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"This paper investigates caste /ethnicity based inequity in women's health service utilization, particularly focusing on antenatal care (ANC) in the socioculturally complex patriarchal context of Nepal. Numerous studies worldwide have examined the effects of various factors contributing to antenatal care. However, much less is known about the influence of caste/ ethnicity on women's health-care utilization in Nepal. Using the nationally representative Nepal Demographic Health Survey (NDHS) Data 2011, a multilevel logistic regression was run with results suggesting that both non-economic (caste/ethnicity) and economic (household wealth) factors influence women's health-care utilization. First, women who belong to a disadvantaged caste/ethnicity such as the Hill Janajafi, Hill and Terai Dalit and Muslims are significantly less likely to make four plus antenatal care visits compared to the advantaged Bahun/Chhetri mothers. Second, mothers who belong to the wealthier category are significantly advantaged in terms of using antenatal care services compared to the poorest category of mothers. Third, contrary to the common assumption, mothers from the advantaged caste/ethnicity (Bahun/Chhetri and Newar) do not always fare better in all aspects of life; when from the poorest households, they are not significantly different in terms of antenatal care compared the poorest mothers who are from a disadvantaged caste/ethnicity. Tliese findings offer evidence against the misassumption that individuals of advantaged caste/ ethnicities are always privileged, suggesting that health policies should take into account the intertwining effects of both caste/ethnicity and economic status in order to improve women's health and well-being."

"ABSTRAKTren partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan di Indonesia tidak menunjukkan peningkatan yang signifikan, sementara kepemilikan jumlah anak setiap perempuan mengalami penurunan. Berbagai penelitian menyebutkan bahwa hubungan diantara keduanya adalah negatif. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat perbedaan dampak anak terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan kawin di Indonesia sepanjang 1979-2017. Data yang digunakan adalah data Susenas 1979, 1992, 1998, 2008, dan 2017. Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi binomial probit. Hasil analisis deskriptif menunjukkan kecenderungan penurunan yang tajam pada paritas perempuan kawin di Indonesia, namun tidak diimbangi dengan peningkatan partisipasi angkatan kerja. Hasil inferensial menunjukkan bahwa pada tahun 1979-1998 secara konsisten paritas memberikan pengaruh dengan arah negatif dan magnitude yang sangat kecil terhadap partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan kawin, sementara pada tahun 2008 dan 2017 pengaruh paritas tidak lagi signifikan. Faktor yang paling besar mempengaruhi partisipasi angkatan kerja perempuan kawin adalah pendidikan.

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ABSTRACT Female labor force participation trend in Indonesia did not show a significant increase, while the number of children per woman decreased. Various studies found that the relationship between them is negative. This study aims to know the difference of children effect on the labor force participation of married woman in Indonesia during 1979 2017. This study uses Susenas data from 1979, 1992, 1998, 2008, and 2017. The analysis method used is binomial probit regression. Descriptive analysis results show a sharp decline trend in married women parity in Indonesia, but not accompanied by increasing labor force participation. Inferential results show that parity had a very small negative effect on the participation of female labor force, while in 2008 and 2017 the parity effect was no longer significant. The biggest factor affecting the participation of the married women workforce is education"

"This study examines the correlation between women’s employment and individual household members’ food security. It demonstrates that the trade-offs between women’s decision to enter the workforce and family members’ food security may depend on other factors such as household’s buying power, the existence of men’s employment within the household, and individual’s age. By utilizing the Indonesian longitudinal dataset from the Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) data at the individual level and binary logistic method, this study’s results show a positive correlation between having at least one woman working in one’s household and one’s food security status. The heterogeneity analysis results clarified that employment can benefit not only the well-being of women themselves but also enhance the food security of all members of her household, without any significant difference on the income and expenditure group of the household or whether there are working men in the household.

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Studi ini mengkaji korelasi antara pekerjaan perempuan dan ketahanan pangan masing-masing anggota rumah tangga dan menunjukkan bahwa trade-off antara keputusan perempuan untuk memasuki dunia kerja dan ketahanan pangan anggota keluarga mungkin bergantung pada faktor-faktor lain seperti daya beli rumah tangga, keberadaan laki-laki. pekerjaan dalam rumah tangga, dan usia individu. Dengan memanfaatkan data longitudinal Indonesia dari data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) pada tingkat individu dan metode logistic biner, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat korelasi positif antara memiliki setidaknya satu perempuan yang bekerja di rumah tangga dan status ketahanan pangan seseorang. Analisis heterogenitas menunjukkan bahwa memiliki pekerjaan tidak hanya memberikan manfaat bagi kesejahteraan perempuan itu sendiri tetapi juga meningkatkan ketahanan pangan seluruh anggota rumah tangganya, tanpa adanya perbedaan yang signifikan pada kelompok pendapatan dan pengeluaran rumah tangga tersebut atau apakah terdapat laki-laki yang bekerja di rumah tangga tersebut."