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"Latar Belakang: Baduy merupakan suku yang masih melestarikan budayanya tersendiri tanpa dipengaruhi oleh faktor luar yang menyebabkan variasi genetik dan dapat mempengaruhi komposisi mikroba dalam rongga mulut. Variasi mikroba dan status kebersihan rongga mulut berhubungan dengan pertumbuhan biofilm yang dipengaruhi oleh hasil metabolit sejumlah mikroorganisme, seperti protein dan nitrat. Protein berperan penting dalam perlekatan mikroba dan mendukung adhesi intraselular serta komunikasi antar mikroba sehingga meningkatkan pembentukan biofilm. Keberadaan NO dalam rongga mulut dapat mengurangi tingkat c-di-GMP yang menyebabkan terjadinya dispersi pada biofilm sehingga dapat memecah matriks biofilm. Tujuan: Mengamati pengaruh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy terhadap viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dalam kondisi aerob. Metode: Pemeriksaan konsentrasi protein dari spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dilakukan dengan uji Bradford, uji Griess untuk menetapkan konsentrasi nitrat, uji Crystal Violet untuk menetapkan nilai optical density yang merepresentasikan massa biofilm, dan uji Total Plate Count (TPC) yang menentukan viabilitas sel. Masing-masing perlakuan dibedakan berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat pada spent medium 5% dan 10% dengan waktu inkubasi selama 24 jam dalam kondisi aerob. Selanjutnya data diolah secara statistik menggunakan uji komparasi One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, dan Mann-Whitney U. Hasil: Uji statistik menunjukkan terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada perbandingan viabilitas sel biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy berdasarkan konsentrasi protein dan nitrat sebesar 5% dan 10%, massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy yang diintervensi spent medium dengan konsentrasi nitrat 5% dan 10%. Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pada massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy dengan perbedaan konsentrasi protein 5% dan 10%, serta viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm yang diintervensi oleh spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy yang mengandung KNO3 dan tanpa KNO3. Kesimpulan: Peningkatan konsentrasi protein pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah individu Baduy sebagai bahan uji meningkatkan massa biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Namun, peningkatan konsentrasi nitrat pada spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah Baduy dapat menurunkan viabilitas sel pada biofilm in vitro bakteri usap lidah individu Non-Baduy. Selain itu, kandungan KNO3 pada spent medium juga meningkatkan viabilitas sel dan massa biofilm in vitro Non-Baduy. Kata kunci: Suku Baduy, spent medium isolat bakteri usap lidah, konsentrasi protein, konsentrasi nitrat, viabilitas sel, dan massa biofilm.

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Background: Baduy is a tribe that still preserves its own culture without being influenced by external factors that cause genetic variations and can influence the composition of microbes in the oral cavity. Microbial variations and oral hygiene status are related to biofilm growth which is influenced by the metabolites of several microorganisms, such as proteins and nitrates. Proteins play an important role in microbial attachment and support intracellular adhesion and communication between the microorganisms, thereby increasing biofilm formation. The presence of NO in the oral cavity can reduce the level of c-di-GMP which causes dispersion in the biofilm, so that it can break down the biofilm matrix. Objective: To determine the effect of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy on cell viability and biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial under aerobic conditions. Methods: Protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy was examined using the Bradford test, the Griess test to determine nitrate concentration, the Crystal Violet test to determine the optical density value which represents the biofilm mass of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial, and the Total Plate Count (TPC) test which determines cell viability of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial. Each treatment was differentiated based on the concentration of protein and nitrate at 5% and 10% of spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy with an incubation time of 24 hours under aerobic conditions. Afterwards, the data was collected and tested statistically using One-Way ANOVA, Independent T-test, and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the comparison of cell viability of Non-Baduy tongue biofilms that were intervened by spent medium based on protein concentrations of 5% and 10% and nitrates of 5% and 10%, the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial that were intervened by spent medium of bacterial isolates of tongue swab from the Baduy based on nitrate concentrations of 5% and 10%. There were no statistically significant differences in comparison of the mass of in vitro biofilm of the Non-Baduy's tongue swab bacterial with 5% and 10% protein concentration of spent medium of bacterial isolates from tongue swabs of the Baduy, as well as cell viability and biofilm mass that were intervened by spent medium of containing KNO3 and without KNO3. Conclusion: Increasing the protein concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swabs from the Baduy as a test material increases the mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. However, increasing the nitrate concentration in spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy can reduce cell viability in the in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. In addition, the KNO3 content in the spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab from the Baduy also increased the cell viability and tongue biofilm mass of in vitro biofilm of bacterial tongue swabs from the Non-Baduy. Key words: Baduy, spent medium of bacterial isolate of tongue swab, protein concentration, nitrate concentration, cell viability, and biofilm mass.

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"Latar Belakang: COVID-19 merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi SARS-CoV-2 yang dapat mengalami mutasi sehingga membentuk beberapa varian baru. Perubahan varian tersebut dapat menyebabkan proses transmisi virus yang cepat hingga meningkatnya mortalitas dan morbiditas pada pasien COVID-19. Adanya mikrobiota pada saluran pernafasan yang merupakan bagian dari sistem kekebalan tubuh dapat memberikan perlindungan dari infeksi dan pathogenesis SARS-CoV-2 pada tubuh manusia. Akan tetapi, patogenesis virus dari beberapa varian SARS-CoV-2 yang berbeda dapat menghambat homeostasis dari komunitas mikroba pada saluran pernafasan. Oleh sebab itu perlu dilakukan identifikasi varian SARS-CoV-2 dan profil komunitas bakteri pada sampel swab naso/orofaring pasien COVID-19, untuk mendapatkan data awal profil komunitas mikroba dan korelasinya dengan varian SARS-CoV-2.Metode: Penelitian menggunakan sampel swab naso/orofaring pasien COVID-19. Sekuensing sampel dilakukan sebanyak dua kali. Sekuensing pertama bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi varian SARS-CoV-2 menggunakan Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) dari Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT). Sekuensing kedua bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi keragaman bakteri pada naso/orofaring pasien COVID-19 menggunakan amplifikasi gen 16S rRNA. Kemudian analisis bioinformatika dilakukan untuk memperoleh profil komunitas mikroba pada beberapa varian SARS-CoV-2.Hasil: Ditemukan enam varian SARS-CoV-2 yang dideteksi pada sampel terpilih yang dikoleksi selama bulan Maret-Juni 2021, dengan hasil varian yang mendominasi adalah varian Delta, Alpha, dan Lokal. Pada varian Alpha dan Delta didominasi oleh genus bakteri Streptococcus, Prevotella, dan Veillonella. Pada varian lokal, genus yang mendominasi yaitu Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, dan Salmonella.Kesimpulan: Komunitas bakteri yang ditemukan pada sampel swab naso/orofaring pasien COVID-19 memiliki tingkat keragaman yang signifikan antar varian SARS-CoV-2. Komunitas bakteri yang ditemukan didominasi oleh genus Prevotella, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, dan Veillonella. Persentase jumlah bakteri paling banyak yaitu genus Prevotella sebesar 27%. Genus bakteri Prevotella dan Veillonella banyak ditemukan pada varian SARS-COV-2 Alpha dan Delta, yang memiliki potensi meningkatkan inflamasi dan tingkat keparahan pada pasien COVID-19.

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Background: COVID-19 is a disease caused by infection of a SARS-CoV-2 virus that can undergo mutations to form several new variants. These variants could lead to a more rapid transmission, which increases mortality and morbidity in COVID-19 patients. The presence of microbiota in the respiratory tract as part of the immune system provides protection from viral infections and pathogenesis in the human body. However, pathogenesis of different SARS-CoV-2 variants plays a role in inhibiting the homeostasis of the microbial community in the respiratory tract. Therefore, it is necessary to identify the SARS-CoV-2 variants and profile the bacterial community profile in naso/oropharynx using swab samples of COVID-19 patients, to obtain initial data regarding the microbial community profile of COVID-19 patients and potential correlation with the SARS-CoV-2 variants.

Methods: This study used naso/oropharyngeal swab samples from COVID-19 patients. Sample sequencing was performed twice. The first sequencing aims to identify variants of SARS-CoV-2 using Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS) with Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) platform. The second sequencing aims to identify bacterial diversity in the naso/oropharynx of COVID-19 patients using 16S rRNA gene amplification followed by profiling of the microbial community using bioinformatic analysis.

Results: Six variants of SARS-CoV-2 were identified in the selected samples collected during March-June 2021, with the dominant variants being Delta, Alpha, and Local variants. The microbial community of samples belonging to the Alpha and Delta variants was dominated by the bacterial genera Streptococcus, Prevotella, and Veillonella. Meanwhile, in the samples identified as having local variant, the dominant genera were Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, and Salmonella.

Conclusion: The bacterial diversity in the swab samples naso/oropharyngeal of COVID-19 patients varied significantly among SARS-CoV-2 variants. The bacterial community was dominated by the genera Prevotella, Streptococcus, Corynebacterium, and Veillonella. The highest percentage of genus was Prevotella by 27%. The genera Prevotella and Veillonella were found in the SARS-CoV-2 Alpha and Delta variants, which have the potential to increase inflammation and severity in COVID-19 patients."

"Saluran pencernaan merupakan organ-organ yang banyak dihuni oleh mikrobiota. Hubungan antara mikrobiota dan sel hospes memiliki dampak pada potensi metabolisme, kekebalan tubuh, serta respon neuroendokrin. Penelitian sebelumnya berhasil mengisolasi bakteri dari sampel mekonium, tiga diantaranya memiliki potensi probiotik seperti Bacillus subtilis MBF-30, Enterococcus hirae MBF-93, dan Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah merancang proporsi galur-galur dalam koktail bakterial dan menganalisis kemampuan hidup galur-galur bakteri dalam suatu koktail, serta mengetahui proporsi masing-masing bakteri dalam suatu koktail dengan variasi waktu inkubasi. Analisis kemampuan hidup bersama setiap galur bakteri dilakukan dengan metode cross-streak. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa antar galur-galur bakteri mampu hidup bersama dalam koktail dengan tidak adanya zona hambat yang bermakna. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan menggunakan Real Time qPCR. Hasil analisis menunjukkan masing-masing bakteri dalam rancangan koktail bakteri Bacillus subtilis MBF-30, Enterococcus hirae MBF-93, dan Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54 berada dalam kondisi viabel pada waktu inkubasi jam ke-4, dan dengan perbandingan mendekati proporsional yaitu 1:0,75:0,5 dengan nilai kopi DNA/ml Bacillus subtilis MBF-30 adalah 9.0657e+11 log kopi DNA/ml, Enterococcus hirae MBF-93 adalah 1.7286e+17, dan Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54 adalah 2.167e+18.

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Gastrointestinal tract is the most organ inhabited by microbiota. Interaction between microbiota and host cell has an impact in potencial metabolism, immune, and neuroendocrine responses. Previous studies have succeeded in isolating of the bacterial microbiota from meconium samples, three of which have probiotic potential such as Bacillus subtilis MBF-30, Enterococcus hirae MBF-93, and Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54. The aim of this study was to design of strain proportion in a bacterial cocktails, analyze viability of bacterial strains in cocktail condition, and determine the proportion of each bacterial strain in cocktail with variations incubation time. Analysis of the ability of each bacterial strain was carried out using cross-streak method. The result showed that each bacterial strains were able to coexist in cocktails with the absence of inhibition zone. Quantitative analyze was performed using Real Time qPCR. The results of analysis showed that each bacterial in cocktail bacterial Bacillus subtilis MBF-30: Enterococcus hirae MBF-93: Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54 was in viable condition at the incubation time of 4 hours, and with proportional ratio 1:0.75:0.5 with the value of DNA copy/ml Bacillus subtilis MBF-30 is 9.0657e+11 log DNA copy/ml, Enterococcus hirae MBF-93 is 1.7286e+17, and Staphylococcus hominis MBF-54 is 2.167e+18."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau terhadap pH plak gigi. Subjek diberi pasta gigi tanpa dan dengan ekstrak teh hijau secara crossover. Pengukuran pH plak dilakukan sebelum dan 30 menit sesudah pemberian pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau sampai dengan 15%. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau 5, 10, atau 15% meningkatkan pH plak secara bermakna (p < 0,05), namun nilai ini tidak berbeda bermakna dibandingkan dengan hasil yang diperoleh dari pemberian pasta gigi tanpa ekstrak teh hijau. Disimpulkan bahwa pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak teh hijau 5% sudah dapat meningkatkan pH plak secara bermakna.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of toothpaste containing green tea extract on dental plaque pH. Subjects were given toothpastes without and with green tea extract using a crossover design. Plaque pH measurements were made before and 30 minutes after the application of toothpastes with green tea extract concentration up to 15%. Results showed that application of toothpaste containing 5, 10, or 15% green tea extract has increased plaque pH significantly (p < 0,05), however, the values were not significantly different compared to those after application of toothpaste without green tea extract. In conclusion, toothpaste with 5% green tea extract has already increased plaque pH, significantly."

"Latar Belakang: Strip essentials oil dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pencegahan karies gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui efektivitas strip essentials oil terhadap resiko karies gigi. Metode: Subjek penelitian berjumlah 15 orang yang diberikan perlakuan berupa konsumsi strip essentials oil dan placebo dengan mengukur pH plak dan jumlah koloni s. mutans. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna pH plak dan jumlah koloni s.mutans dengan nilai p>0.05. Kesimpulan: Penggunaan strip essentials oil tidak bermakna menghambat jumlah koloni s.mutans dan mencegah peningkatan pH plak.

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Background: Strip essentials oil can be used as an alternative of dental caries prevention.

Objective: Knowing the efficacy of strip essentials oil on caries risk factor.

Methods: 15 subject were given strip essentials oil and strip placebo then measured plaque pH and s.mutans colony.

Results: There are no significancy in differences measurement on plaque ph and s.mutans colony with p>0.05.

Conclusion: The used of strip essential oil not significant to inhibit s.mutans colony growth dan the increase of plaque pH."

"Latar Belakang: Kondisi kesehatan gigi dan mulut merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari individu dan mempengaruhi kesejahteraan secara keseluruhan. Usia 7-9 tahun merupakan masa yang krusial dalam pertumbuhan gigi karena gigi susu mulai rontok satu per satu dan gigi permanen pertama telah tumbuh. Pencegahan melalui pendidikan kesehatan perlu dilakukan untuk menghindari terjadinya karies gigi. Tujuan: Untuk mengetahui efektivitas penggunaan media buku cerita dan powerpoint dalam meningkatkan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut dan menurunkan skor plak pada anak usia 7-9 tahun. Metode: Penelitian eksperimen semu dengan desain non-equivalent group pretest posttest design menggunakan convenience sampling sebagai metode pengambilan sampel. Subyek penelitian berasal dari 4 SD di Kecamatan Cipinang Besar Utara yang berjumlah 197 anak yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok intervensi yang diberikan pendidikan kesehatan gigi melalui media buku cerita dan powerpoint, sedangkan kelompok kontrol diberikan pendidikan melalui media powerpoint. media power point. Pendidikan kesehatan gigi diberikan seminggu sekali selama 4 minggu. Subyek diperiksa plakat awal dan akhir, pengisian angket pre-test dan post-test, pengisian angket evaluasi guru dan pengisian angket sosiodemografi oleh orang tua subjek. Hasil: Terdapat 138 subjek berusia 7-9 tahun yang diteliti dengan kelompok intervensi (n=70) dan kelompok kontrol (n=68). Ada 59 subjek yang dikeluarkan karena tidak memenuhi kriteria usia (n=7), tidak mengumpulkan informed consent (n=11), tidak berpartisipasi dalam semua kegiatan (n=41). Hasil uji wilcoxon pada masing-masing kelompok sebelum dan sesudah penyuluhan kesehatan gigi menunjukkan adanya peningkatan pengetahuan (p=0,00). Hasil uji Mann Whitney menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan antara peningkatan pengetahuan setelah pendidikan pada kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol (p>0,05). Hasil uji Wilcoxon pada kelompok intervensi menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan pada skor plak akhir (p = 0,02) sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p = 0,994). Kesimpulan: Edukasi kesehatan gigi dan mulut melalui media buku cerita dan powerpoint serta melalui media powerpoint dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut pada anak usia 7-9 tahun di Cipinang Besar Utara. Tidak terdapat perbedaan peningkatan pengetahuan kesehatan gigi dan mulut yang bermakna antara kelompok intervensi dan kelompok kontrol. Terjadi penurunan skor plak pada kelompok intervensi.

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Background: The condition of dental and oral health is an integral part of the individual and affects overall well-being. The age of 7-9 years is a crucial period in the growth of teeth because the baby teeth begin to fall out one by one and the first permanent teeth have grown. Prevention through health education needs to be done to avoid dental caries.

Objective: To determine the effectiveness of using storybooks and powerpoint media in increasing oral health knowledge and reducing plaque scores in children aged 7-9 years.

Methods: Quasi-experimental research with non-equivalent group pretest posttest design using convenience sampling as the sampling method. The research subjects came from 4 elementary schools in Cipinang Besar Utara District, totaling 197 children who were divided into two groups, namely the intervention group who were given dental health education through storybooks and powerpoint media, while the control group was given education through powerpoint media. powerpoint media. Dental health education is given once a week for 4 weeks. Subjects were checked for initial and final plaques, filling out pre-test and post-test questionnaires, filling out teacher evaluation questionnaires and filling out sociodemographic questionnaires by subject's parents.

Results: There were 138 subjects aged 7-9 years studied with the intervention group (n=70) and the control group (n=68). There were 59 subjects who were excluded because they did not meet the age criteria (n=7), did not collect informed consent (n=11), did not participate in all activities (n=41). Wilcoxon test results in each group before and after dental health education showed an increase in knowledge (p = 0.00). The results of the Mann Whitney test showed that there was no significant difference between the increase in knowledge after education in the intervention group and the control group (p>0.05). The results of the Wilcoxon test in the intervention group showed a significant difference in the final plaque score (p = 0.02) while in the control group there was no significant difference (p = 0.994).

Conclusion: Dental and oral health education through storybooks and powerpoint media as well as through powerpoint media can increase dental and oral health knowledge in children aged 7-9 years in Cipinang Besar Utara. There was no significant difference in the increase in knowledge of oral and dental health between the intervention group and the control group. There was a decrease in plaque scores in the intervention group."

"Antibiotika golongan penisilin adalah antibiotika yang paling luas serta paling banyak digunakan untuk terapi pasien infeksi. Dari berbagai studi diperoleh fakta bahwa telah banyak mikroba resisten terhadap penisilin. Pemberian penisilin yang telah resisten berbahaya bagi pasien dengan penyakit infeksi, selain itu lebih lambatnya penemuan obat baru serta lebih mahalnya harga obat baru merupakan hal penting yang berhubungan dengan kejadian resistensi. Resistensi sendiri dapat berubah menurut waktu dan berbeda di setiap tempat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pola resistensi bakteri yang diisolasi dari darah di Laboratorium Mikrobiologi Klinik Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia (LMK FKUI) terhadap beberapa antibiotik penisilin, yaitu amoksilin, sulbenisilin, amoksilin/asam klavulanat , tikarsilin dan oksasilin selama periode 2001-2006. Pada penelitian ini digunakan data isolat darah dengan bakteri positif yang diisolasi di LMK FKUI selama periode 2001-2006. Data diolah dengan menggunakan piranti lunak WHONET 5.4. Dari 791 isolat darah, didapatkan enam bakteri tersering penyebab bakteremia yaitu Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), Acinetobacter anitratus (16%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (13%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%), dan Salmonella Typhi (5%). Hasil uji resitensi menunjukkan kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap amoksilin sudah tinggi pada Klebsiella pneumoniae , masih cukup rendah pada Salmonella Typhi, sedangkan keampuhannya terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Staphylococcus aureus mulai menurun. Kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap sulbenisilin rendah pada Staphylococcus epidermidis,Staphylococcus aureus dan Salmonella Typhi , dan sudah cukup tinggi pada Klebsiella pneumoniae. Kejadian amoksilin/asam klavulanat sudah tinggi pada Acinetobacter anitratus dan Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan masih cukup rendah pada Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, dan Staphylococcus aureus. Kejadian resistensi bakteri terhadap tikarsilin sudah tinggi pada Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa dan Klebsiella pneumoniae dan masih cukup rendah pada, Salmonella Typhi,dan Staphylococcus epidermidis. Kejadian resistensi Staphylococcus aureus terhadap oksasilin masih cukup rendah, sedangkan keampuhan oksasilin terhadap Staphylococcus epidermidis mulai menurun.

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The group of penicillins antibiotics is the widest and the most used antibiotics for infection patient therapy. From several studies, there is a fact that many microbes have resistence to penicillins. The giving of penicillin that has resisted to a patient who gets an infection may be perilous. Besides that, the slower invention of new medicines and the more expensive their prices are important factors related to the resistance. The resistance itself may change in every second of time and would be different in some places. The research which was conducted in Clinical Microbiology Laboratory FMUI aims to know the pattern of the resistance of bacteria which is isolated from blood toward several kinds of penicillin; they are amoxicillin, sulbenicillin, amoxicillin/ clauvalanic acid, ticarcillin, and oxacillin between 2001-2006. The data was processed using WHONET 5.4 software. From 174 isolat bloods, there are six kinds of bacteria that often cause bacterimia; they are Staphylococcus epidermidis (25%), Acinetobacter anitratus (16%), Pseudomonas aeroginosa (13%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (8%), Staphylococcus aureus (6%), and Salmonella typhi (5%). The result of resistance test shows that the frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward amoxillin has been high in Klebsiella pneumoniae and still low in Salmonella Typhi, on the other hand, the effectiveness of amoxicillin toward Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus aerus is getting decreased. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward sulbenicillin still low in Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aerus and Salmonella Typhi and has been high in Klebsiella pneumoniae. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward amoxicillin/ clavulaic acid has been high in Acinetobacter anitratus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa and still low in Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella Typhi, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The frequency of bacteria’s resistance toward ticarcillin has been high in Acinetobacter anitratus, Pseudomonas aeuginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae and still low in Salmonella Typhi and Staphylococcus epidermidis. The frequency of Staphylococcus aerus is still low. On the other hand, the effectiveness of oxacillin toward Staphylococcus epidermidis is getting decreased."

"Prevalensi periodontitis di Indonesia sangat tinggi yaitu 74,1%. Patogen keystone sebagai manipulator respons host dimediasi oleh patobion yang menjadi patogen dalam lingkungan dysbiosis yang akan memicu respons imun adaptif sehingga menyekresikan antibodi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menganalisis hubungan antara keberadaan polimikrobial dengan respons imun humoral saliva berdasarkan keparahan periodontitis dan status periodontal. Desain penelitian ini adalah observasional potong-lintang. Pemeriksaan status periodontal dan pengambilan sampel saliva dilakukan pada 39 subjek periodontitis berbagai stage dan periodontal sehat. Keberadaan antigen dan respons imun humoral saliva dideteksi menggunakan teknik berbasis imunologi. Keberadaan antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans tertinggi pada kelompok periodontitis stage IV. Respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen F.nucleatum (p=0,014) dan C.albicans (p=0,009) menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan berdasarkan keparahan periodontitis. Hubungan signifikan ditemukan antara indeks plak dengan respons imun IgG saliva terhadap C.albicans. Hasil analisis menunjukkan hubungan antara indeks kebersihan mulut dengan respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0,008) dan C. albicans (p=0,031). Terdapat hubungan antara indeks perdarahan papila dengan respons imun IgA saliva terhadap antigen A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0,003), F.nucleatum (p=0,002), dan C.albicans (p=0,008). Antigen A.actinomycetemcomitans, respons imun IgA serta IgG saliva terhadap antigen F.nucleatum dan C.albicans dapat menjadi biomarker keparahan periodontitis.

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The prevalence of periodontitis in Indonesia remains high (74.1%). Keystone pathogens as manipulators of the host response are mediated by pathogens that become pathogens in a dysbiotic environment that will trigger antibodies. The objective was to analyze the relationship between the presence of polymicrobial and salivary humoral immune responses based on the severity of periodontitis and periodontal status. The study design was cross-sectional. Saliva sampling were performed in 39 subjects with periodontitis and healthy periodontal. The presence of antigens and immunoglobulins were detected by immunology-based techniques. The presence of A.actinomycetemcomitans antigen was higher in the stage IV periodontitis group. The salivary IgA against F. nucleatum (p=0.014) and C. albicans (p = 0.009) showed significant differences based on the severity of periodontitis. A significant relationship was found between the plaque index and salivary IgG against C. albicans. It showed a relationship between the oral hygiene index and the salivary IgA immune response against A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0.008) and C.albicans (p=0.031). There was a relationship between the papillary bleeding index and salivary IgA against A. actinomycetemcomitans (p=0.003), F.nucleatum (p=0.002) and C.albicans (p=0.008). The A.actinomycetemcomitans antigen, the salivary IgA and IgG against F.nucleatum and C.albicans antigens can be biomarkers for periodontitis severity."

"Latar Belakang: Salah satu sifat material restorasi yang sangat dibutuhkan dalam mencegah karies sekunder adalah sifat anti bakteri. Material yang mempunyai sifat anti bakteri lebih tinggi akan memiliki kemampuan pencegahan perkembangan biofilm yang lebih baik. Diantara berbagai jenis material restorasi yang berkembang di pasaran, Semen Ionomer Kaca (SIK) memiliki sifat anti bakteri yang paling baik. Hal ini dikarenakan SIK memiliki kemampuan pelepasan fluor. Dalam perkembangannya, Shofu Inc. memperkenalkan sebuah material bernama Giomer. Giomer merupakan material yang memiliki kemampuan pelepasan fluor. Giomer akan menciptakan fase glass-ionomer yang stabil, kemudian menginduksi reaksi asam basa antara fluor dan asam polikarboksilat dalam air yang dikembangkan sebagai filler Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer (PRG). Tujuan: Melihat pengaruh perbedaan kandungan fluor terhadap Pembentukan biofilm bakteri antara SIK dan Giomer. Metode: Sebanyak 32 sampel dipersiapkan dengan ukuran Ø 7 mm dan tinggi 2 mm, terdiri dari 16 sampel kelompok SIK dan 16 sampel kelompok Giomer yang kemudian akan didiamkan selama 3 hari dengan kultur bakteri Streptococcus mutans di dalam suhu 37oC. Bakteri akan dihitung menggunakan Colony Forming Unit dan gambaran permukaan material diamati menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope serta analisis elemen yang terdapat di dalamnya menggunakan analisis EDX. Hasil: Hasil pengujian didapatkan bahwa biofilm bakteri yang pada permukaan Giomer lebih tinggi daripada biofilm bakteri pada SIK, meskipun tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara statistik (p>0.05). Terdapat banyak kesamaan antara elemen yang terkandung dalam SIK dan Giomer diantaranya ion C, O, F, Na, Al, Si, P dan Ca.

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Background: One of the properties of restorative materials that is needed to prevent secondary caries is anti bacterial properties. Materials that have higher anti bacterial properties will be better in preventing the growth of biofilms. Among the various types of restorative materials, Glass Ionomer Cements have the best anti bacterial properties. This is due to GIC has the good ability in fluoride release. In its development, Shofu Inc. introducing a material called Giomer. Giomer is a material that has ability in fluoride release. Giomer will form a stable glass-ionomer phase, then induce an acid-base reaction between fluoride and polycarboxylic acid that is developed as a Pre-Reacted Glass-Ionomer (PRG) fillers. Objective: To see the effect of differences in fluoride amount on formation of bacterial biofilm between Glass Ionomer Cement and Giomer. Methods: A total of 32 samples were prepared with the size of 7 mm in diameters and 2 mm in height. The samples consist of 16 of GIC samples, and 16 of Giomer. Both materials then allowed to incubated for 3 days with Streptococcus mutans culture at 37oC. Bacteria will be counted using Colony Forming Unit, observation material surface using Scanning Electron Microscope and element analysis provided using EDX. Results: The results showed that the bacterial biofilm on Giomer surface was higher than GIC, although there is no significant difference. There are many similarities between the elements contained in GIC and Giomer including ion C, O, F, Na, Al, Si, P and Ca."