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"In 2021 Thailand’s Ministry of Labour reported that approximately 2.4 million migrant workers had been permitted to work in Thailand, with two-thirds arriving from Myanmar (Samnak Borihan Raeng Ngan Tang Dao Krom Karn Jad Ha Ngan 2021). For decades, this large number of migrant workers from Myanmar has benefited the Thailand-Myanmar border trade, both directly and indirectly, including the remittances that Burmese migrant workers send to their families back home. This paper studies how the economic activities revolving around border trade developed. It describes how informal remittances from Myanmar migrant workers have become one of the key elements of the massive illicit border trade and introduces the possibility of digital technology replacing traditional informal remittance methods. The data presented here was collected by way of semi-structured interviews with 32 Burmese migrant workers living and working in Samutsakorn Province, nine Thai border traders in Mae Sot, officials, and a Thai financial technology company operating in Myanmar. The interviews revealed that most of the migrant workers had experience using mobile banking and financial applications, they were familiar with the technology, and they were aware of its capacity as an alternative method of sending money back home. However, many still preferred to use informal banking as it benefited them the most. The border traders interviewed for this paper further confirmed that there was still no threat of consequences for payment offsetting. Therefore, the digitalization of banking strengthens the informal banking system as it both hastens and improves the processes of money distribution."

"This article examines care-worker hierarchies in South Africa, notably since the HIV/AIDS pandemic and the structural changes it has brought. The nurses, social workers, home-based care workers and volunteers are mostly women, of varying racial, socio-economic, demographic and educational backgrounds; they work in the public, private, and not-for-profit sectors. Recent changes in care provision have brought improved earnings for some, but the “care penalty” remains, and task-shifting because of the epidemic has been mostly downwards, increasing the burden on the lowest paid – or even unpaid – in the worst working conditions, thus increasing inequality between women."

"Workers' committees in Israel are adapting to the neoliberal economy, and the resulting changes in the labour market, by increasingly accepting various non-standard forms of employment. At the same time, however, they are resisting this reconfiguration of the capitalist economy, in an effort to safeguard workers' rights. Torn between the two positions, workers' committees find themselves in a state of permanent “liminality”, their role reduced to merely seeking compromises and ad hoc solutions. As a result, opposition to the adverse effects of non-standard employment remains localized and fragmented, thereby consolidating such employment arrangements."

"This article explores state and social understandings of care work in India by examining two categories of non-family care workers – hired domestic workers and Anganwadi Workers/Helpers under the Integrated Child Development Scheme. Classified as “volunteers” in a government programme, the Anganwadi Workers/Helpers enjoy some social standing and relatively extensive unionization compared with domestic workers. Also, domestic workers have to make much harder trade-offs between their family's livelihood and daily care needs. The economic undervaluation of the care work they perform, however, is common to both categories of workers."

"In Argentina, one third of all employed women, but only 3 per cent of all employed men, are care workers. Their relative pay and working conditions depend not only on applicable labour market regulations (and enforcement) but also, crucially, on the organization of care service provision, including the degree of public-sector engagement in the provision of particular services, the different care providers, and the locus of care provision (institutional vs. other contexts, e.g. households). Comparing two childcare-related occupations (early-education teaching and domestic service), the author argues that those two – possibly mutually reinforcing – dimensions intersect to explain differences between care workers' labour market positions."

"A falling fertility rate, increasing longevity, government “social investment” strategies to achieve the transformation from industrial to post-industrial economy, and increased state support to help women balance family and work responsibilities – all these influences have produced mixed results for the poorly paid female care workers in low-status jobs in the Republic of Korea. The author summarizes policy changes and reports on interviews with childcare and elder-care workers, policy experts and researchers, showing that though increased regulation and expansion of public childcare have led to some improvements, the deregulation and marketization of elder-care have resulted in worsening conditions for elder-care workers."

"Peran serikat pekerja/serikat buruh “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” di luar perusahaan bagi pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota merupakan tanda pentingnya berserikat bagi pekerja/buruh. Demi menyejahterakan pekerja/buruh, Indonesia membuat Undang-Undang Nomor 21 Tahun 2000 tentang Serikat Pekerja/Serikat Buruh. Payung hukum ini perlu mengikuti perkembangan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh, baik serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan maupun serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan. Terlebih di dalam praktiknya, serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan dan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan memiliki hak dan kewajiban yangberbeda. Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) yang tercatat di Kota Yogyakarta menjadi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan yang berupaya menyesuikan serikatnya dengan perkembangan di bidang perburuhan. Oleh karena itu, tulisan ini menganalisis bagaimana pengaturan tentang serikat pekerja/serikat buruh yang ada di dalam peraturanperundang-undangan beserta peran serikat pekerja/serikat buruh “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” di luar perusahaan bagi pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota. Dengan menggunakan bentuk penelitian yuridis normatif dan tipologi penelitiandeskriptif analitis, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peraturan perundang-undangan belum mengatur secara rinci tentang perbedaan hak dan kewajiban antara serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di perusahaan dan serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan, padahal keduanya memiliki hak dan kewajiban yang berbeda di dalam praktiknya.Ketiadaan dasar hukum menyebabkan tidak semua serikat pekerja/serikat buruh diakomodasi oleh instansi pemerintah yang bertanggung jawab di bidang ketenagakerjaan. Selain itu, peran Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) sudah terealisasi dan dirasakan oleh pekerja/buruh yang menjadi Anggota. Di tengah peraturan perundangundangan dan instansi pemerintah yang belum sepenuhnya mengakomodasi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh di luar perusahaan, Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) menjadi serikat pekerja/serikat buruh yang lebih terbuka dan mandiri.

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The role of “Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)” trade union outside of the enterprise

for workers/employees who are part of it is a sign of the importance of unions for workers/employees. In order to achieve the welfare of workers/employees, Indonesia enacted Law of the Republic Indonesia Number 21 of 2000 on Trade Union. This legal protection needs to follow the growth and evolvement of trade union, both trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise. Moreover, in practice,

trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise have different

rights and obligations. Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta), registered in Yogyakarta, is a trade union outside of the enterprise that seeks to adapt its trade union to the growth and evolvement of the labor sector. Therefore, this paper analyzes how trade union are regulated by law along with the role of "Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta)" trade union outside of the enterprise for workers/employees who are part of it. By using a normative juridical research and a descriptive analytical research typology, the result of the research shows that the rights and obligations of trade union inside of the enterprise and trade union outside of the enterprise have not been regulated in details, even though the fact that both have different rights and obligations in practice. The absence of this legal basis means that not all trade unions are served by the government agency that responsible for manpower affairs. Furthermore, the gain of Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) has been real and perceived by workers/employees who are part of it. While there are no regulations and government agencies that fully served the trade union outside of the enterprise, Serikat Merdeka Sejahtera (Semesta) has become more open and independent."

"Tesis ini membahas penguatan kapasitas yang perlu dilakukan dalam penanganan pengaduan masyarakat kepada Presiden RI. Pengaduan kepada Presiden RI yang dibuka sejak tahun 2005 melalui Kementerian Sekretariat Negara menunjukan tren kenaikan tiap tahunnya dan tingkat antusiasme tertinggi terjadi pada masa Pemerintahan Joko Widodo. Seiring dengan kenaikan jumlah tersebut, tuntutan penyelesaian pengaduan kepada Presiden RI pun semakin tinggi sedangkan sejumlah aspek pendukung penyelenggaraan penanganan pengaduan masih terkendala sehingga proses penanganan belum optimal dan sejumlah pengaduan masih tertunda penyelesaiannya. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan paradigma Post Positivis dengan teknik pengumpulan kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa perlunya penguatan kapasitas pada aspek kapasitas sumber daya dan manajemen. Ditinjau dari sumber daya, 1) peningkatan kapasitas pengetahuan pegawai dan unit kerja melalui program-program pendidikan dan pelatihan, workshop, magang, dsb dan melakukan knowledge sharing, 2) peningkatan kapasitas fungsi sistem teknologi yang mendukung seluruh proses bisnis penanganan pengaduan. Ditinjau dari aspek manajemen, penguatan organisasi melalui evaluasi secara menyeluruh terhadap penyelenggaraan penanganan pengaduan, meliputi cara kerja, pola, dan alur proses bisnis penanganan pengaduan, penyusunan pedoman spesifik dan bersifat substantif, pembuatan kerangka hukum khusus penanganan pengaduan kepada Presiden RI, dukungan dan komitmen pemimpin, dan tata kelola jejaring baik di dalam lingkungan lembaga kepresidenan dan Kementerian/Lembaga serta Daerah.

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This thesis discusses about capacity strengthening of a presidential complaint handling system in Indonesia. The number of complaints lodged to the system, which was initially opened in 2005, has increased substantially every year, especially in the era of President Joko Widodo. The rising number of public complaints requires the Ministry of State Secretariat to deal with grievances promptly, but some complaints remain unresolved due to some problems. By employing Post Positivits Paradigm and qualitative data collection method, the results show the strengthening of resources capacity and management capacity are required. From the perspective of resources, employess human capital and working unit could be improved by providing education and training programs, workshop, internship and knowledge sharing programs. Additionally, the enhancement of information technology and system capacity which support complaint handlings business process is lso required. From the perspective of management, organizational capacity strengthening could be improved by conducting comprehensive evaluation of public complaint handling process in some areas including work procedures, a complaint handling business process, the making of specific guidance, a special legal framework, leadership commitment and supports, and the inter and extra organizational governance."

"This article defines paid care work and explains why it has become an important arena for research and policy. Drawing on cross-national and country-level analyses of selected occupations, it highlights three findings: first, the employment situation of care workers often mirrors broader, country-specific labour market conditions and problems; second, the State's role as an employer of care workers is changing as governments increasingly outsource such work; and third, social policy regimes also shape opportunities for and conditions of care employment. It concludes that both care workers and care recipients are likely to benefit from improved employment conditions of care work."

"Pemenuhan hak buruh yang sesuai dengan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan merupakan kewajiban perusahaan. Pemenuhan hak buruh oleh perusahaan belum sesuai harapan, sehingga perlu dibantu oleh peran serikat pekerja dan partisipasi pekerja dalam memperjuangkan haknya. Untuk memahami hal tersebut di tingkat empirik, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan mengambil sample di salah satu serikat pekerja, Serbuk Karawang. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif membahas bagaimana peran serikat pekerja dan tingkat partisipasi pekerja dalam memperjuangkan haknya berdasarkan undang-undang ketenagakerjaan. Dalam penelitian ini, semakin positif peran serikat pekerja dan partisipasi pekerja dalam memperjuangkan haknya semakin tinggi pemenuhan hak buruh. Semakin negatif peran serikat pekerja dan partisipasi pekerja dalam memperjuangkan haknya semakin rendah pemenuhan hak buruh.

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Fulfillment of workers rights in accordance with the labor law is an obligation of the company. Fulfillment of labor rights by the company does not meet the expectations that need to be assisted by the role of trade unions and workers' participation in the fight for their rights. To understand the empirical level, the study was conducted by taking sample in one union, Serbuk Karawang. This study use a quantitative method, where the study discusses how the relationship between the role of labor union and the level of participation of workers in the fight for their rights under the labor laws.

In this study, the more positive the role of trade unions and workers' participation in the fight for their rights, the higher the fulfillment of labor rights. The more negative the role of trade unions and workers' participation in the fight for their rights as well the lower the fulfillment of the rights of workers."