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"Background: Depression is a significant geriatric problem. It will be a major health problem in developing nations by the year 2020. Signs and symptoms of depression among elderly people are usually so unspecific that they are often considered as a part of getting old. No wonder so many elderly depression cases remain uncured. When depression is under-diagnosed, the various problems accompanied with it will make the bio-psychosocial condition of the patient worsen. There is no primary data on the prevalence of depression in the Indonesian elderly population, especially in Eastern Indonesian conflict areas.Objective: The objective was to determine the prevalence and the severity of depression, as well as cognitive function in elderly subjects living in the conflict area in Buru Island, Maluku.Design: This study was designed as a survey, conducted in the Northeast Buru Region, Maluku, from March to May 2003. Questionnaires on the validated Geriatric Depression Scale and Mini Mental State Evaluation were performed by trained native speaker paramedics for the identification of depression, the severity of depression, and cognitive function. The 401 elderly people that participated in this survey ranged in age from 60 to 120 years. As many as 215 (53.6%) were women, and 223 (55.6%) were uneducated.Results: The prevalence of depression was 52.4%. A hundred and eighty seven subjects (94 females and 93 males) aged 60-120 years were in the mild depression category, and 23 subjects (14 females and 9 males) aged 60-85 years were severely depressed. While 82.6% elderly in severe depression category had an MMSE Score of less than 24 (dementia), 74.7% had mild depression, and only 57.1% of the elderly had no depression and received MMSE score less than 24. The majority of complaints among depression subjects were that they were bothered by thoughts they cannot get out of their head, they frequently worry about the future, they often became restless and fidgety, got bored, felt helpless, downhearted and blue, felt like crying, and that their life was empty. Seventy eight percents mild depressive elderly still enjoy getting up in the morning and 68% were hopeful about the future, which was on the contrary to the subjects with severe depression, where only 35% had these two positive outlooks.Conclusions: The prevalence of depression in Buru Island community was high, even though most of them were in the mild depression category. The worse the depression, the higher the percentage of cognitive impairment. There was still enough willingness to get better among subjects with mild depression. We need to think about the possibility of Post Traumatic Stress Disorder in the elderly population of this conflict area.Suggestions: Medical practitioners in conflict areas need to increase their awareness of depression and cognitive impairment among elderly people. Geriatrician and psychogeriatric experts are needed to ensure that the problem of depression in the elderly does not worsen in conflict areas. Further studies are needed to detect Post Traumatic Stress Disorder."

"Dalam kajian ini dilakukan studi literatur mengenai konsep kemiskinan dan pengamatan ke lokasi penelitian untuk mendeteksi siapakah penduduk miskin itu? Kemudian mencari alternatif kebijakan yang sesuai dengan kondisi spesifik lokal untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan, dan akhirnya menggali serta memahami kearifan penduduk lokal dalam hubungannya dengan upaya preventif untuk menanggulangi kemiskinan. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode survei dengan observasi langsung, in-depth interview dan diskusi kelompok fokus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konsep kemiskinan bersifat banyak sisi (multifaset). Orang Bupolo dan petani Surade sama-sama mengolah lahan sempit. Petani Surade miskin karena tidak mempunyai lahan atau memiliki lahan tetapi dengan skala usaha yang relatif kecil. Orang Bupolo memiliki tanah yang relatif luas tetapi mempunyai keterbatasan akses pada teknologi, hidup terisolasi karena tidak mempunyai akses terhadap sarana dan prasarana sosial ekonomi maupun komunikasi, sehingga mereka hidup miskin dan hanya cukup untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan sehari-hari. Jadi definisi kemiskinan perlu diperluas meliputi akses terhadap infrastruktur sosial ekonomi, keluar dari keterisolasian, ketidakberdayaan, dan kebebasan mengeluarkan pendapat, serta memperoleh keadilan dalam pembangunan. Kemiskinan tidak bisa didefinisikan secara tunggal yakni dari kacamata pemenuhan kebutuhan kalori semata sebagaimana yang dilakukan Biro Pusat Statistik (BPS) selama ini, karena pada hakekatnya definisi kemiskinan tidak hanya bersifat relatif tetapi juga dinamis.

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Literature reviews on the concept of poverty and local observation on the field study were employed to investigate who the poor are, in order to seek alternative policies according to specific local conditions to combat poverty, and to see local wisdom in a preventive effort to reduce poverty. Survey methodology, in-depth interviews and focus groups discussions were used in this study. The findings suggest that the concept of poverty is multifacet. Both Bupolo people and Surade farmers cultivate small land. While Surade farmers are poor with no or limited land size and with relatively small scales' business, Bupolo people have relatively larger land size but have limited technology access, and less access to social economic infrastructure, making them poor and only able to survive with food daily. The concept of poverty needs to be extended to include access to social economic infrastructure, remoteness, disempowerment, freedom of speech, and fairness in development. Poverty cannot be defined individually solely from the context of the calorie fulfilment as a standard used by BPS. However, in principle, the concept of poverty cannot only be defined as a relative, but also dynamic concept."

"Depression is a significant problem that is common among elderly patients. The prevalence is quite high, effecting approximately 15% of the population of over 65 years.1 Among patients with chronic diseases and those with a longer care the prevalence of depression is even higher, which is 10% to 60%. Several studies demonstrate that the comorbidity of depression and physical diseases a patient suffers creates a worse prognosis and increases mortality.2'3 Disease management becomes more difficult and not optimal because depression could cause the patient to eat less and become less cooperative in following the treatment, thus resulting in a poorer medical condition.Depression is generally commonly found in the elderly. Nevertheless, diagnosing depression in the elderly is not easy. Approximately 60% of depression patients have a co-morbid physical disease.2Detection of depression among geriatric patients is often delayed due to unspecific symptoms. Delayed detection results in delayed management, which has a bad impact on the patient's medical condition and response to treatment. This is also why co-morbidity of diseases and depression has a higher mortality rate. The following are several cases of hospitalized patients suffering from depression and a co-morbid illness"

"[Penuaan merupakan proses alami pada usia lanjut. Tugas perkembangan psikososial lanjut usia yaitu pencapaian integritas diri. Terapi Reminiscence merupakan salah satu terapi untuk penanganan psikososial pada lansia dengan mengingat dan mengkaji kembali memori masa lalu. Tujuan penelitian ini mengetahui pengaruh terapi individu Reminiscence terhadap depresi pada lansia di panti sosial. Metode penelitian ini Quasi Eksperimental Pre-Post Test with Control Group. Sampel penelitian secara total sampling berjumlah 60 responden, terdiri dari 31 lansia kelompok intervensi dan 29 lansia kelompok kontrol yang mengalami depresi dengan harga diri rendah. Terapi individu Reminiscence diberikan dalam 5 sesi terapi. Analisis data dengan Mann-Whitney. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terjadi penurunan yang bermakna kondisi depresi pada lansia setelah pemberian terapi individu Reminiscence (Pvalue<0,05). Terapi individu Reminiscence digunakan untuk mengatasi depresi pada lansia di panti sosial. Program pelayanan psikososial perlu dikembangkan untuk mengatasi depresi pada lansia baik di panti sosial maupun di masyarakat.;Aging is a natural process in oldest old. The psychosocial development of the elderly to enhance self-integration. Reminiscence therapy is one of psychosocial treatment for elderly using memory recall of one’s life event in the past. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of individual reminiscence therapy on depression among elderly in the social homes. The study design was Quasi-Eksperimental Pre-Post Test with Control Group. A total of 60 elderly people were recruited in this study and assigned into two groups, 31 participants in the intervention group and 29 participants in the control group. Those participants in the intervention group received reminiscence therapy five sessions. Data analysize with Mann-Whitney. After providing individual reminiscence therapy in the intervention group, a significant decrease in depression as compared to those in the control group was found (P value < 0,05). The individual reminiscence therapy is useful to overcome depression among elderly in social homes, Aging is a natural process in oldest old. The psychosocial development of the elderly to enhance self-integration. Reminiscence therapy is one of psychosocial treatment for elderly using memory recall of one’s life event in the past. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of individual reminiscence therapy on depression among elderly in the social homes. The study design was Quasi-Eksperimental Pre-Post Test with Control Group. A total of 60 elderly people were recruited in this study and assigned into two groups, 31 participants in the intervention group and 29 participants in the control group. Those participants in the intervention group received reminiscence therapy five sessions. Data analysize with Mann-Whitney. After providing individual reminiscence therapy in the intervention group, a significant decrease in depression as compared to those in the control group was found (P value < 0,05). The individual reminiscence therapy is useful to overcome depression among elderly in social homes]"

"Lansia akan mengalami penurunan dan perubahan pada berbagai aspek, dan ketika lansia mampu menyesuaikan diri terhadap perubahan akan mencapai integritas diri namun bila tidak mampu menyesuaikan dapat menyebabkan keputusasaan hingga depresi. Terapi kelompok terapeutik (TKT) merupakan tindakan yang dilakukan untuk mempersiapkan tahap dan tugas perkembangan psikososial pada lansia dan psikoedukasi keluarga (FPE) merupakan terapi kepada keluarga untuk membantu dalam perawatan lansia. Tujuan karya ilmiah ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh terapi kelompok terapeutik dan psikoedukasi keluarga terhadap integritas diri dan depresi pada lansia. Desain penelitian yang digunakan yaitu operational research dengan menggunakan TKT dan FPE untuk mencapai integritas dan mencegah depresi bagi lansia. Responden dari kegiatan ini ditentukan secara purpose sampling dan sampel kegiatan ini sejumlah 34 lansia dimana 19 mendapatkan TKT dan FPE kemudian 15 lansia mendapatkan TKT. Hasilnya setelah diberikan terapi TKT dan FPE terdapat peningkatan integritas diri tidak signifikan (p value >0,05) dan penurunan tingkat depresi lansia secara signifikan (p value <0,05). Pada kelompok dengan TKT terdapat penurunan tingkat depresi secara signifikan (p value <0,05) dan peningkatan integritas diri tidak signifikan (p value >0,05). Terdapat perbedaan tidak signifikan (p value >0,05) antara kelompok yang diberikan terapi TKT dan FPE dengan kelompok yang diberikan TKT.

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The elderly will experience a decline and change in various aspects, and when the elderly are able to adapt to changes they will achieve self-integrity, but if they are not able to adjust, they can lead to despair and depression. Therapeutic group therapy (TKT) is a therapy taken to prepare for the stages and tasks of psychosocial development in the elderly and family psychoeducation (FPE) is a therapy for families to assist in the care of the elderly. The purpose of this scientific work is to determine the effect of therapeutic group therapy and family psychoeducation on self-integrity and depression in the elderly. The research design used is operational research using TKT and FPE to achieve integrity and prevent depression for the elderly. Respondents from this activity were determined by purpose sampling and the sample of this activity was 34 elderly, of which 19 received TKT and FPE, then 15 elderly received TKT. The result, after being given TKT and FPE therapy, there was an insignificant increase in self-integrity (p value > 0.05) and a significant decrease in the level of depression in the elderly (p value < 0.05). In the group with TKT there was a significant decrease in the level of depression (p value <0.05) and an insignificant increase in self-integrity (p value> 0.05). There was no significant difference (p value > 0.05) between the group given TKT and FPE therapy and the group given TKT"

"ABSTRAKThis paper discusses strategies of appropriation of narrative heritage in literate and narrative histories on the island of Kisar. It shows that notwithstanding their sometimes literate characteristics, storytelling in competitive contexts still follows strategies that are typical for oral performances. This paper questions in how far literate and narrative historiographies can and ought to be separated from each other in Southwest Maluku. This paper has been written in the framework of the project The Orphans of the Dutch East Indies Company, funded by The Dutch Culture Centre for International Cooperation. We like to thank Gerlov van Engelenhoven, Charles Katipana, and Geert Snoeijer for the much needed discussions and reflections. Of course, we are the only ones to blame for any shortcomings in the text."

"Woirata (or Oirata, see Van Engelenhoven in this volume) is closely related to Fataluku (Timor-Leste) and belongs to the Timor-Leste subgroup of the Timor-Alor-Pantar language family (TAP) together with Makalero and Makasai (Schapper, Huber, and Van Engelenhoven 2012). It has about 1,566 speakers. Taber (1993) suggests that there are 24 languages in Southwest Maluku of which 23 are Austronesian; Woirata is the only non-Austronesian language in the area. It is interesting to research in how far Woirata has been influenced by Austronesian languages. Because the Woirata and other people who live on Kisar Island, like the Meher, are using Melayu Tenggara Jauh (MTJ) as their lingua franca, one may expect deep language contact between Woirata and MTJ. This multilingual situation suggests a contact induced language change of Woirata, imposed by MTJ. This contribution aims to describe the causative constructions in Woirata and compare them with the counterpart constructions in MTJ and Meher."