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"ABSTRAKDiabetes Melitus (DM) merupakan suatu penyakit menahun yang merupakan problem kesehatan masyarakat di Indonesia, terutama di kota-kota besar, yang meningkat menyertai adanya perubahan pola hidup masyarakat. Di Jakarta, penelitian epidemiologis pada penduduk yang dilakukan pada tahun 1982 mendapatkan prevalensi DM penduduk usia > 15 tahun sebesar 1,7 %, dan pada penelitian tahun 1993 meningkat menjadi 5,7 %. Jika tidak dikelola dengan baik, DM dapat mengakibatkan komplikasi kronik, baik komplikasi mikrovaskular yang dapat mengenai mata dan ginjal, maupun komplikasi makrovaskular yang terutama mengenai pembuluh darah jantung, otak, dan pembuluh darah tungkai bawah. Keadaan hiperglikemia kronik disangka merupakan dasar terjadinya komplikasi kronik, antara lain melalui proses glikasi berbagai macam protein. Terbentuknya produk akhir glikosilasi lanjut (advanced glycation end product) yang ireversibel akan berpengaruh terhadap fungsi protein terkait.Komplikasi kronik DM terjadi balk pada pasien DM yang tidak tergantung insulin (DMTTI non insulin dependent DM = NIDDM = DM tipe 2) maupun DM yang tergantung insulin (DMTI = insulin dependent DM = IDDM = DM tipe 1), walaupun ada perbedaan dalam kekerapan jenis komplikasi yang terjadi. Komplikasi makrovaskular lebih sering ditemukan pada DM tipe 2, sebaliknya pada DM tipe 1, komplikasi mikrovaskular yang terjadi pada ginjal dan mata tampak lebih menonjol.Di antara komplikasi menahun makrovaskular DM, "kaki diabetes" merupakan komplikasi yang paling mengesalkan, baik bagi pasien maupun bagi dokter yang mengelolanya. Kasus ulkus/gangren diabetes merupakan kasus DM yang terbanyak dirawat. Diperkirakan sebanyak sepertiga dari seluruh pasien DM akan mengalami masalah pada kakinya. Hari perawatan yang lama dan biaya pengobatan yang mahal merupakan salah satu persoalan yang harus mendapat perhatian sebaik-baiknya. Belum lagi dihitung tenaga yang hilang akibat kecacatan, dan ketidakhadiran di tempat kerja, serta biaya yang diperlukan untuk pengelolaan kecacatan tersebut. Apalagi kalau dilihat nasib pasien pasca amputasi, 30 - 50 % pasien yang telah diamputasi akan memerlukan tindakan amputasi untuk kaki sisi lainnya dalam kurun waktu 1 - 3 tahun setelah amputasi. Suatu nasib yang sungguh sangat suram."

"Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the public health problems worldwide, including in Indonesia. Cardiovascular disease was the main cause of death (75-80%) in DM, three-fourths of this death was caused by coronary heart disease (CHD). Approximately 34.2% of patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) receiving care at ICCU of Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General Hospital (RSCM) suffered from DM. Mortality rates of ACS in DM patients were still high and ACS prognosis in DM patients were still unfavorable. There are many factors playing a part in atherosclerosis and ACS incidence in DM patients, such as metabolic disorders due to hyperglycemia and the fomration of advanced glycation end product (AGE), oxidative stress, atherogenic dyslipidemia in DM in the form of high triglyceride level and low HDL cholesterol as well as an increase in small dense LDL, and insulin resistance. In addition, other risk factors of CHD frequently encountered with DM were hypertension, obesity, thrombocytc hyperaggregation and hypercoagulation. The management ofthis disease which was based on the control of risk factors was not yet satisfactory.Inflammatory response played an important role in pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, beginning with early lesion up to acute coronary syndrome. Increase in inflammatory responses (hsCRP) could predict cardiovascular event and predict post-ACS prognosis. Studies in DM population showed an increase in inflammation. ln-depth studies on inflammatory responses in ACS DM patients have not yet been reported. In normal condition, there was a balance of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines. The ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines in ACS, particularly DM patients has not been studied. The relationship between metabolic factor (blood glucose, glyco Hb and lipid) and inflammatory response in ACS DM patients has not yet also been studied.Currently, the effort to decrease inflammatory response is made, among others, by aspirin, statin hypolipidemic medication and insulin sensitizer. Although aspirin and statin were used routinely in ACS patients and have proved to reduce inflammation, morbidity and mortality rates of ACS patients were still high. Thus, we would like to observe whether an addition of other medications in standard therapy could reduce inflammation better. Curcumin in experimental animals-and humans) showed -hypolipidemic effect (decrease 'in absorption and increase in catabolism) and hypoglycemia (effect on PPAR-7). Curcumin also demonstrated antiinflammatory effect. In this study we would like to observe the effects of curcumin on both metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in ACS patients.PROBLEM IDENTIFICATIONThe above elaboration showed a discrepancy associated with inflammatory response in DM ACS patients. Up to now, the relationship of metabolic factor and inflammatory response in DM ACS has not been clear yet. Likewise, the effects of curcumin on metabolic factor and inflammatory response in ACS have not yet been identified.OBJECTIVESTo evaluate inflammatory responses in DM ACS and its relationship with metabolic factors (glucose, blood; glyco Hb, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and triglyceride); to evaluate the ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6/IL-10) in ACS DM patients, and to identify the effects of curcumin on metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in ACS patients.SETTINGThe study was conducted at ICCU of RSCM, ICCU of Persahabatan, ICCU of RS MMC and ICCU of Medistra Hospital, Cardiology Polyclinic, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine University of Indonesia! RSCM and Integrated Cardiac Service Poiyclinic of RSCM.STUDY SUBJECTSACS patients (DM and non-DM) and CHD (DM and non-DM).DESIGNThere were two studies: l. Observational design to observe inflammatory responses (hscRP, IL-6, IL-IO, VCAM and ICAM) in DM ACS, non-DM ACS, DM CI-ID, and non-DM CHD; to evaluate the relationship between metabolic factors (fasting blood glucose, blood glucose 2 hours PP, glyco Hb, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDI.. cholesterol and triglyceride) and inflammatory responses (hsCRP, IL-6, IL-10, VCAM and ICAM) in ACS DM. 2. Interventional study which was a double-blind randomized trial to evaluate the effects of curcumin at escalating doses (low dose 3:-:IS mglday, moderate dose 3x30 mg/day and high dose 3x60 mg/day on metabolic factors (fasting blood glucose. blood glucose 2 hours PP and glyco Hb) and the effects of curcumin at escalating doses on inflammatory responses (hsCRP, ll.-6, VCAM and ICAM) in ACS patients.RESULTSIn observational study, |46 subjects were analyzed, consisting of 84 ACS patients, (30 DM ACS patients and 54 non-DM ACS), and 62 CHD (25 DM CHD patients and 37 non-DM CHD patients). The results of the study in the four groups of patients showed: 1. Inflammatory response in DM ACS was higher than in DM CHD (hsCRP, p=0.00; II..-6, p=0.00; IL-10, p=0.00) and non-DM ACS (ICAM, P=0.03). 2. The ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6/II..-10) in DM ACS did not differ from that of DM CHD (p=0.2l) and non-DM ACS (p=0.5 l). 3. There was a relationship between metabolic factors and inflammatory responses in DM ACS: triglyceride and ll.-6 (r=O.39, p=0.03) and II..-I0 (r=0.37, p=o.o4).In interventional study we performed randomization in 75 ACS patients divided into four groups, consisting of low-dose curcumin group of 15 patients, moderate-dose curcumin group of 15 patients, high-dose curcumin group of IS patients, and placebo group of 30 patients. The results of the study in these four groups showed: l. Low-dose curcumin showed a decrease in hsCRP in one week ofthe first month after intervention, there was a significant difference liom that of placebo (p=0.04). Low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose curcumin groups showed a decrease in IL-6, but was not significantly different from placebo. Low-dose, moderate-dose, high-dose curcumin did not show a decrease in VCAM and ICAM after intervention of 2 months. 2. Low-dose curcumin group tended to experience a decrease in glyco Hb level after intervention of 2 months (p=0.06); however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. 3. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin reduced total cholesterol and LDI. cholesterol; however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin increased HDL cholesterol; however, it was not significantly different from that of placebo. 4. There was a tendency that the pattern of escalating doses had some effects in inflammatory responses and metabolic factors, in which low-dose curcumin showed the best effects, followed by moderate-dose and finally high- dose curcumin.CONCLUSIONSIn this study, inflammatory responses in DM ACS patients were higher than those in DM CHD and non-DM ACS patients. There was no difference in the ratio of proinflammatory and antiinflammatory cytokines (IL-6fIL-IO) in DM ACS compared with DM CHD and non-DM ACS. ln addition, the present study identified some of the relationships between metabolic factors and inflammatory responses. Low-dose curcumin reduced hsCRP in one week of the first month after the intervention in ACS patients. There was a tendency that low-dose curcumin reduced glyco Hb level in ACS."

"Diabetes mellitus adalah penyakit sistemik kronik yang bersifat genetik dan dapat menimbulkan berbagai komplikasi pada berbagai organ tubuh termasuk kaki, yang diawali oleh gejala yang ringan seperti rasa baal hingga gejala yang serius seperti timbulnya gangren. Kejadien ini memberikan kerugian terutamabagi pasien dan keluarga, tenaga kesehatan maupun rumah sakit Selain hari rawat akan bertambah, perawatan di rumah sakit membutuhkan biaya yang tidak sedikit, dan tidak jarang pasien akan mengalami gangguan fungsi tubuh. Guna mengantisipasi masalah tersebut, skink tahun 1993 telah dilakukan penyuluhan kesehatan oleh tim edukasi dari Sentral Informasi Diabetus dan Lipid di poliklinik Metabalilk Endokrin RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta Kegiatan mencakup penyuluhan kesehatan khususnya tentang cara perawatan kaki bagi semua pasien baru diabetes minimal satu kali dalam sebulan. Kegiatan merawat kaki merupakan suatu tindakan yang efisien dan efektif apabila dilakukan secara teratur. Berdasarkan uraian tersebut diatas maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara faktor-hktor yang ada didalam Model Keyakinan Kesehatan yang terdiri dari persepsi pasien ( kerentanan, keseriusan, manfaat, rintangan dan pendarong) tentang kaki diabetik dengan kepatuhan melakukan perawatan kaki. Penelitian ini dilakukan menggunakan disain cross sectional survei dengan responden pasien diabetes yang datang kontrol dan berobat ke polikinik Metabolik Endokrin. Sampel sebanyak 104 orang, pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan jalan wawancara dengan menggunakan pertanyaan terstruktur yang ada pada kuesioner serta observasi tanda- tanda fisik, untuk melihat tingkatan kepatuhan seseorang. Analisie statistik dilakukan dengan univariat, Kai Kuadrat untuk melihat hubungan variabel dependen dengan satu set variabel independen. Untuk mengetahui variabel independen yang paling berpengaruh serta variabel kontrol yang berperan sebagai confounder maka dilakukan uji multivariat regresi logistik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya hubungan yang bermakna antara persepsi terhadap rintangan sehingga dapat dikatakan bahwa responden yang merasa mendapat sedikit rintangan dalam merawat kaki, 2,63 kali lebih patuh dari pada pasien yang menganggap akan menemui banyak rintangan dalam merawat kaki setelah dikontrol oleh variabel pengetahuan dan pekerjaan. Sesuai dengan hasil penelitian ini, untuk meningkatkan kepatuhan pasien diabetes dalam merawat kaki, maka petugas kesehatan perlu untuk melakukan upaya-upaya untuk mengurangi rintangan yang dihadapi pasien dalam merawat kaki, antara lain menyusun jadual perawatan kaki sesuai dengan kegiatan pasien dan penambahan media audiovisual dalam ruang penyuluhan untuk mempermudah pemahaman pasien terhadap objek yang dilihat dan didengar oleh pasien.

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Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic systemic disease which has a genetical character and can generate many complication at a few part of the body, including feet, that begin by simple symptom like parassthesia until a serious symptom like gangrene. This situation canted a loss especially to the patient and their family, health practitioner and also the hospital. On top of the treatment's day will increase in the hospital and unsparsely, patient will suffer body disfunction.

To overcome this problem, since 1993 health counseling has been performed by education team from Sentral Informasi Diabetes & Lipid at Metabolic Endocrine clinic of RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo Jakarta The activity cover counseling education, specially the procedure of legs nursing to all new diabetic patients, minimal once a month Legs nursing activity is an efficient and effective action if applicated regularly.

Based on the legs nursing activity, this research is aimed to know the correlation between factors in Health Belief Model with patient perception ( susceptibility, seriousness, benefits, barriers and support) about the diabetic foot with their compliance to conduct legs nursing.

The research was conducted by cross sectional survey's design through participation of diabetic patient who came to have treatment at metabolic endocrine's clinic. The amount of the sample is 104 patients, the data is collected through interview based on questionnaire and observation of physical sign to measure the level of compliance."

"Diabetes melitus merupakan masalah kesehatan yang serius dan menurut survei PAPDI (1993) menempati urutan nomor lima sebagai penyebab ra\'vat inap1. Berdasarkan surYei epidemiologis, kekerapan diabetes melitus di Indonesia berkisar 1,4%-2,3% 2. Sejak ditemukannya insulin oleh Banting dan Best pada tahun 1921, komplikasi diabetes melitus berangsur-angsur bergeser ke komplikasi menahun. lmpotensi merupak.an salah sa tu komplikasi menahun diabetes melitus. lmpotensi adalah suatu keadaan ketidakmampuan penis untuk ereksi baik parsial maupun menyeluruh dan atau mem.pertahankannya agar dapat penetrasi ke dalam vagina 3. Penelitian yang dilal.-ukan The h1assachussets h1ale Aging Study (MMAS) pada tahun 1987-1989 yang melibatkan 1290 orang, mendapatkan angka kejadian impotensi 5% - 15% pada pria sehat usia 40 - 70 tahun. Angka ini menjadi 3 kali lipat apabila menderita diabetes melitus4. Penelitian di Indonesia yang melibatkan subyek dalam jumlah besar belum ada. Ian Effendi dkk5, mendapatkan angka kejadia11 impotensi pada pasien diabetes melitus sebesar 43% sedangkan Nasution AW dkk6, mendapatkan angka sebesar 46%. Angka yang tepat sukar ditentukan karena kelainan ini, apabila ti.dak ditanyakan, tidak selalu dikemukak.an pasien karena malu. Meskipun demikian, tidak jarang bahwa in1potensi merupakan keluhan utama yang membawa pasien maupun istrinya mengunjungi dokter.

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Diabetes mellitus is a serious health problem and according to the PAPDI survey (1993) ranks number five as a cause of hospitalization1. Based on epidemiological surveys, the frequency of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia is around 1.4% -2.3% 2. Since the discovery of insulin by Banting and Best in 1921, diabetes mellitus complications have gradually shifted to chronic complications. Impotence is one of the chronic complications of diabetes mellitus. Impotence is a condition of the inability of the penis to erect either partially or completely and/or maintain it so that it can penetrate into the vagina. 3. Research carried out by The Massachusetts Age Aging Study (MMAS) in 1987-1989 involving 1290 people, found an incidence of impotence of 5% - 15% in healthy men aged 40 - 70 years. This figure triples if you suffer from diabetes mellitus4. There is no research in Indonesia involving large numbers of subjects. Ian Effendi et al5, found that the incidence rate of impotence in diabetes mellitus patients was 43%, while Nasution AW et al6, obtained a figure of 46%. The exact figure is difficult to determine because this disorder, if not asked, is not always brought up by the patient because of embarrassment. However, it is not uncommon for in1potency to be the main complaint that brings the patient and his wife to visit the doctor."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"ABSTRAKLatar belakang: Vitamin D dianggap berperan dalam patogenesis diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1), memperbaiki kontrol metabolik dan menurunkan risiko terjadinya komplikasi mikrovaskuler.Tujuan: Mengetahui profil kadar vitamin D remaja DMT1 dan hubungan kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati dan nefropati diabetik.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang pada remaja DMT1 usia 11-21 tahun dengan lama sakit minimal satu tahun. Semua subjek dilakukan wawancara menggunakan kuesioner, pemeriksaan fisis lengkap, kadar 25(OH)D, HbA1c, rasio albumin/kreatinin urin, dan fotografi fundus.Hasil: Terdapat 49 subjek, 34 (69,4%) perempuan dan 15 (30,6%) lelaki dengan median lama sakit lima tahun (1-16 tahun). Sebanyak 96% subjek menggunakan insulin basal bolus. Median HbA1c adalah 9,5% (6,3% - 18%). Tidak ada subjek dengan kadar 25(OH)D ≥ 30 ng/mL, 6 subjek (12,2%) dengan kadar 25(OH)D 21-19 ng/mL dan 87,8% memiliki kadar 25(OH)D ≤ 20 ng/mL. Rerata kadar 25(OH)D adalah 12,6 ng/mL (SD ±5,4 ng/mL). Faktor yang berhubungan dengan kadar vitamin D adalah lama pajanan matahari (RP 13,3; 95%IK = 1,8-96, p= 0,019). Jenis pakaian, penggunaan sunblock, IMT, lama sakit, konsumsi susu tidak berhubungan dengan kadar vitamin D. Prevalens retinopati pada penelitian ini adalah 8,2%, mikroalbuminuria 28,5%, dan nefropati 16,3%. Tidak terdapat hubungan bermakna antara kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati, mikroalbuminuria, dan nefropati diabetik.Kesimpulan: Tidak ada remaja DMT1 dengan kadar vitamin D yang cukup dan tidak ada hubungan antara kadar vitamin D dengan retinopati, mikroalbuminuria, dan nefropati diabetik.;Background: Many studies showed that vitamin D involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), metabolic control and decreased the risk of microvascular complication.

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ABSTRACT

Objective: To find out the vitamin D profile in adolescence with T1DM and its association with retinopathy and nephropathy diabetic.

Methods: This was a cross sectional study performed during April to May 2015 involving T1DM adolescence aged 11-21 years old with duration of illness ≥ 1 year. We used questionnaire to know factors associated with vitamin D level. We performed physical examinations, tests for level of 25(OH)D serum, HbA1c, urine albumin/creatinine ratio and fundal photographic.

Results: There were 49 subjects, 34 female (69.4%) and 15 male (30.6%) with median duration of illness was five years (1-16 years). Most of the subjects (96%) were on basal bolus regimen. Median of HbA1c level was 9.5% (range 6.3%-18%). None of the subject had 25(OH)D level ≥ 30 ng/mL, 12.2% with 25(OH)D level of 21-19 ng/mL and 87,8% was ≤ 20 ng/mL. Mean of 25(OH)D level was 12.6 ng/mL (SD ±5.4 ng/mL). Duration of sun exposure was associated with 25(OH)D level (prevalent ratio of 13.3; 95%CI = 1.8-96, p= 0.019); While type of clothing, sunblock, body mass index, milk and juice intake were not associated with 25(OH)D level. Diabetic retinopathy was found in 4 subjects (8.2%), microalbuminuria in 14 subjects (28.5%), and nephropathy in 8 subjects (16.3%). All the subjects who suffered from microvascular complication had 25(OH)D level ≤ 20 ng/mL. None of the subjects with 25 (OH)D > 20 ng/mL suffered had microvascular complication. There was no significant association between vitamin D level with diabetic retinopathy, microalbuminuria, or diabetic nephropathy.

Conclusion: None of the adolescent with type 1 DM had sufficient vitamin D level, and 87.8% had vitamin D deficiency. There was no association between vitamin D level with diabetic retinopathy, microalbuminuria, or diabetic nephropathy."

"Latar Belakang. Terdapat dua hipotesis mengenai terjadinya diabetes melitus tipe 2 yaitu kegagalan sel beta pankreas dan resistensi insulin. Mengingat pengaruh faktor genetik pada kejadian DM tipe 2 maka diperkirakan resistensi insulin juga dipengaruhi faktor genetik. Sejauh ini data prevalensi resistensi insulin dan gambaran metabolik pads saudara kandung subyek DM tipe 2 di Indonesia belum ada.Tujuan. Mendapatkan angka prevalensi resistensi insulin pada saudara kandung subyek dengan DM tipe 2 dan mendapatkan data profil metabolik (profil lipid, IMT, lingkar perut, konsentrasi asam urat darah), tekanan darah dan distribusinya pads seluruh saudara kandung subyek dengan DM tipe 2Metodologi. Studi pendahuluan dan potong lintang dilakukan pada 30 saudara kandung subyek DM tipe 2 yang datang berobat di Poliklinik Metabolik dan Endokrinologi RSUPN Dr Cipto Mangunkusumo, untuk dilakukan wawancara, pemeriksaan fisik, konsentrasi insulin darah puasa, glukosa puasa, trigliserida, kolesterol HDL dan asam urat. Resistensi insulin ditentukan dari persentil 75 dari HOMA-IR.Hasil. Nilai cut-off HOMA-IR pada penelitian ini sebesar 2,04. Frekuensi resistensi insulin pads saudara kandung subyek DM sebesar 26,67% dengan proporsi di tiap keluarga bervariasi dari 0-75%. Semua subyek dengan resistensi insulin memiliki obesitas sentral dan sebanyak 75% memiliki IMT > 25. Komponen metabolik yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah obesitas sentral (56,7%), menyusul hipertensi (46,7%), hipokolesterol HDL dan hipertrigliseridemia masing-masing 26,6%, dan hiperglikemia (20%).Simpulan. Frekuensi resistensi insulin pada saudara kandung subyek DM tipe 2 sebesar 26,67% dengan proporsi yang bervariasi di setiap keluarga antara 0-75%. Komponen metabolik paling banyak ditemukan adalah obesitas sentral.

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Backgrounds. There are two hypothesis in the pathogenesis of type 2 DM, beta cell failure and insulin resistance. As genetic background has significant role in type 2 DM cases, insulin resistance is also suspected to be influenced by genetic factor. Thus far, there are no insulin resistance prevalence data and metabolic abnormalities among siblings of subjects with type 2 DM available in Indonesia.Objectives. To obtain prevalence figure of insulin resistance among siblings of subjects with type 2 DM and to obtain their metabolic abnormality profiles as measured by their BMI, waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, glucose intolerance, concentration of triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and uric acid.Methods. Cross-sectional study is conducted to 30 siblings of subjects with type 2 DM who are still alive and agree to participate in this study. The subjects are interviewed, physically examined and go through laboratory examination (fasting plasma insulin, plasma glucose, serum triglyceride, HDL cholesterol and uric acid concentration). Insulin resistance is derived from 75 percentile of HOMA-IR.Results. The HOMA-IR cut-off value found in this study is 2,04. The frequency of insulin resistance is 26,67% among siblings of subjects with type 2 DM within variation range of 0-75%. All of subjects with insulin resistance have central obesity. About 75% subjects with insulin resistance have BMI ? 25. The metabolic components which are frequently found in this study can be ranked as follows; central obesity (56,7%), hypertension (46,7%), hypocholesterol HDL (26,6%), hypertriglyceridemia (26,6%) and hyperglycemia (20%).Conclusion. The frequency of insulin resistance is 26,67% among siblings of subjects with type 2 DM within variation range of 0-75%. Among the metabolic components found in this study, central obesity is the most frequent."

"International diabetic federations (IDF) estimate in 2025 there will be about 333 million diabetisi in the world, and estimated number of diabetisi in Indonesia will reach 5,6 million , occupaying in level six in the world after IIndia, chinesse, Russia, Brazil and Japan. This research aim was to know relation between eating habits and physical exercise of diabetisi wiith occurance DM Complicationin RSUD Tasikmalaya. Research methods weared is survey with crossectional approach. sampel is 47 diabetisi was taken by purposive as according to criterion specified from population (89) . Data will analysed by Rank Spearman test. Result of this indicate that counted 28% diabetisi execute planning eat which is included in good category , only some of small (13%) physical execise of diabetisi which is the including good category. There is 40% of diabetisi having blood sugar rate including ugly category, and only some of small (9%) including good category, most of diabetisi have experienced of hipoglikemik (19 people), and cronic complication status a lot of diabetisi is neuropati. There was correlation between planning eating habit (p value: 0,000; p:0,532) physical exercisep (p value: 0,000; p: -0,583) with rate of sugar blood with complications status (p value : 0,000; p: 0,609). Conclusion from this research are progressively goodness of planning eating habit hence rate of blood sugar of diabetisi will be downhill, diligent to progressively do physical exercise as according to guidance which have been given hance rate of blood sugar will be occurance of status complication of diabetisi will be more easy to happened. Recommendation of this paper is improve understanding of diabetisi abaut bahavior of planning eating habits which must be accompanied by physical exercise as according to recommendation."

"Tujuan Mengetahui korelasi antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA dan CRP plasma pada penderita DM tipe 2Tempat Poliklinik Metabolik dan Endokrin Departemen Ilmu Penyakit Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Indanesia/RSUPN Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo, JakartaMetodologiPenelitian potong lintang pads 52 orang pasien DM tipe 2. Data yang diambil meliputi data demogra5, lama menderita DM tipe 2, komplikasi DM yang ada, asupan energi, lemak, dan vitamin E dengan metode food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) semikuantitatif, data laboratorium kadar vitamin E, MDA, dan CRP plasma. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan uji korelasi Pearson.HasilSubyek terdiri dari 14 orang laki-laki dan 38 orang perempuan, dengan rerata usia 49,75 ± 5,99 tahun. Rerata lama menderita DM tipe 2 adalah 64,12 ± 60,96 bulan, 53,8% berpendidikan sedang dan tinggi, 50% berada di bawah garis kemisldnan, 79,1% telah mengalami komplikasi DM tipe 2. Rerata IMT 25,89 ± 4,89 kglm2 dan 65,4% termasuk kriteria BB lebih, rerata asupan energi 1125 ± 315,13 kkal, 61,5% mengkonsumsi lemak yang berlebih, 98,1% mempunyai asupan vitamin E yang kurang. Nilai rerata kadar vitamin E plasma 25,86 ± 5,56 p.mol/L dan 98,1% subyek mempunyai kadar vitamin E normal. Rerata kadar MDA plasma 0,38 ± 0,12 unol1L dan 94,2% subyek memiliki kadar MDA normal. Rerata kadar CRP plasma 3,88 ± 3,13 mgfL dan 46,2% subyek mempunyai kadar CRP yang tinggi. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna (p >0,05) antara asupan lemak dengan kadar vitamin E plasma, dan antara asupan vitamin E dengan kadar vitamin E dan MDA plasma, serta korelasi negatif lemah dengan CRP plasma. Terdapat korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna antara kadar HbArc dengan kadar vitamin E, MDA, dan CRP plasma. Didapatkan korelasi positif lemah dan tidak bermakna (p >0,05) antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar MDA plasma, demikian pule dengan kadar CRP plasmaKesimpulanAntara kadar vitamin E dengan kadar MDA plasma terdapat korelasi positif derajat lemah yang tidak bermakna (p >0,05), demikian pula antara kadar vitamin E plasma dengan kadar CRP plasma."

"Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit yang banyak diderita penduduk dunia dari segala tingkatan sosial. Di Indonesia prevalensi DM cukup tinggi yaitu berkisar antara 1,37%.-2,3%. Dengan menurunnya insiden penyakit infeksi diIndonesia, DM sebagai penyakit degeneratif kronis cenderung meningkat dari tahun ke tahun dan akan merupakan masalah kesehatan di kemudian hari. Banyak penyulit yang akan dialami oleh penderita DM antara lain nefropati diabetik, yang proses perjalanannya progresif menuju stadia akhir berupa gagal ginjal dan akan menyebabkan kematian. Gejala dini penyakit ini dapat dikenai dengan peningkatan ekskresi albumin urin yang lebih besar .dari pada normal, tetapi belum dapat dideteksi dengan Cara konvensional. Keadaan ini disebut mikroalbuminuria atau secara klinis disebut nefropati diabetik insipien. Pada stadium ini kelainan masih bersifat reversibel dan bila dilakukan penatalaksanaan yang baik maka proses nefropati diabetik (ND) yang akan berlangsung dapat dicegah. Dengan demikian, dapat diperpanjang harapan hidup penderita DM. Penelitian ini bertujuan mendapatkan data kadar albumin urin kelompok kontrol sehat dan penderita NIDDM, membuktikan bahwa ekskresi albumin pada penderita NIDDM lebih besar dari pada kantrol sehat, serta ada korelasi antara lamanya DM dan peningkatan ekskresi albumin urin. Penelitian dilakukan terhadap 25 orang kontrol sehat dan 100 penderita DM yang dibagi menjadi 4 kelompok, tiap kelompok 25 orang, menurut lamanya penderita diabetes yaitu kelompok DM I (<2 tahun), kelompok DM II (2-5tahun), kelompok DM III (5-10 tahun) dan kelompok DM IV (> l0 tahun). Urin kumpulan 12 jam (semalam) diperiksa terhadap albumin (makroalbumin) dengan carik celup Combur-9, kadar albumin kuantitatif dengan Cara RIA dan juga dihitung kecepatan ekskresinya. Sebelumnya dilakukan pemeriksaan penyaring untuk menyingkirkan faktor-faktor lain yang dapat menyebabkan peningkatan proteinuria. Pada kelompok kontrol sehat didapatkan rata-rata kadar albumin urin (KAU) adalah 3,45 ug/ml (SD3,65 ug/ml; rentang nilai 2,02 - 4,90 ug/ml) dan rata-rata kecepatan ekskresi albumin urin (KEAU) 2,74 ug/menit {5D=2,60 ug/menit, rentang nilai 1,72-3,76 ug/menit), sedangkan pada kelompok DM didapatkan nilai rata-rata yang lebih besar dari pada kelompok kontrol sehat dan secara statistik ada perbedaan bermakna (p<0,05). Dari 100 penderita NIIDM yang diperiksa dengan carik celup Combur-9 didapatkan 91 penderita memberikan basil negatif dan 9 penderita positif. Dan dari 91 penderita ini bila diperiksa dengan RIA ternyata ada 10 penderita (11%) berdasarkan KAU dan 21 penderita (23,1%) berdasarkan KEAU telah menunjukkan mikroalbuminuria. Dari keseluruhan 100 penderita NIIDM berdasarkan KAU didapatkan 617. normaalbuminuria, 14% mikroalbuminuria dan 5x makroalbuminuria. Sedangkan berdasarkan KEAU didapatkan 70% normoalbuminuria, 26% mikroalbuminuria dan 4% makroalbuminuria. Hasil pemeriksaan KAU dan KEAU pada penderita DM sangat bervariasi, namun dapat dilihat bahwa rata-rata KAU dan KEAU makin meningkat dengan bertambah lamanya menderita DM dan pada perhitunaan statistik ada korelasi antara lamanya DM dan meningkatnya eksxresi albumin urin (r=0,36). Juga didapatkan bahwa dengan bertambah lamanya DM, prevalensi mikroalbuminuria makin meningkat. Antara lamanya DM dan tingginya kadar glukosa darah tidak ada korelasi (r=0,04), sedangkan antara tingginya kadar glukosa darah dengan KAU dan KEAU didapatkan adanya korelasi yang cukup bail: yaitu r=0,47 an 0,56). Prevalensi mikroalbuminuria didapatkan lebih tinggi bila dinyatakan dengan KEAU dari pada KAU, sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa pemeriksaan berdasarkan KEAU Iebih sensitif dari pada KAU. Oleh karena itu dianjurkan memeriksa KEAU untuk menentukan adanya mikroalbuminuria?"