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"Latar Belakang: Tatalaksana pasien Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) dengan obstruksi Alur Keluar Ventrikel Kanan (AKVK) yang belum dapat dilakukan operasi reparasi adalah tindakan paliatif. Implantasi stent AKVK saat ini mulai menjadi alternatif pilihan.Tujuan: Mengetahui luaran klinis pasien anak usia 0-18 tahun dengan obstruksi infundibular AKVK dengan shunt ventrikel dibandingkan dengan operasi Modified Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt (MBTTS).Metode: Studi kohort retrospektif dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari rekam medis pasien obstruksi AKVK disertai shunt ventrikel yang dilakukan implantasi stent AKVK atau MBTTS pada Desember 2019-Oktober 2022 di RS PJNHK. Dilakukan pemantauan selama perawatan, dilanjutkan dengan follow up 30 hari setelah tindakan.Hasil: Total 87 pasien diinklusikan pada penelitian ini; 29 pasien dilakukan implantasi stent AKVK, dan 58 pasien dilakukan tindakan MBTTS, median usia kelompok stent AKVK 29 (1-220) bulan, dan kelompok MBTTS 25,5 (6-227) bulan (p=0,739). Luaran klinis MACE pada kelompok stent AKVK vs MBTTS tidak berbeda, rehospitalisasi (1(3,4%) vs 0(0%), p=0,333), re-intervensi (3(10,3%) vs 6 (10,3%), p=1,000), kematian dalam 30 hari (3(10,3%) vs 2 (3,4%), p=0,340). Target saturasi oksigen tercapai tidak berbeda pada kedua kelompok stent AKVK vs MBTTS (93,1% vs 96,5 %, p=0,290). Lama rawat ICU pada kelompok stent AKVK dan MBTTS ( 2(0-43) hari vs 3,5(2-9) hari, p <0,001), total lama rawat RS antara kedua kelompok (6,5 (3-41) hari vs 7(4-24) hari, p=0,048) berbeda bermakna.Kesimpulan: Luaran klinis tindakan stent AKVK pada pasien anak dengan obstruksi AKVK dengan shunt ventrikel tidak berbeda dengan tindakan MBTTS pada MACE, pencapaian target saturasi oksigen paska tindakan, namun berbeda pada lama rawat di ICU dan total lama rawat di rumah sakit.

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Background: The main treatment of Congenital heart disease (CHD) patient with right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction with ventricular shunt who were unable to undergone surgical repair was palliative procedure. Implantation of RVOT stent has become an alternative option.

Objectives: To determine the characteristics and clinical outcomes of pediatric patients aged 0-18 years with infundibular RVOT obstruction with ventricular shunt compared with Modified Blalock-Thomas-Taussig Shunt (MBTTS) surgery.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study was using secondary data. Basic data was collected through medical records for patients with infundibular RVOT obstruction with ventricular shunt, which underwent RVOT stent implantation or MBTTS in the period of December 2019-October 2022 at the NCCHK. Monitoring was carried out during treatment and continued with follow-up within 30 days after the procedure.

Results: A total of 87 patients were included; 29 patients underwent RVOT stent implantation, and 58 patients underwent MBTTS, median age of RVOT stent group of 29 (1-220) months, and MBTTS group of 25,5 (6-227) months, (p=0,739). Initial clinical outcome of MACE in RVOT stent vs MBTTS group was not different, rehospitalisation (1 (3,4%) vs 0 (0%), p=0,333), re-intervention (3(10,3%) vs 6 (10,3%), p=1,000), and 30-day mortality (3(10,3%) vs 2 (3,4%), p=0,340). Achieved oxygen saturation target was in RVOT stent vs MBTTS was (93,1% vs 96,5 %, p=0,290). ICU length of stay (LOS) in RVOT stent group vs MBTTS was 2 (0-43 days) vs 3,5 (2-9 days), p <0,001, total hospital LOS was (6,5 (3-41 days) vs 7(4-24 days), p=0,048) was different significantly.

Conclusion: Initial clinical outcome in paediatric patients with RVOT obstruction with shunt who underwent RVOT stent or MBTTS was not different in MACE, achievement of oxygen saturation target, but significantly different in ICU LOS, and total hopital LOS"

"Latar Belakang: Infeksi menjadi masalah pada anak dengan penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB),terutama pneumonia. Faktor risiko yang mendasari perjalanan pneumonia pada anak adalah:usia, jenis kelamin, status gizi, pemberian ASI, berat lahir rendah, status imunisasi,pendidikan orangtua, status sosioekonomi, penggunaan fasilitas kesehatan. Insidenspneumonia pada anak dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan meningkatkan morbiditas danmortalitas.Tujuan: Mengetahui insidens pneumonia anak dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan dan faktorrisiko yang terkait.Metode: Penelitian ini adalah studi analitik dengan rancangan cohort retrospectiveberdasarkan penelusuran rekam medis di RSUPN dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo dari tahun 2015 -2019, Jakarta. Diagnosis PJB pirau kiri ke kanan berdasarkan echocardiography. Dari hasilyang ada, dilakukan analisis multivariat dan dilaporkan sebagai odds ratio (OR).Hasil: Dari 333 subyek dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan, 167 subyek mengalami pneumonia(50,2%). Proporsi jenis PJB pirau kiri ke kanan terbanyak yang menyebabkan pneumoniaadalah defek septum ventrikel (VSD), yaitu 41,9%. Defek ukuran besar berhubungan denganangka kejadian pneumonia (p=0,001). Faktor risiko yang mempengaruhi kejadian pneumoniapada anak dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan antara lain: status gizi buruk [OR 5,152 (95% CI2,363-11,234)], status imunisasi tidak lengkap [OR 9,689 (95% CI 4,322-21,721)], statussosioekonomi rendah [OR 4,724 (95% CI 2,003-11,138)], dan ukuran defek yang besar [OR5,463 (95% CI 1,949-15,307)].Simpulan: Insidens pneumonia pada anak dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan sebesar 50,2 %.Tipe PJB dengan insidens pneumonia terbanyak adalah VSD. Status gizi, imunisasi, statussosioekonomi dan ukuran besar defek mempengaruhi angka kejadian pneumonia."

"Latar belakang: Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) pirau kiri ke kanan adalah penyebab penting gagal tumbuh pada anak. Koreksi terhadap defek tersebut diketahui memperbaiki prognosis pertumbuhan berat maupun tinggi badan. Tujuan. Mengetahui korelasi usia koreksi defek dengan pertambahan tinggi badan pada pasien PJB pirau kiri ke kanan pasca-koreksi terhadap prognosis pertumbuhan. Metode: Penelitian dilakukan secara potong lintang dengan menggunakan rekam medis pada subyek dengan PJB pirau kiri ke kanan yang dikoreksi kurang dari 2 tahun di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) dengan variabel bebas usia koreksi defek dan variabel terikat z-skor dan Δz-skor TB/U pasca-koreksi. Referensi pertumbuhan menggunakan kurva WHO 2006. Perhitungan korelasi dilakukan menggunakan korelasi Spearman dan kemaknaan ditetapkan dengan p<0,05. Hasil: Median usia koreksi defek pada penelitian ini adalah 8 bulan dengan usia koreksi terbanyak adalah kurang dari 6 bulan dan usia 6-12 bulan masing-masing sebanyak 11 orang. Defek terbanyak adalah VSD. Usia koreksi defek tidak berkorelasi dengan z-skor TB/U pasca-koreksi berdasarkan uji korelasi Spearman (r= 0,093) dengan nilai p=0,642. Usia koreksi defek dengan Δ z-skor TB/U tidak ditemukan korelasi berdasarkan uji korelasi Spearman (r=0,143) dengan nilai p=0,452. Kesimpulan: Usia koreksi defek tidak terbukti berkorelasi baik dengan z-skor TB/U maupun Δ z-skor TB/U pasca-koreksi.

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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) left-to-right shunt is an important cause of growth failure in children. Correction of these abnormalities is known to improve the prognosis of growth in weight and height.

Objectives: Identify correlation between age of defect correction and height gain in patients with left-to-right shunt CHD after correction of growth prognosis Methods. This was a cross sectional study with reviewing medical records on subjects with CHD with left-to-right shunts who were corrected for less than 2 years at Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital with the independent variable being the age of defect correction and the dependent variable were z-score of post-correction height-for-age (H/A) and height gain (Δz-score H/A). The WHO 2006 growth chart were used as the growth reference. The correlation analysis was performed using the Spearman correlation and the significance was determined with p<0.05.

Results: The median age of defect correction in this study was 8 months. Most of the subjects were less than 6 months (11 subjects) and 6-12 months (11 subjects) in corrected ages. The most defects were ventricular septal defects (VSD). The age of defect correction did not correlate with the post-correction H/A z-score based on the Spearman correlation test (r= 0.093) with p value = 0.642 while the defect correction age with z-score H/A was not found to be correlated based on the Spearman correlation test (r = 0.143) with p value = 0.452.

Conclusion: The age of defect correction did not prove correlate with either the z-score for H/A or height gain."

"Approximately 120 different surgical procedures are used to correct congenital heart diseases, and the burden that this places on the surgeon is compounded by the exceptional complexity of the techniques and the rarity of many of the lesions. Training is problematic, not least because of legal issues, and currently available texts, drawings, and images are no substitute for real ‘live’ surgery.Against this background, the authors have set out to create an interactive multimedia manual that covers many aspects of congenital heart surgery. Each heart defect is addressed in an individual chapter, elaborating specific surgical anatomy and indication for surgery of heart defect first, followed by video clips depicting the operative approach and technique. The clips are accompanied by a clear descriptive narrative, and patient history and diagnostic images are available to provide a clear backdrop to the operation. "

"Latar belakang: Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) adalah kelainan kongenital dengan insidens tertinggi dan memerlukan pemantauan berkala. Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi memerlukan fasilitas dan tenaga ahli yang belum tersedia secara luas di Indonesia. Troponin I merupakan biomarker spesifik jantung yang terdeteksi pada awal terjadinya kerusakan miokardium. Data mengenai penggunaan biomarker jantung pada pasien anak dengan PJB masih terbatas.Tujuan: Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar troponin I dengan parameter hemodinamik pasien PJB asianotik dengan pirau kiri ke kanan.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi potong lintang terhadap 53 subyek dengan PJB asianotik pirau kiri ke kanan yang berobat di Rumah Sakit dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM). Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi dilakukan untuk menilai jenis PJB, ukuran defek, dan parameter hemodinamik yaitu Qp/Qs, tekanan sistolik arteri pulmoner, fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri, dan tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE). Kadar troponin I dinilai melalui enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELISA) dengan sampel darah diambil pada hari yang sama dengan ekokardiografi..Hasil: Median usia subyek adalah 16 (3-135) bulan dengan jenis kelamin perempuan 54,7% (n=53). Diagnosis PJB terbanyak adalah ASD (45,3%), dengan proporsi terbanyak defek berukuran sedang (43,4%). Peningkatan kadar troponin I didapatkan pada 7 (13,2%) subyek. Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna kadar troponin I pada berbagai jenis PJB. Ada korelasi negatif lemah antara kadar troponin I dengan fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri (r=-0,391, p=0,002).Kesimpulan: Terdapat korelasi negatif lemah antara kadar troponin I dengan fraksi ejeksi ventrikel kiri, sementara tidak ada korelasi bermakna dengan parameter hemodinamik lainnya

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Background: Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most frequent congenital abnormality and requires regular monitoring. Echocardiographic examination requires facilities and experts which are not widely available in Indonesia. Troponin I is a heart-specific biomarker that is detected early in myocardial damage. Data regarding the use of cardiac biomarker in pediatric CHD patients are still limited.

Objective: To determine the correlation between troponin I level and hemodynamic parameters in acyanotic CHD patients with left-to-right shunts.

Methods: A cross-sectional study of 53 subjects with left-to-right shunt acyanotic CHD as inpatient or outpatient at dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM) Hospital. Echocardiography was performed to assess the type and size of CHD, as weel as hemodynanic parameters (Qp/Qs, pulmonary artery systolic pressure, left ventricular ejection fraction/EF, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion/TAPSE). Troponin I level was determined by enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELISA) with blood samples taken on the same day as echocardiography.

Results: The median age of the subjects was 16 (3-135) months, with 54.7% female (n=53). Most prevalent of the CHD type was ASD (45.3%), most of the defect were medium-sized (43.4%). Increased troponin I levels were found in 7 (13.2%) subjects. There was no significant difference in troponin I level in various CHD types. There was a weak negative correlation between troponin I level and EF (r=-0.391, p=0.002).

Conclusion: There was a weak negatif correlation between troponin I level and EF, while there was no significant correlation with other hemodynamic parameters."

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) yang tersering adalah defek septum ventrikel (DSV), defek septrum atrium (DSA) dan duktus arteriousus paten (DAP). Keterlambatan koreksi defek dapat menyebabkan gangguan tumbuh kembang dan kualitas hidup. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbedaan status gizi dan kualitas hidup pada anak PJB asianotik sebelum dan 6 bulan-2tahun setelah koreksi dan apakah terdapat hubungan dengan jenis PJB, status gizi awal, metode dan usia koreksi.Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif pada 79 anak berusia 0-18 tahun dengan DSV, DSA, DAP, dan kombinasi ketiganya. Usia, jenis kelamin, jenis PJB, usia koreksi, metode koreksi, BB dan TB dinilai sebelum dan setelah koreksi.Hasil: Subyek penelitian berusia 0-15 tahun dengan mayoritas 1-5 tahun, diagnosis terbanyak adalah DSV (58,2%), dan status nutrisi awal adalah gizi kurang (50,6%). Secara keseluruhan terdapat kenaikan persentil BB/U (p<0,001), TB/U (p=0,004), dan BB/TB (p<0,001) yang bermakna sebelum dan sesudah koreksi. Tidak ada perubahan status gizi yang bermakna sebelum dan sesudah koreksi (p=0,851). Tidak ada hubungan perubahan status gizi dengan status gizi awal (p=0,451), metode koreksi (p=0,454), dan usia tindakan (p=0,861). Terdapat hubungan antara perubahan status gizi dengan ukuran defek (p=0,035). Sebanyak 29,1% memiliki gangguan kualitas hidup, 45,4% memiliki gangguan aspek emosi. Tidak ada hubungan antara gangguan kualitas hidup dengan diagnosis, metode koreksi, dan ukuran defek.Simpulan: Status gizi awal terbanyak anak dengan PJB asianotik adalah gizi kurang. Terdapat peningkatan persentil BB/U, TB/U, dan BB/TB yang bermakna 6 bulan-2 tahun setelah koreksi. Terdapat hubungan antara perubahan status gizi dengan ukuran defek. Sepertiga subyek memiliki gangguan kualitas hidup setelah koreksi. Hampir separuhnya memiliki gangguan aspek emosi.

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ABSTRACT

Background: The most common congenital heart disease (CHD) is ventricular septal defect (DSV), atrial septal defect (ASD), and patent ductus arteriosus (DAP). Delayed correction is correlated with disturbance of growth, development and quality of life (QOL).

Aim: To determine the difference in nutritional status and QOL for acyanotic CHD before and after 6 months-2 years correction and its association with diagnosis, initial nutritional status, method and age of correction.

Method: A retrospective cohort study on 79 children aged 0-18 years old with DSV, ASD, DAP, and a combination of the 3. Age, gender, type of CHD, age and method of correction, weight and height before and after correction were evaluated.

Result: The subjects are aged 0-15 years with majority of 1-5 years, most common diagnosis is DSV (58.2%) and initial nutritional status is moderate malnutrition (50.6%). There is significant increase in weight/age (p<0.001), height/age (p=0,004) and weight/height (p<0.001) percentiles. There is no increment of nutritional status (p=0.851). There is no association between nutritional status and initial nutritional status before correction (p=0.451), method (p=0.454) and age (p=0.861) of correction. There is a statistically significant association between growth status and defect size (p=0.035). Twenty nine percent have decreased QOL, 45.4% on emotional aspect. Decreased QOL was not associated with diagnosis, method of correction and defect size.

Conclusion: The most common nutritional status in acyanotic CHD children is moderate malnutrition. There is a statistically significant increase in the percentiles 6 months-2years post correction. There is an association between changes in growth status and defect size. One third of patients have decreased QOL after correction and almost half on emotional aspect"

"Latar Belakang: Defek septum intraventrikel merupakan salah satu penyakit jantung bawaan yang paling sering ditemukan di Indonesia dengan angka kejadian 3,6-6,5 per 1000 kelahiran hidup atau sekitar 20%-30% dari penyakit jantung bawaan. Sebanyak 32% dari kasus memerlukan dilakukannya operasi penutupan defek septum intraventrikel. Pada operasi penutupan defek septum intraventrikel diperlukan penggunaan mesin pintas jantung-paru atau cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) yang secara teoritis dihubungkan dengan inflamasi akibat penglepasan mediator proinflamasi yang dapat mengakibatkan kerusakan miokard. Hal ini menyebabkan praktisi dalam tim pembedahan jantung menggunakan strategi untuk mengatasi, antara lain dengan penggunaan steroid. Data dan uji klinis mengenai masalah tersebut masih terus dilakukan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui efek deksametason 1mg/kg (max 15 mg) dibandingkan metilprednisolon 30 mg/kg (max 500 mg) dalam mencegah penurunan kontraktilitas miokard dan peningkatan kadar troponin I pascabedah penutupan defek septum intraventrikel.Metode: Telah dilakukan penelitian uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal pada 36 pasien anak yang menjalani operasi penutupan defek septum intraventrikel antara bulan Januari 2019 hingga April 2019, yang dialokasikan ke dalam kelompok metilprednisolon (kelompok standar) atau kelompok deksametason. Pemeriksaan ekokardiografi untuk menilai kontraktilitas miokard (fraksi ejeksi, fraksi pemendekan, peak E velocity, peak A velocity dan rasio E/A) dilakukan 1 hari sebelum operasi dan 8 jam pasca-CPB sedangkan pemeriksaan sampel darah untuk menilai kadar troponin I dilakukan pada awal induksi dan 8 jam pasca-CPB. Pemeriksaan troponin I dilakukan dengan metode ELISA. Data yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan uji statistik yang sesuai.Hasil: 36 pasien yang menjalani operasi VSD yang memenuhi kriteria penerimaan, 35 pasien dianalisis karena 1 pasien kelompok deksametason meninggal sebelum 8 jam pasca-CPB. Karakteristik demografi, data kontraktilitas miokard dan kadar troponin I praoperatif dan pascaoperatif seimbang pada kedua kelompok. Kontraktilitas miokard pada kelompok metilprednisolon dan deksametason turun bermakna pada 8 jam pasca-CPB. Kadar troponin I 8 jam pascabedah pada kelompok metilprednisolon naik bermakna sedangkan kadar troponin I pada kelompok deksametason berbeda naik tidak bermakna.Simpulan: Deksametason dapat digunakan dalam upaya mencegah inflamasi sistemik akibat operasi jantung terbuka. Ketersediaan deksametason cukup baik di seluruh Indonesia dan lebih ekonomis dibandingkan metilprednisolon.

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Background: Ventricular septal defect is one of the most common congenital heart disease found in Indonesia with an incidence of 3.6-6.5 per 1000 live births or around 20% -30% of congenital heart disease. 32% of cases require ventricular septal defect closure surgery. Surgical closure of the ventricular septal defect requires the use of a heart-lung bypass machine or cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) which is theoretically associated with inflammation due to the release of proinflammatory mediators which can result in myocardial damage. This caused practitioners in the heart surgery team to use strategies to overcome, including the use of steroids. Data and clinical trials regarding these problems are still ongoing. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of dexamethasone 1mg/kg (max 15mg) versus methylprednisolone 30mg/kg (max 500mg) in preventing a decrease in myocardial contractility and an increase in troponin I levels after surgical closure of ventricular septal defects.

Methods: A single randomized clinical trial study was conducted in 36 pediatric patients undergoing ventricular septal defect surgery between January 2019 until April 2019, which were allocated into the methylprednisolone group (standard group) or dexamethasone group. Echocardiography (baseline) was carried out 1 day before surgery and 8 hours post-CPB to assess myocardial contractility (ejection fraction, shortening fraction, peak E velocity, peak A velocity and E/A ratio). Blood serum examination to assess troponin I levels was done at the beginning of induction and 8 hours post-CPB. Troponin I examination was carried out by the ELISA method. The data obtained were analyzed by the appropriate statistical test.

Results: 36 patients who undergoing VSD surgery who met the admission criteria, 35 patients were analyzed because 1 patient of the dexamethasone group died before 8 hours post-CPB. Demographic characteristics, myocardial contractility data and preoperative-postoperative troponin I levels were balanced in both groups. Myocardial contractility in the methylprednisolone and dexamethasone groups dropped significantly at 8 hours post-CPB. Troponin I levels 8 hours after surgery in the methylprednisolone group increased significantly but troponin I levels in the dexamethasone group increased no significant.

Conclusion: Dexamethasone can be used in an effort to prevent systemic inflammation due to open heart surgery. The availability of dexamethasone is quite good throughout Indonesia and is more economical than methylprednisolone.

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"Latar belakang: Bedah jantung terbuka pada anak merupakan pembedahan dengan tingkat stress respon yang tinggi. Salah satu komplikasi tersering adalah infeksi pascabedah yang berkaitan dengan hiperglikemia yang terjadi pascabedah dan diperberat oleh resistensi insulin yang terjadi akibat respon stress dan perubahan neurohormonal akibat pembedahan dan puasa. Salah satu cara yang dipikirkan dapat mengurangi resistensi insulin dan kadar gula darah pascabedah adalah pemberian karbohidrat oral prabedah. Beberapa penelitian telah membuktikkan pemberian karbohidrat oral prabedah dapat mengurangi respon stress tubuh akibat puasa dan mengurangi resistensi insulin pascabedah. Pemberian karbohidrat oral prabedah akan meningkatkan kadar insulin pada kadar tidak puasa sehingga menurunkan resistensi insulin yang terjadi pascabedah. Namun, belum ada penelitian pada bedah jantung terbuka pada anak.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan uji klinis acak tersamar tunggal untuk mengetahui efek pemberian karbohidrat oral prabedah dalam mengurangi resistensi insulin dan kadar gula darah pascabedah jantung terbuka pada anak. Terdapat 19 subjek pada masing-masing kelompok. Kedua kelompok menjalani puasa 6 jam prabedah, kelompok pertama mendapatkan maltodekstrin 12,5% dan kelompok kedua mendapatkan air putih hingga 2 jam prabedah. Dilakukan pengukuran HOMA-IR, kadar gula darah, procalcitonin dan pencatatan lama ventilasi mekanik. Hasil: Median kadar HOMA IR kelompok karbohidrat oral prabedah didapatkan selalu lebih tinggi dibandingkan kelompok air putih pada pengukuran saat prabedah, setelah induksi, dan 24 jam pascabedah, namun tidak bermakna secara statistik. Didapatkan perbedaan bermakna penggunaan ventilasi mekanik pada kelompok kontrol dibanding kelompok perlakuan (p=0,001). Kadar prokalsitonin 24 jam pascabedah didapatkan lebih tinggi pada kelompok kontrol (p=0,018). Simpulan: Karbohidrat oral prabedah dapat menurunkan infeksi dan lama penggunaan ventilasi mekanik pascabedah, namun tidak terbukti menurunkan resistensi insulin pascabedah.

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Background: Open heart surgery in children causes metabolic stress and insulin resistance lead to postoperative complication such as infection and prolonged mechanical ventilation. These can be exacerbated by preoperative fasting. One of the measures to improve postoperative outcome is preoperative oral carbohydrate (OCH). Preoperative OCH changes the patient from a fasted state to a fed state and minimize insulin resistance. Many studies have evaluated the effect of preoperative oral carbohydrate on postoperative outcomes, but no study yet on open heart surgery in children. This study was designed to examine the effect of postoperative oral carbohydrate on postoperative insulin resistance, blood sugar level, and postoperative outcome including infection and mechanical ventilation time. Methods: 38 children undergoing elective cardiac surgery were randomly allocated into 2 groups. The control group receive water and the study group receive maltodextrin 12,5% 10 cc/kgBW 2 hours before induction. Blood glucose and HOMA-IR were measured before fasting, after induction, 6 hour and 24 hours postoperative. Procalcitonin as a marker for infection was measured 24 hours after surgery. Time for extubation was recorded.

Results: HOMA-IR in CHO group were higher than control group before fasting, after induction and 24 hours after surgery but not statistically different. Procalcitonin level was significantly lower in OCH group (23.1[0.66-212.8] vs 83.82[0.7-553] (p=0,0180). Patient from treatment group had shorter mechanical ventilation time 1380 [300-14000] vs 5460 [900-17200] (p=0,001).

Conclusion: Preoperative oral carbohydrate in children undergoing cardiac surgery reduce infection and length of mechanical ventilation postoperative. But does not decrease insulin resistance postoperative."

"Latar Belakang. Kondisi hipoksia kronik pada pasien dengan penyakit jantung bawaan sianotik akan menurunkan oksigenasi jaringan sehingga terjadilah mekanisme adaptasi yaitu eritrositosis sekunder. Besi merupakan substrat yang penting dalam produksi hemoglobin dan cadangan besi untuk menjaga kadar hemoglobin yang adekuat. Namun 50% pasien dengan kelainan penyakit jantung bawaan sianotik mengalami defisiensi besi dan kondisi ini dikaitkan dengan gangguan kapasitas fungsional akibat berkurangnya pengiriman oksigen dan efeknya terhadap metabolisme pada otot rangka. Kadar feritin serum merupakan pemeriksaan yang paling awal dan akurat untuk menilai defisiensi besi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara kadar feritin serum dengan kapasitas fungsional pada pasien Tetralogi Fallot (TF). Metode. Studi potong lintang dilakukan di Departemen Kardiologi dan Kedokteran Vaskular Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indonesia/Rumah Sakit Jantung dan Pembuluh Darah Harapan Kita, Jakarta pada pasien TF usia 4-8 tahun yang belum menjalani operasi paliatif dan atau operasi definitif. Dilakukan pengumpulan karakteristik dasar, kadar feritin serum, ekokardiografi, serta uji jalan 6 menit. Dilakukan uji korelasi dan analisis multivariat menggunakan uji regresi. Hasil. Diteliti sebanyak 20 pasien TF dengan rentang usia 51 hingga 98 bulan. Nilai tengah kadar feritin serum adalah 39.75 g/L (kadar terendah 5g/L, kadar tertinggi 246g/L). Nilai tengah kadar hemoglobin adalah 16.4 g/dL, kadar terendah 12 g/dL dan kadar tertinggi 20 g/dL. Limapuluh persen pasien memiliki kadar feritin serum di bawah normal (< 40 g/L). Pada uji korelasi antara kadar feritin serum dengan jarak uji jalan 6 menit didapatkan nilai r = 0.23 dengan nilai p = 0.34. Pada uji regresi linear pada 2 kelompok, ditemukan perbedaan rerata jarak uji jalan 6 menit pada kelompok dengan kadar feritin lebih tinggi (> 40 g/L, n = 10) sebesar 46,83 m dibandingkan dengan kelompok feritin rendah (< 40 g/L, n = 10) dengan koefisien β = 46,83; IK 95 -47,81- 141,47 p = 0,307. Kesimpulan. Secara klinis terdapat kecenderungan pasien TF dengan kadar feritin serum yang lebih tinggi mampu menempuh jarak uji jalan 6 menit yang lebih jauh walaupun secara satistik tidak bermakna.

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Background. Chronic hypoxia in cyanotic congenital heart disease (CCHD) result in reduced of tissue oxygenation, therefore stimulates adaptive mechanism of secondary erythrocytosis. Iron is a vital substrate for hemoglobin production and sufficient iron stores are necessary to achieve and maintain adequate levels of hemoglobin. Unfortunately, 50% of patients with cyanotic CHD are iron-deficient and this condition is associated with exercise intolerance through reduced oxygen delivery and its effect on skeletal muscle cell metabolism Ferritin serum level is the most accurate test to determine iron deficiency. Aim of this study is to evaluate the association between ferritin serum level and functional capacity in patient with Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF).

Methods. A cross-sectional study was done in Department Cardiology and Vascular Medicine, Faculty Medicine Universitas Indonesia / National Cardiovascular Center Harapan Kita, Jakarta in patients with TOF aged 4-8 years old before the palliatif and or definite operation. The data collected from patients including basic characteristic, ferritin serum level and erythocyte index and six minute walk test result. Statistical analysis was done using correlation test and multivariat analysis using regression test.

Result. Twenty subjects of TF aged 51 to 98 months was collected. Median level of ferritin serum level was 39.75 g/L (the lowest level 5g/L, the highest level 246g/L). Median level of hemoglobin level was (the lowest level 12 g/dL, the highest level 20 g/dL). Fifty percent of patients had abnormal feritin serum level (< 40 g/dL). There was a correlation coefficient (r) of 0,23 with p value of 0,34 found on the correlation between ferritin serum level and six minute walk test distance. However, on linear regression test between 2 groups of ferritin serum, 46,83 m mean difference of six minute walk test distance found between higher level of ferritin serum group (> 40 g/d, n = 10), and lower level of ferritin serum group (< 40 g/d, n = 10) with β = 46,83; IK 95 -47,81- 141,47 p = 0,307.

Conclusion. Clinically in patients with higher level of feritin serum there is a tendency able to walk farther on six minute walk test, although statitically not significant."

"[ASTRAKLatar Belakang: Pengetahuan seseorang yang tidak memadai terhadap risiko suatu tindakan medis berpotensi menimbulkan kecemasan dan tuntutan sehingga diperlukan upaya komunikasi dan pemberian edukasi dengan baik. Pembedahan penyakit jantung bawaan (PJB) anak berisiko tinggi terjadi morbiditas hingga mortalitas. Terdapat kesan pemahaman ibu yang tidak optimal terhadap pembedahan PJB anak mereka. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menilai pengetahuan ibu terhadap pembedahan PJB.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan uji eksperimen tidak murni (kuasi eksperimen) untuk mengetahui perubahan pengetahuan dan uji potong lintang untuk mengetahui proporsi pengetahuan yang rendah sebelum diberikan edukasi pada ibu anak yang akan menjalani pembedahan jantung pada bulan Mei hingga Juli 2014 di Instalasi Pelayanan Jantung Terpadu (PJT) RSUPNCM. Pengetahuan ibu dinilai menggunakan kuesioner dan edukasi menggunakan media edukasi mini flipchart. Kuesioner dan media edukasi dikembangkan sendiri oleh peneliti. Pengetahuan akan dinilai saat praedukasi dan pascaedukasi.Hasil: Sebanyak 57 subyek diikutsertakan dalam penelitian dan tidak ada subyek yang dikeluarkan saat penelitian. Analisis menggunakan stratifikasi untuk tiap diagnosis dan jenjang pendidikan. Total 47 subyek yang dapat dianalisis. Didapatkan 49% subyek memiliki pengetahuan rendah praedukasi dan seluruh subyek (100%) mengalami peningkatan pengetahuan pascaedukasi.Simpulan: Pemberian edukasi mampu meningkatkan pengetahuan ibu anak dengan PJB yang akan menjalani pembedahan jantung.

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ABSTRACTBackground : Inadequate knowledge about risk of upcoming medical intervention may raiseanxiety and demands. Therefore good communication and education are required. CongenitalHeart Disease (CHD) children surgery has high risk of morbidity and mortality. There is animpression that the mother has lack understanding of their children?s surgery. This studyaimed to assess the mother?s knowledge of CHD surgery.Method : This study used quasi-experimental design to determine changes in maternalknowledge and cross-sectional tests to assess the proportion of low knowledge prior theprovision of education on the mothers whose children underwent heart surgery in May to July2014 in RSUPNCM. Knowledge of mothers was assessed using questionnaires before andafter the education. Education was provided using ?mini flipchart? media. Questionnaires andeducational media were developed by the researchers.Result : A total of 57 subjects were included in the study and no subjects were excludedduring the research. Analysis was done by using stratification for each diagnosis. A total of47 subjects can be analyzed. We found that 49% of the subjects had low knowledge prior theprovision of education and all subjects (100%) had increasing knowledge after education.Conclusion : The provision of education is able to increase the knowledge of mothers whosechildren will undergo congenital heart disease surgery.;Background : Inadequate knowledge about risk of upcoming medical intervention may raiseanxiety and demands. Therefore good communication and education are required. CongenitalHeart Disease (CHD) children surgery has high risk of morbidity and mortality. There is animpression that the mother has lack understanding of their children’s surgery. This studyaimed to assess the mother’s knowledge of CHD surgery.Method : This study used quasi-experimental design to determine changes in maternalknowledge and cross-sectional tests to assess the proportion of low knowledge prior theprovision of education on the mothers whose children underwent heart surgery in May to July2014 in RSUPNCM. Knowledge of mothers was assessed using questionnaires before andafter the education. Education was provided using “mini flipchart” media. Questionnaires andeducational media were developed by the researchers.Result : A total of 57 subjects were included in the study and no subjects were excludedduring the research. Analysis was done by using stratification for each diagnosis. A total of47 subjects can be analyzed. We found that 49% of the subjects had low knowledge prior theprovision of education and all subjects (100%) had increasing knowledge after education.Conclusion : The provision of education is able to increase the knowledge of mothers whosechildren will undergo congenital heart disease surgery., Background : Inadequate knowledge about risk of upcoming medical intervention may raiseanxiety and demands. Therefore good communication and education are required. CongenitalHeart Disease (CHD) children surgery has high risk of morbidity and mortality. There is animpression that the mother has lack understanding of their children’s surgery. This studyaimed to assess the mother’s knowledge of CHD surgery.Method : This study used quasi-experimental design to determine changes in maternalknowledge and cross-sectional tests to assess the proportion of low knowledge prior theprovision of education on the mothers whose children underwent heart surgery in May to July2014 in RSUPNCM. Knowledge of mothers was assessed using questionnaires before andafter the education. Education was provided using “mini flipchart” media. Questionnaires andeducational media were developed by the researchers.Result : A total of 57 subjects were included in the study and no subjects were excludedduring the research. Analysis was done by using stratification for each diagnosis. A total of47 subjects can be analyzed. We found that 49% of the subjects had low knowledge prior theprovision of education and all subjects (100%) had increasing knowledge after education.Conclusion : The provision of education is able to increase the knowledge of mothers whosechildren will undergo congenital heart disease surgery.]"