu faktor risiko terjadinya penyakit arterosklerotik. Pemberian statin sebagai pilihan utama dalam terapi dislipidemia, terbukti aman namun berpotensi menyebabkan masalah terkait obat yang mempengaruhi efektivitas dan keamanan pengobatan. Masalah terkait obat dapat dikurangi dan diselesaikan melalui kegiatan pemantauan terapi obat oleh apoteker dengan memberikan rekomendasi terhadap permasalahan yang terjadi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan karakteristik pasien dislipidemia rawat inap, mengidentifikasi masalah terkait obat pada pasien dislipidemia rawat inap dan menganalisis pengaruh pemberian informasi dan rekomendasi oleh apoteker terhadap perubahan jumlah masalah terkait obat statin pada pasien dislipidemia rawat inap. Penelitian dilakukan dengan desain pre eksperimental sebelum dan sesudah intervensi secara prospektif yang melibatkan 102 pasien rawat inap dislipidemia. Pemantauan terapi obat dilakukan selama pasien di rawat inap dan diidentifikasi masalah terkait obat menggunakan klasifikasi PCNE versi 9,00 Bahasa Indonesia, data yang diperoleh akan dianalisis secara statistik untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian informasi dan rekomendasi oleh apoteker terhadap perubahan jumlah masalah terkait obat. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa masalah terkait obat yang terjadi pada 102 pasien dislipidemia rawat inap yang teridentifikasi dan dilakukan intervensi sebanyak 307 masalah, terdiri dari 83% masalah keamanan pengobatan dan 17% masalah efektivitas pengobatan, masalah keamanan pengobatan yang terjadi adalah interaksi obat potensial. Pemberian informasi dan rekomendasi oleh apoteker berpengaruh secara signifikan (p-value 0,000 < 0,05) dapat menurunkan jumlah masalah terkait obat sebesar 90%. Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa informasi dan rekomendasi yang diberikan oleh apoteker dapat menurunkan jumlah masalah terkait obat pada pasien dislipidemia rawat inap.

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Dyslipidemia is a condition of imbalance in the lipid profile in the body and is one of the risk factors for atherosclerotic disease. Giving statins as the main choice in dyslipidemia therapy has been proven safe but has the potential to cause drug-related problems that affect the effectiveness and safety of treatment. Drug-related problems can be reduced and resolved through drug therapy monitoring activities by pharmacists by providing recommendations for problems that occur. This study aims to describe the characteristics of inpatients with dyslipidemia, identify drug-related problems in inpatients with dyslipidemia and analyze the effect of providing information and recommendations by pharmacists on changes in the number of statin drug-related problems in inpatients with dyslipidemia. The study was conducted with a pre-experimental pre-post design prospectively involving 102 inpatients with dyslipidemia. Drug therapy monitoring was carried out while the patient was hospitalized and drug-related problems were identified using the PCNE classification version 9.00 Indonesian, the data obtained will be analyzed statistically to see the effect of providing information and recommendations by pharmacists on changes in the number of drug-related problems. The results of the study showed that drug-related problems that occurred in 102 hospitalized dyslipidemia patients who were identified and intervened were 307 problems, consisting of 83% medication safety problems and 17% medication effectiveness problems, the medication safety problems that occurred were potential drug interactions. The provision of information and recommendations by pharmacists had a significant effect (p-value 0.000 <0.05) and could reduce the number of drug-related problems by 90%. The conclusion of this study shows that information and recommendations provided by pharmacists can reduce the number of drug-related problems in hospitalized dyslipidemia patients."

"Edema miokardium dapat menyebabkan disfungsi miokardium. Pada operasi bedah pintas arteri koroner (BPAK), proses inflamasi dan reperfusion injury menyebabkan edema miokardium. Berbagai cara telah dilakukan untuk menghambat edema miokardium namun belum ada yang terbukti efektif. Statin merupakan obat yang memiliki efek pleiotropik sebagai anti inflamasi. Penelitian pada subjek hewan menunjukkan bahwa statin dapat mengurangi edema miokardium. Sebagai respons terhadap kondisi stress, jantung mengeluarkan berbagai sitokin seperti follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1). FSTL1 berperan dalam proses edema miokardium. Untuk mengurangi edema miokardium pasien BPAK dilakukan pemberian Atorvastatin 80 mg selama 2 minggu sebelum operasi.Penelitian dilakukan secara uji klinis tersamar ganda pada pasien berusia 40–65 tahun yang menjalani operasi BPAK. Dilakukan dari Februari 2017 hingga Maret 2018 di rumah sakit jantung dan pembukuh darah Harapan Kita. Subjek penelitian diacak ke dalam dua kelompok, kelompok Atorvastatin dosis 80 mg dan Atorvastatin dosis 10 mg. Pemeriksaan edema miokardium dilakukan dengan MRI pada hari ke-6 pascaoperasi. Pemeriksaan FSTL1, PKA, PKB dan hs-CRP diambil dari plasma darah 1 hari sebelum operasi, hari ke-1 dan hari ke-6 pasca operasi. Parameter MRI yang dinilai adalah nilai T2 relaxation time.Sebanyak 20 pasien termasuk dalam kelompok Atorvastatin 80 mg dan 20 pasien dalam kelompok Atorvastatin 10 mg. Terdapat 7 subjek yang drop out. Pemeriksaan MRI mendapatkan nilai T2 relaxation time yang lebih rendah pada kelompok Atorvastatin 80 mg (50,11 ms vs. 59,03 ms, p = 0,01). Tidak didapatkan korelasi yang bermakna antara FSTL1 dengan T2 relaxation time. Pemeriksaan FSTL1, PKA dan PKB tidak berbeda secara bermakna antara kedua kelompok sedangkan kadar hs-CRP lebih rendah serta bermakna secara statitistik pada kelompok Atorvastatin 80 mg.Simpulan: Pemberian Atorvastatin dosis 80 mg dapat menurunkan kejadian edema miokardium pasca BPAK dan menunjukkan efek antiinflamasi yang lebih baik dari pada Atorvastatin 10 mg.

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Myocardial edema can cause myocardial dysfunction in many pathological states. During coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG), there is inflammatory system activation as well as reperfusion injury which can produce myocardial edema. Many efforts has been applied in order to prevent those process but none has proven effective. Statin is a drug with many pleiotropic effects as anti inflammatory. Animal study revealed that statin can decrease myocardial edema, In response to stress conditions, heart produced many cytokines, such as follistatin-like 1 (FSTL1). FSTL1 has a principal role in reducing myocardial edema. This study tried to find the effectiveness of Atorvastatin 80 mg, also known as high dose statin, in decreasing myocardial edema after CABG surgery.

Double blinded clinical trial was performed, in patients 40–65 years of age who underwent CABG surgery. This study was conducted from February 2017 until March 2018 at National Cardiovascular Centre Harapan Kita. Subjects were randomized and divided in two groups, high dose Atorvastatin (80 mg) and low dose atorvasatin (10 mg). Myocardial edema evaluation using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was done in day-6 after surgery. FSTL1, PKA, PKB, and hs-CRP were evaluated before surgery, day-1 after surgery, and day-6 after surgery. T2 relaxation time was used as the MRI parameter of myocardial edema.

There were 20 patients treated with Atorvastatin 80 mg and 20 patients at Atorvastatin 10 mg. There were 7 subject who dropped out. MRI evaluation found lower T2 relaxation time in high dose group (50,11ms vs. 59,03 ms, p = 0,01). There was no significant correlation between FSTL1 and T2 relaxation time. FTSL1, PKA and PKB in both groups were not statistically different but hs-CRP value was statistically lower in high dose group.

Conclusion: Atorvastatin 80 mg can decrease the incidence of myocardial edema after CABG surgery and shows a better anti-inflammatory effect than Atorvastatin 10 mg. The correlation between statin and FSTL1 in term of myocardial edema has not been defined yet."

"Elevated cholesterol and C-reactive proteins are markers linked to heart attack, stroke, and other cardiovascular disorders. It is estimated that over 100 million Americans—more than a third of our population—suffer from these conditions. To combat these problems, modern science has created a group of drugs known as statins, available under such names as Lipitor, Zocor, and Pravachol. While over 20 million people take these medications, the fact is that up to 42 percent experience negative, often serious, side effects. Fortunately, other options are available. Here, for the first time, is a concise guide that explains the problems caused by statin drugs, and offers easy-to-follow strategies that will allow you to benefit from effective natural alternatives.Written by a highly qualified researcher and physician, Natural Alternatives to Lipitor, Zocor & Other Statin Drugs begins with a clear explanation of elevated cholesterol and C-reactive proteins. It then examines how statin drugs work to alleviate these problems, and discusses their possible side effects. Finally, the author highlights the most important natural alternatives, providing information on the science behind their claims, their proven effectiveness, and their suggested dosage.If you have elevated cholesterol and C-reactive proteins, or if you are currently using a statin drug, Natural Alternatives to Lipitor, Zocor & Other Statin Drugs can make a profound difference in the quality of your life."

"Latar Belakang. Indeks Glikemik (IG) diketahui berhubungan dengan kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular, semakin tinggi IG semakin tinggi kejadian penyakit kardiovaskular. Highly Sensitivity-CRP (hs-CRP) merupakan pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk menilai faktor risiko PIK. Semakin tinggi hs-CRP semakin besar risiko terjadinya Acute heart Disease. Indeks Glikemik diketahui berhubungan positif dengan hs-CRP. Saat ini di Indonesia belum ada penelitian yang menghubungkan IG, hs-CRP dan PIK.Tujuan. Diketahuinya nilai dan rerata IG dan hs-CRP pada penderita PIK, serta melihat ada tidaknya korelasi antara IG, hs-CRP dan pada penderita PJK. Metodologi. Studi pendahuluan dan potong lintang dilakukan pada 14 penderita PIK jenis angina pectoris stabil yang datang berobat di poliklinik Kardiologi RSCM. Kemudian dilakukan diagnosa PJK dengan Treadmill, pemeriksaan hs-CRP dan kemudian wawancara gizi dengan Food Frequency Quesioner yang menggambarkan pola diet penderita untuk mendapatkan nilai IG.Hasil. Didapatkan rerata IG 80,96 (tinggi), rerata hs-CRP 1,88 mg/L, serta korelasi positif antara IG dan hs-CRP. Nilai korelasi antara IG dan hs-CRP adalah 0,682 dengan kemaknaan statistik 0,007.Simpulan. Didapatkan rerata IG dan hs-CRP yang tinggi serta korelasi positif antara IG dan hs-CRP pada penderita PJK.

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Background. Glycemic Index (GI) significantly correlated with cardiovascular disease, especially Coronary Arterial Disease (CAD). High Sensitivity-CRP is a marker to predict the risk of Cardiovascular Disease and the higher hs-CRP the higher risk of CAD. Glycemic Index has been known to have a positive correlation with hs-CRP. There was no research in Indonesia, which was trying to see the correlation between IG, hs-CRP and CAD.

Objectives. To get an average value of GI and hs-CRP and to know if there is a correlation between GI and hs-CRP in CAD patient.

Methods. A cross sectional study was done to this research. Fifteen CAD patients especially stable chronic angina which already diagnose with treadmill were examined their blood and then filled form of FFQ to see their GI pattern.

Results. The average result of GI was 80.96 (high) and average result of hs-CRP was 1.88 mg/L. There was a positive correlation between GI and hs-CRP in-patient with CAD in this research.

Conclusions. There was a high average value of GI and hs-CRP in-patient with CAD. There was a positive correlation between GI and hs-CRP in CAD patient."

"Peningkatan kadar kolesterol total dan trigliserida merupakan faktor risiko penyakit kardiovaskular. Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) merupakan tanaman herbal yang sering digunakan di Indonesia sebagai obat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh pemberian ekstrak jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) terhadap profil lipid pada model hewan hiperlipidemia. Untuk menganalisis pengaruh pemberian ekstrak Jahe merah (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) dan secang (Caesalpinia sappan L.) terhadap profil lipid plasma, hewan uji dibagi menjadi 6 kelompok; kelompok normal (CMC Na 0,5%) dan kelompok negatif (CMC Na 0,5%), kelompok positif (Aspirin), dan kelompok kombinasi ekstrak dosis 1, dosis 2, dan dosis 3. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa pemberian ekstrak jahe merah-secang menurunkan kadar kolesterol total dan trigliserida secara signifikan (p<0,05) pada semua kelompok dosis dari pekan ke-8 hingga 10. Selain itu, kadar kolesterol total dan trigliserida pada pekan ke-10 menunjukan perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) antara kelompok kontrol negatif terhadap kelompok kontrol positif, dosis I, dosis II, dan dosis III. Kelompok positif pada pekan ke-10 menunjukkan perbedaan yang tidak signifikan (p<0,05) terhadap kelompok dosis I, dosis II, dan dosis III. Dengan demikian, tiga variasi komposisi ekstrak jahe merah-secang mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol total dan trigliserida dalam darah, dengan dosis III (800 mg : 200 mg/200 g BB) menghasilkan penurunan kadar kolesterol total dan kadar trigliserida paling tinggi.

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Elevated levels of total cholesterol and triglycerides are risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and secang (Caesalpinia sappan L) are herbal plants that are often used in Indonesia as medicine. This study aimed to examine the effect of red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and secang (Caesalpinia sappan) on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic animal models. To analyze the effect of red ginger extract (Zingiber officinale var. Rubrum) and secang (Caesalpinia sappan L) on plasma lipid profile, the test animals were divided into 6 groups; the normal group (CMC Na 0.5%) and the negative group (CMC Na 0.5%), the positive group (Aspirin), and the combination group extract dose 1, dose 2, and dose 3. The results of the analysis showed that the administration of red ginger extract -Secang reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride levels significantly (p<0.05) in all dose groups from week 8 to 10. In addition, total cholesterol and triglyceride levels at week 10 showed a significant difference (p<0 0.05) between the negative control group and the positive control group, dose I, dose II, and dose III. The positive group at week 10 showed no significant difference (p<0.05) against the dose I, dose II, and dose III groups. Thus, three variations of the composition of red ginger-secang extract were able to reduce total cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood, with dose III (800 mg: 200 mg/200 g BW) resulted in the highest reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride level."

" ABSTRAKPendahuluan: Jantung adalah organ yang metabolisme energinya bersifat aerobikdan mutlak memerlukan oksigen sebagai akseptor elektron terakhir dalampembentukan ATP. Pada keadaan hipoksia, terjadi pembentukan radikal bebasakibat terganggunya aliran elektron yang kemudian mengakibatkan stres oksidatifsehingga menyebabkan kerusakan jaringan. Glutation (GSH) merupakanantioksidan endogen yang dapat menangkal radikal bebas sehingga mencegahkerusakan jaringan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh hipoksiasistemik selama 1 3 5 dan 7 hari terhadap kadar GSH jaringan jantungMetodologi Jaringan jantung berasal dari tikus Sprague-Dawley jantan usia 6 8 minggu yang telah terpapar kondisi normoksik sebagai kontrol dan kondisihipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan selama 1 3 5 dan 7 hari. Kadar GSH kemudiandiukur dan dianalisa menggunakan ANOVA. Hasil: Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan selama 1 3 5 dan 7 haritidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna kadar GSH jaringan jantung p 005Kadar GSH terendah yang ditemukan pada hari 3 1395 ng mg proteinKesimpulan Hipoksia sistemik berkelanjutan pada penelitian in tidakberpengaruh terhadap kadar GSH jaringan jantung.

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ABSTRAKIntroduction: Heart is an organ which the aerobic energy metabolism of it needsoxygen as a final electron for the needs of ATP production. In hypoxic conditionthe electron flow is interrupted; causing free radicals formation leading tooxidative stress and potentially causes tissue damage. Glutathione (GSH) worksas an endogenous antioxidant to counteract free radicals thus preventing tissuedamage. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between hypoxia within 1 35 and 7 days with GSH levels in the heart tissue. Method The heart sample ofwas obtained from male SpragueDawley 6 8 weeks old) that has been exposedto normoxic condition as the control and continuous systemic hypoxia within 13 5 and 7 days The GSH level was then measured and analyzed using ANOVA.Results The result of this study depicted that continuous systemic hypoxiaexposure of 1 3 5 and 7 days showed no significant differences to the GSH levelof the heart tissue p 0.05 The lowest GSH level was found on day 3 1 395ng mg protein Conclusion Continuous systemic hypoxia in this study showedno influence in GSH level in the heart tissue."