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"Penelitian ini membahas dinamika kehidupan sosial-ekonomi tenaga kerja PAUD pada PAUD Calistung waralaba sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 berlangsung. Para pengajar PAUD waralaba terikat pada situasi kerja yang fleksibel dan tidak aman, sehingga mereka menghadapi pilihan untuk bertahan setiap harinya. Di tengah kesadaran akan kondisi prekariat (prekaritas) dan kondisi ekonomi yang diambang cukup, pengajar memilih untuk bertahan dengan mengembangkan strategi kreatif melalui tindakan sehari-hari, kerahasiaan, negosiasi, dan pembatasan sosial. Pada kasus pengajar PAUD waralaba, penelitian ini menyelaraskan konsep prekariat dan resistensi. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa pengajar PAUD waralaba mampu bertahan dalam kondisi prekaritas yang dialami sebelum dan saat pandemi COVID-19 dengan melakukan tindakan menentang peraturan yang bertujuan melangsungkan kehidupan. Kajian ini dilakukan dengan metode etnografi meliputi observasi dan wawancara mendalam. Penelitian ini melibatkan enam informan, yakni; satu orang Kepala Unit (KU) PAUD, satu orang asisten KU sekaligus pengajar PAUD, dan empat pengajar PAUD Calistung Cawang. Bentuk pengoperasian waralaba PAUD menciptakan lingkungan kerja yang penuh akan ketidakamanan dan ketidakpastian. Tindakan perlawanan dalam bentuk strategi bertahan bukannya untuk mengubah suatu keadaan tertentu, melainkan untuk menciptakan ‘keamanan’ versi kelompok pengajar PAUD dan melanggengkan sistem sosial yang sudah ada.

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This study will discuss about the dynamics of the socio-economic life of PAUD workers at franchised PAUD Calistung at the time before and during COVID-19 pandemic. Franchise early childhood educators are tied with flexible and insecure work situations, so every day they faced choices to survive. In conscious of precariat conditions (precarity), an adequately economic condition, which teacher choose to survive by developing creative strategies through daily actions, secrecy, negotiation, and social restrictions. In the case of franchised PAUD teachers, this study harmonizes the concepts of precariat and resistance. The results of this study reveals that franchised PAUD teachers are able to survive in the precarious conditions before and during pandemic COVID-19 by taking actions against regulations to living life. This research was conducted using ethnographic methods including observation and in-depth interviews. This study involved six informants involving one PAUD owners called The Head of Unit (KU), One KU assistant who is also a teacher, and four regular PAUD teachers. The form of operation of the franchise PAUD creates a insecurity and flexibility work environment. The action of resistance in the form of a survival strategy is supposed not to change a certain circumstance, but to create a version of ‘security’ for the groups of PAUD teachers and to perpetuate the social system."

"Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) bertujuan mengentaskan kemiskinan, dan keberhasilannya diukur melalui jumlah graduasi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM). Sejak tahun 2007, jumlah graduasi KPM fluktuatif dan sering tidak mencapai target tahunan, sehingga peran pendamping sosial yang efektif sangat penting untuk mempercepat graduasi, terutama graduasi mandiri saat KPM PKH sudah berdaya dan memilih keluar dari program. Pendampingan PKH menghadapi berbagai masalah, seperti penilaian sosial ekonomi yang belum sepenuhnya terealisasi dan subjektivitas dalam pengambilan keputusan graduasi sehingga tidak tepat sasaran. Selain itu, sering terjadi penyalahgunaan etika, seperti pendamping yang memegang Kartu Keluarga Sejahtera (KKS) milik KPM karena 'gagap teknologi' dan minimnya pengetahuan KPM, yang dapat menimbulkan risiko pungutan liar dan risiko lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pendampingan masih belum menerapkan hal-hal yang dapat mendorong keberdayaan dan kemandirian KPM PKH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi unsur strength perspective serta faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam proses pendampingan sosial PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi sejahtera mandiri KPM PKH. Metode penulisan ini menggunakan literatur review dengan menghimpun penelitian-penelitian mengenai pendampingan dan graduasi PKH yang dipublikasi pada tahun 2018-2023. Pemilihan lima literatur sebagai bahan rujukan utama berdasarkan kriteria rangkaian hasil penelitian tersedia secara utuh, minimal membahas dua dari ketiga konsep PKH, pendampingan PKH, atau graduasi KPM PKH, memiliki perbedaan metode dan lokus penelitian, serta memiliki pembahasan yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan penulisan dalam studi ini. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan context review, penulis meninjau literatur utama yang membahas proses pendampingan PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi mandiri dan mengaitkannya dengan konteks strength perpsective untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana proses pendampingan PKH jika menerapkan perspektif tersebut. Hasil tinjauan proses pendampingan menunjukkan adanya unsur strength perspective, yang melihat KPM PKH mampu belajar, bertumbuh, dan berubah menjadi keluarga yang lebih sejahtera. Partisipasi aktif dari KPM PKH sangat diharapkan, dengan strategi kolaborasi dan kemitraan antara pendamping, KPM, serta pihak luar untuk mencapai tujuan pendampingan. Faktor pendorong dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi pendamping, partisipasi KPM, serta dukungan institusional dan kebijakan pemerintah, yang membantu KPM PKH mencapai graduasi mandiri. Faktor penghambat berasal dari ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan sosial, rendahnya kepercayaan diri KPM, minimnya akses ke pendidikan dan peluang kerja, ketidakseimbangan rasio pendamping dan KPM, beban kerja pendamping yang tinggi, proses validasi data yang tidak sesuai, kurangnya sumber daya, serta ketidakcocokan jadwal pendampingan dengan jam kerja KPM.

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The Family Hope Program (PKH) aims to alleviate poverty, and its success is measured by the number of beneficiary family graduations. Since 2007, the number of KPM graduations has fluctuated and often does not reach the annual target, so the role of effective social assistants is very important to accelerate graduation, especially independent graduation when KPM PKH is empowered and chooses to leave the program. PKH mentoring faces various problems, such as socio-economic assessments that have not been fully realized and subjectivity in making graduation decisions so that they are not on target. In addition, ethical abuses often occur, such as assistants holding KPM's Prosperous Family Card (KKS) due to 'technology stuttering' and KPM's lack of knowledge, which can lead to the risk of illegal levies and other risks. This shows that the mentoring has not yet implemented things that can encourage the empowerment and independence of KPM PKH. This study aims to identify the elements of strength perspective as well as the driving and inhibiting factors in the PKH social assistance process in an effort to encourage independent prosperous graduation of KPM PKH. This writing method uses a literature review by collecting research on PKH assistance and graduation published in 2018-2023. The selection of five literatures as the main reference material is based on the criteria that the series of research results are available in full, at least discuss two of the three concepts of PKH, PKH assistance, or KPM PKH graduation, have differences in research methods and locus, and have discussions that can answer the writing questions in this study. Using a context review approach, the author reviews the main literature that discusses the PKH mentoring process in an effort to encourage independent graduation and relates it to the context strength perspective to describe how the PKH mentoring process would look if it applied this perspective. The review of the mentoring process shows an element of strength perspective, which sees KPM PKH able to learn, grow, and change into a more prosperous family. Active participation from KPM PKH is expected, with collaboration and partnership strategies between facilitators, KPM, and external parties to achieve mentoring goals. The driving factors are influenced by facilitators' competence, KPM participation, as well as institutional support and government policies, which help KPM PKH achieve independent graduation. The inhibiting factors stem from economic and social instability, low KPM self-confidence, lack of access to education and employment opportunities, imbalance in the ratio of facilitators to KPM, high facilitator workload, inappropriate data validation process, lack of resources, and incompatibility of the facilitation schedule with KPM working hours."

"Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) bertujuan mengentaskan kemiskinan, dan keberhasilannya diukur melalui jumlah graduasi Keluarga Penerima Manfaat (KPM). Sejak tahun 2007, jumlah graduasi KPM fluktuatif dan sering tidak mencapai target tahunan, sehingga peran pendamping sosial yang efektif sangat penting untuk mempercepat graduasi, terutama graduasi mandiri saat KPM PKH sudah berdaya dan memilih keluar dari program. Pendampingan PKH menghadapi berbagai masalah, seperti penilaian sosial ekonomi yang belum sepenuhnya terealisasi dan subjektivitas dalam pengambilan keputusan graduasi sehingga tidak tepat sasaran. Selain itu, sering terjadi penyalahgunaan etika, seperti pendamping yang memegang Kartu Keluarga Sejahtera (KKS) milik KPM karena 'gagap teknologi' dan minimnya pengetahuan KPM, yang dapat menimbulkan risiko pungutan liar dan risiko lainnya. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pendampingan masih belum menerapkan hal-hal yang dapat mendorong keberdayaan dan kemandirian KPM PKH. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi unsur strength perspective serta faktor pendorong dan penghambat dalam proses pendampingan sosial PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi sejahtera mandiri KPM PKH. Metode penulisan ini menggunakan literatur review dengan menghimpun penelitian-penelitian mengenai pendampingan dan graduasi PKH yang dipublikasi pada tahun 2018-2023. Pemilihan lima literatur sebagai bahan rujukan utama berdasarkan kriteria rangkaian hasil penelitian tersedia secara utuh, minimal membahas dua dari ketiga konsep PKH, pendampingan PKH, atau graduasi KPM PKH, memiliki perbedaan metode dan lokus penelitian, serta memiliki pembahasan yang dapat menjawab pertanyaan penulisan dalam studi ini. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan context review, penulis meninjau literatur utama yang membahas proses pendampingan PKH dalam upaya mendorong graduasi mandiri dan mengaitkannya dengan konteks strength perpsective untuk mendeskripsikan bagaimana proses pendampingan PKH jika menerapkan perspektif tersebut. Hasil tinjauan proses pendampingan menunjukkan adanya unsur strength perspective, yang melihat KPM PKH mampu belajar, bertumbuh, dan berubah menjadi keluarga yang lebih sejahtera. Partisipasi aktif dari KPM PKH sangat diharapkan, dengan strategi kolaborasi dan kemitraan antara pendamping, KPM, serta pihak luar untuk mencapai tujuan pendampingan. Faktor pendorong dipengaruhi oleh kompetensi pendamping, partisipasi KPM, serta dukungan institusional dan kebijakan pemerintah, yang membantu KPM PKH mencapai graduasi mandiri. Faktor penghambat berasal dari ketidakstabilan ekonomi dan sosial, rendahnya kepercayaan diri KPM, minimnya akses ke pendidikan dan peluang kerja, ketidakseimbangan rasio pendamping dan KPM, beban kerja pendamping yang tinggi, proses validasi data yang tidak sesuai, kurangnya sumber daya, serta ketidakcocokan jadwal pendampingan dengan jam kerja KPM.

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The Family Hope Program (PKH) aims to alleviate poverty, and its success is measured by the number of beneficiary family graduations. Since 2007, the number of KPM graduations has fluctuated and often does not reach the annual target, so the role of effective social assistants is very important to accelerate graduation, especially independent graduation when KPM PKH is empowered and chooses to leave the program. PKH mentoring faces various problems, such as socio-economic assessments that have not been fully realized and subjectivity in making graduation decisions so that they are not on target. In addition, ethical abuses often occur, such as assistants holding KPM's Prosperous Family Card (KKS) due to 'technology stuttering' and KPM's lack of knowledge, which can lead to the risk of illegal levies and other risks. This shows that the mentoring has not yet implemented things that can encourage the empowerment and independence of KPM PKH. This study aims to identify the elements of strength perspective as well as the driving and inhibiting factors in the PKH social assistance process in an effort to encourage independent prosperous graduation of KPM PKH. This writing method uses a literature review by collecting research on PKH assistance and graduation published in 2018-2023. The selection of five literatures as the main reference material is based on the criteria that the series of research results are available in full, at least discuss two of the three concepts of PKH, PKH assistance, or KPM PKH graduation, have differences in research methods and locus, and have discussions that can answer the writing questions in this study. Using a context review approach, the author reviews the main literature that discusses the PKH mentoring process in an effort to encourage independent graduation and relates it to the context strength perspective to describe how the PKH mentoring process would look if it applied this perspective. The review of the mentoring process shows an element of strength perspective, which sees KPM PKH able to learn, grow, and change into a more prosperous family. Active participation from KPM PKH is expected, with collaboration and partnership strategies between facilitators, KPM, and external parties to achieve mentoring goals. The driving factors are influenced by facilitators' competence, KPM participation, as well as institutional support and government policies, which help KPM PKH achieve independent graduation. The inhibiting factors stem from economic and social instability, low KPM self-confidence, lack of access to education and employment opportunities, imbalance in the ratio of facilitators to KPM, high facilitator workload, inappropriate data validation process, lack of resources, and incompatibility of the facilitation schedule with KPM working hours."

"many people hope to improve their own or their children's life abandon their own country and move to other places. One of the basic discussions in social sciences is the problem of the immigrant's intergration in the new place and the problem of how they can adopt themselves to the new environmental and cultural circumstances. Being an alien to the new cultural principles and values cause various behavioral and mental consequences for the immigrants. Nowadays, this has become a serious problem in many societies and has changed from a social phenomenon to a social problem. This study aims to explain and explore those factors which affecting mental health of migrants who were living in Islam Abad (West of Iran) under the time the research. data were collected through structured questionnaire from 600 migrants who were selected randomly. To test the hypotheses, Pearson correlation coefficient and analysis of variance were used. Multiple regression and path analysis were used to assess the research model. According tp the research findings, there is a significant relationship between the immigrants mental health and social capital (r=0 .73), coping strategies ( r=0 .65), and acculturation stress (r=0 .61). Regression results show that the five variables: social capital, social class, coping strategies, acculturation stress and maritas status have had significant effects on mental health. They have explained 75 percent of the changes in mental health (R2=0 .75). It should be mentioned that social capital has directly and most causal effect on mental health and income has indirectly and most causal effect on mental health. A high degreeof mental health among the immigrants is a result of an increase in the amount of social capital."

"Penerapan hak-hak, kebijakan, aparat kehutanan, dan pendekatan represif oleh pemerintah memperlihatkan berlakunya budaya kontrol dalam penguasaan hutan. Penelitian ini memperlihatkan bahwa penerapan budaya kontrol oleh pemerintah berbenturan dengan kepentingan sosial-ekonomi dan kearifan lokal masyarakat di sekitar kawasan hutan. Masyarakat lokal membangun strategi dan taktik untuk melawan pemerintah melalui cara menguasai lahan, menentukan jenis tanaman, dan menerapkan sistem pengelolaan hutan berbasis masyarakat. Strategi dan taktik perlawanan tersebut merupakan manifestasi kondisi sosial-ekonomi yang terintegrasi dalam kultur masyarakat. Melalui perspektif kekuasaan (Foucault) dan perlawanan (Scott), penelitian ini memperlihatkan urgensi menempatkan aspek kebudayaan dan perilaku sebagai fokus analisis di tengah kuatnya pengaruh perspektif politik ekologi. Fokus pada aspek kebudayaan dan perilaku bermakna bahwa analisis budaya kontrol tidak hanya mendiskusikan strategi pemenuhan hak formal pemerintah, tetapi juga mendiskusikan aspek perilaku pemerintah yang bersifat arogan, represif, dan bangga pada otoritas. Analisis budaya perlawanan pun tidak hanya mendiskusikan strategi pemenuhan hak formal masyarakat, tetapi juga mendiskusikan perilaku masyarakat dalam menjalankan strategi secara diam-diam, sembunyi-sembunyi, dan menghindari petugas kehutanan.

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The implementation of rights, policy, forest official, and repressive approach by the government shows that the culture of control is applied at forest tenure. This research showed that the application of cultural control by the Government clashed with the interests of local wisdom and socio-economic communities around the forest. The local community have developed strategies and tactics to resist the Government through controlling the land, determining the types of plant, and by implementing community-based forest management system. These resistance strategies and tactics is the manifestation of the socio-economic conditions which are integrated in the community culture. Through the perspective of power (Foucault) and resistance (Scott), this research shows the urgency to put culture and behavior as the focus of an analysis particularly in the midst of a strong influential political ecology perspective. The focus on culture and behavior means that an analysis on controlling culture is not only to discuss the strategy of fulfilling the formal rights of the government, but also to discuss the arrogant, repressive and proud behavior of the government of its authority and power. Equally, the analysis of the culture of resistance does not only discuss the strategy to get the formal rights of the community, but also deliberate on the behavior of the community to implement their strategy quietly, secretly, and while avoiding the forest staff."

"Disertasi ini menelaah sistem ideologi khas bangsa Indonesia, yaitu Sosio-Demokrasi Pancasila. Sistem ideologi sosio-demokrasi Pancasila dicita-citakan untuk menciptakan masyarakat Indonesia yang sejahtera dan berkeadilan sosial. Realitas di tengah masyarakat sekarang, ada ketimpangan sosial dan jurang yang tajam antara yang miskin dan yang kaya. Penyebabnya adalah bangsa ini belum mempraktekan secara sempurna sistem sosio-demokrasi Pancasila sebagai yang digagas oleh para Bapak Pendiri Bangsa. Karena itu diperlukan upaya untuk menggali kembali nilai-nilai luhur yang terkandung dalam sistem sosio-demokrasi Pancasila. Penggalian ini, setidaknya, untuk mencapai dua tujuan. Pertama, mengkaji asumsi-asumsi terkait demokrasi khas Indonesia yang menurut Sukarno mencari keberesan politik dan ekonomi, keberesan negeri dan keberesan rezeki. Artinya, menurut Sukarno sosio-demokrasi ini bisa menghasilkan kesejahteraan berkeadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia. Sosio-demokrasi itu sendiri, seperti juga demokrasi liberal, adalah sistem yang dapat terjadi pembaruan di dalamnya, adaptasi dengan kehendak zaman. Kedua, melakukan penafsiran terhadap sosio-demokrasi dan asumsi-asumsi di dalam konsep sosio-demokrasi tersebut. Teks ditafsirkan dengan mengikutsertakan horison penulis. Konsep-konsep sosio-demokrasi yang lahir di era awal kemerdekaan Republik Indonesia ditafsirkan ulang di era sekarang ini. Dengan menggunakan metode hermeneutika Gadamer, peneliti menyimpulkan bahwa prinsip-prinsip dalam sosio-demokrasi Pancasila dapat menciptakan kesejahteraan dan keadilan sosial bagi seluruh rakyat Indonesia.

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This dissertation examines the typical ideological system of the Indonesian nation, namely the socio-democracy of the Pancasila. The ideological system of Socio-democracy of Pancasila aspires to create a prosperous and socially just Indonesian society. The reality in today's society is that there is social inequality and a sharp gap between the poor and the rich. The reason is that this nation has not perfectly practiced the Pancasila socio-democratic system as initiated by the Founding Fathers. Because of this, efforts are needed to exhume the noble values embodied in the Pancasila socio-democratic system. This excavation, at least, to achieve two goals. First, it examines assumptions related to typical Indonesian democracy which, according to Sukarno, seeks political and economic order, state order and livelihood order. This means, according to Sukarno, this socio-democracy can produce socially just welfare for all Indonesian people. Socio-democracy itself, like liberal democracy, is a system that can be reformed within, adapting to the will of the times. Second, interpreting socio-democracy and the assumptions in the socio-democratic concept. The text is interpreted by including the author's horizon. The concepts of socio-democracy that were born in the early era of the independence of the Republic of Indonesia are reinterpreted in the current era. Using Gadamer's hermeneutic method, the researcher concludes that the principles of Pancasila socio-democracy can create social welfare and justice for all Indonesian people."

"This study investigates the relationship between the level ofsocioeconomic development and fertility in India. The perspective of thisstudy is based on the "Theory of Demographic Transition" which statesthat as socioeconomic development in a country increases, high fertilityand mortality rates are replaced by low fertility and mortality rates,leading to population stability. This study tests the following majorhypothesis: The higher the level of socioeconomic development, the lowerthe fertility rates among the states of india. The study applies correlationand multiple regression analysis on the l 992-1993 indian National FamilyHealth Survey (NFHS) data using four major categories (education,modernization, health, and family planning ) of socioeconomic developmentto predict two measures (crude birth rate and the total fertility rate) offertility. The findings support the theory cf demographic transition in largemeasure revealing that the overall level of socioeconomic development isinversely related to fertility among the states of india. Finally. the studysuggests that higher levels of female literacy and acceptance ofcontraceptives lead to fertility decline."

"Kepemilikan serta kelayakan rumah telah menjadi isu krusial yang dihadapi bagi setiap negara. Indonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan isu kepemilikan dan hunian layak yang rendah, terutama bagi generasi milenial yang memiliki proporsi terbesar dari total keseluruhan penduduk dan kelompok usia produktif. Oleh karena itu, studi ini bertujuan untuk meneliti determinan dari kepemilikan rumah dan pilihan hunian berdasarkan kelayakan rumah. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan data sekunder dari Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) KOR 2019. Dalam melihat pilihan hunian dari segi kepemilikan rumah dan kelayakan hunian, studi ini menggunakan metode regresi logistik dan logistik multinomial dengan melihat hubungan kepemilikan rumah dan kelayakan hunian terhadap faktor sosioekonomi seperti tingkat pendidikan, status perkawinan, tingkat pendapatan, status tenaga kerja, jumlah tanggungan, jenis kelamin, kepemilikan asuransi, dan lokasi tempat tinggal. Ditemukan bahwa generasi milenial terbukti memiliki probabilitas yang lebih rendah untuk memiliki rumah dibandingkan generasi sebelumnya, sehingga memiliki tendensi untuk menyewa. Perbedaan antara kesempatan generasi milenial dengan generasi sebelumnya terletak pada status pernikahan dan tingkat pendidikan. Walaupun memiliki tendensi untuk menyewa, namun generasi milenial dari setiap tingkat kelompok pendapatan masih terdapat hubungan positif terhadap probabilitas tinggal di hunian formal. Temuan penelitian ini dapat dijadikan sebagai rekomendasi bagi pembuat kebijakan serta memperdalam literatur akan perumahan di Indonesia.

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Homeownership and adequate housing have been an important issue faced by many countries. Indonesia particularly is still facing low rate of ownership and adequate housing, especially in millennials. Therefore, this study aims to analyze millennials’ determinants of the tenure choice based on home ownership and housing formality. The main source of information is National Socio-economic Survey (SUSENAS) 2019. Logistic and Multinomial Logistic model are used to test the household’s tenure choice taking socioeconomic factors such as educational attainment, marital status, income, work status, dependant count, gender, health insurance ownership, and location. The study found that millennials have lower probability of owning a house than the previous generations, thus tend to rent. The difference between millennials and previous generations preference lies in the shift of characteristics, especially in terms of education and marriage. The study also found that millennials in every income group tend to live in adequate housing, and that rental housing provides a good option. The study’s findings can be used as recommendations for policymakers and deepen Indonesia’s literature on housing."