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"ABSTRAKGigi yang lebih putih sering dianggap lebih menarik dari lebih sehat. Agar lebih putih orang seringkali melakukan pemutihan gigi dengan bahan karbamid peroksida. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi karbamid peroksida 10 % dan stannous fluorida 0,4 % pada kristalit hidroksiapatit dalam email gigi dengan metode difraksi sinar-x. Sebagai pembanding digunakan bahan perendam hidrogen peroksida 10 % dan sebagai kontrol digunakan akuades. Aplikasi bahan perendam dilakukan selama 192 jam, dengan penggantian bahan setiap 8 jam dan perendaman akuades 8 jam di antara waktu penggantian bahan perendam. Perendaman dilakukan pada suhu 37°C dan kelembaban 100%, sesuai kondisi di dalam mulut. Pemeriksaan difraksi sinar-x dilakukan setelah perendarnan 96 dan 192 jam. Selain penghitungan ukuran kristalit, dilakukan juga penghitungan konstanta kisi dan regangan (strain). Dari penelitian ini diketahui bahwa penggunaan bahan perendam karbamid peroksida, stannous fluorida, kombinasi kedua bahan dan hidrogenperoksida tidak menyebabkan perubahan ukuran kristalit dan konstanta kisi kristal hidroksiapatit email gigi secara bermakna, tetapi mengubah regangan dalam butir kristal secara berarti.Dari pemeriksaan difraksi sinar-x terlihat bahwa kristal hidroksiapatit pada bagian fasial email gigi memiliki preferred orientation pada bidang [002]. Untuk melihat keadaan permukaan sampel dilakukan pemeriksaan dengan mikroskop elektron (SEM) yang menunjukkan terjadinya perubahan pada perrnukaan email gigi akibat perendaman dalam karbamid peroksida, stannous fluorida dan hidrogen peroksida. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh keasaman perendam dilakukan pemeriksaan pH dengan pH-meter digital. Hasil pemeriksaan menunjukkan bahwa derajat keasaman (pH) bahan perendam tidak berpengaruh terhadap kerusakan pada email gigi.

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ABSTRACT

Carbamide peroxide has recently been widely used as a vital tooth whitener. The successful result and the simple use of the material have captured the esthetic interest of the dental practitioners. On the other hand, in some cases this bleaching material can cause pulpal sensitivity that can be cured by using stannous fluoride gel.

The purpose of this experiment is to study the influence of 10 % carbamide peroxide and 0,4 % stannous fluoride application on the crystallite of hydroxyapatite in tooth enamel, by using x-ray diffraction method. Hydrogen peroxide solution and aquadest are used as control. The materials are applied for 8 hours in incubator with 37°C dan 100 % humidity, for total 192 hours.Then it can be concluded that carbamide peroxide and stannous fluoride do not influence neither the crystallite size of tooth enamel nor the lattice parameters, but they influence the strain in crystal.

The x-ray diffraction on the facial surface of enamel shows preferred orientation patern at [002]. The application of the carbamide peroxide and hydrogen peroxide materials cause damage on the tooth enamel surfaces that can be detected by scanning electron microscope. In this experiment, the acidity of the materials is detected by digital pH-meter."

"Skripsi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek penyikatan pada permukaan email terhadap nilai kekasarannya setelah pemaparan gel theobromine 200 mg/L dengan durasi berbeda (8 menit, 16 menit, 32 menit) dan dengan pemaparan gel NaF 2% (16 menit), menggunakan Mitutoyo SJ 301, Jepang. Digunakan 24 spesimen gigi manusia premolar atas yang dibagi dalam empat kelompok. Analisa statistik dengan Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman menunjukkan penurunan nilai kekasaran pada semua spesimen setelah pemaparan gel theobromine dan peningkatan nilai kekasaran kembali setelah penyikatan. Nilai kekasaran kelompok gel theobromine (32 menit) setelah penyikatan masih lebih rendah daripada kekasaran awalnya.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of brushing on enamel surface roughness after different exposure times from 200 mg/L theobromine gel (8 minutes, 16 minutes, 32 minutes) and of 2% NaF gel (16 minutes), using Mitutoyo SJ 301, Japan. Twenty four specimens of human upper premolar teeth were used and divided into four groups. Kruskal Wallis dan Friedman tests showed a decrease in roughness values after theobromine gel exposure in all specimens and an increase in roughness values after brushing. Surface roughness values of theobromine gel exposure (32 minutes) after brushing were lower than initial roughness."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh ekstrak teh hijau dalam pasta gigi terhadap kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi. Spesimen gigi manusia yang telah didemineralisasi menggunakan asam sitrat diaplikasikan larutan pasta gigi yang mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5-15%. Bagian email gigi diuji dengan alat uji kekerasan Knoop. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan kekerasan email setelah diaplikasikan pasta gigi mengandung ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5%, 10% dan 15% (p<0,05). Namun peningkatan kekerasan ini tidak berbeda bermakna antara tiap konsentrasi ekstrak teh hijau. Disimpulkan bahwa ekstrak teh hijau konsentrasi 5% dalam pasta gigi sudah dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email yang mengalami demineralisasi.

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The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of green tea contained toothpaste to demineralized enamel hardness. Human tooth specimen which has been immersed in citric acid were applied by toothpaste containing green tea extract concentration 5-15% and enamel hardness were tested with Knoop Microhardness Tester. The application of toothpaste containing green tea extract 5%, 10% and 15% can increase the hardness of demineralized enamel (p<0,05). However, the increasing hardness number was not significantly different between green tea extract concentrations. Green tea extract contained toothpaste with concentration 5% can increase the hardness number of demineralized enamel. "

"Menganalisa efek susu dan teh hitam terhadap demineralisasi email gigi. Mahkota 30 gigi premolar dipersiapkan membentuk kubus gigi (6mm3). Permukaan oklusal dibentuk jendela oklusal dengan menggunakan stiker berukuran 3x5mm2 dan seluruh permukaan gigi lainnya dilapisi dengan varnis tahan asam. Sampel dibagi secara acak ke dalam tiga kelompok dan direndam selama 26 menit dalam larutan remineralisasi: Grup A-susu dan teh hitam ; Grup B-susu ; Grup C-akuabides. Setelah 3 hari perendaman dalam larutan demineralisasi dengan pH 4.4, gigi di scan menggunakan micro-CT. Demineralisasi ditunjukkan dengan mean grey value (MGV). MGV dan standar deviasi pada tiap kelompok secara berurutan adalah: 90.78 ± 19.09, 98.14 ± 24.01, 81.10 ± 20.29. MGV antara ketiga kelompok berbeda bermakna (p<0.05), kecuali antara grup A dan B. Aplikasi menggunakan susu saja menunjukkan efek protektif yang lebih tinggi terhadap demineralisasi dibandingkan dengan aplikasi susu dan teh hitam.

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This study is aimed to analyze the effect of milk and tea on demineralization of tooth enamel. The coronal parts of 30 sound premolars were prepared into tooth blocks (6mm3). An unvarnished occlusal surface window was created for each tooth by covering the occlusal surface with a 3x5mm2 sticker and painting other surfaces with an acid-resistant varnish. These blocks were randomly allocated into three groups immersed in remineralizing solutions for 26 minutes, respectively: Group A - milk and tea; Group B - milk ; and Group C - deionezed water. After 3 days immersion in a buffered demineralization solution at pH 4.4, micro-CT scans were taken. Demineralization was represented by the mean grey value (MGV). MGV and the standard deviation for each group respectively is: 90.78 ± 19.09, 98.14 ± 24.01, 81.10 ± 20.29. The MGV between the three groups were statistically significant (p<0.05), except between group A and B. Application using only milk showed higher protective effect against demineralization compared to application using milk and black tea."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu paparan gel theobromine terhadap kekerasan permukaan email setelah demineralisasi dengan asam sitrat 1%. Spesimen email direndam asam sitrat 1% selama 2,5 menit lalu kemudian dipapar oleh gel theobromine 200 mg/l selama 16, 48 dan 96 menit. Nilai kekerasan email diuji menggunakan Knoop Microhardness Tester Shimadzu, Japan. Uji Wilcoxon dan Mann-Whitney menunjukkan bahwa terjadi penurunan nilai kekerasan email secara bermakna (p<0,05) setelah demineralisasi dengan asam sitrat 1% sebesar 35%-39%. Gel theobromine 200 mg/l dapat meningkatkan kekerasan email secara bermakna (p<0,05) yang telah didemineralisasi oleh asam sitrat 1%.

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The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different exposure time of theobromine gel on enamel microhardness after demineralization with 1% citric acid. Specimens were immersed in 1% citric acid solution for 2.5 minutes and then were exposed to theobromine gel 200 mg/l for 16, 48 and 96 minutes. Enamel microhardness value was tested using Knoop Microhardness Tester Shimadzu Japan. Wilcoxon and Mann-Whitney test showed significant reduction (p<0,05) of microhardness value for all specimens after demineralization with 1% citric acid about 35-39%. Theobromine gel could increase enamel microhardness significantly (p<0,05) after deminerlization with 1% citric acid."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui apakah teh berpengaruh terhadap daya kelarutan email. Besar sampel bubuk email yang akan diteliti adalah 18, dan masing-masing sampel dibuat dari 5 lempeng email gigi premolar yang dicabut untuk keperluan perawatan meratakan gigi. Sebelum dihaluskan lempeng email dipisahkan secara acak menjadi 3 kelompok percobaan T1, T2, T3 dan 3 kelompok kontrol K1, K2, K3. Setiap kelompok ini dibagi lagi menjadi 3 kelompok kecil sebagai sampel yang masing-masing terdiri dari 5 lempeng email. Masing-masing sampel direndam 3x/hari 3 menit untuk kelompok T1 dan Kl direndam selama l minggu, kelompok T2 dan K2 direndam selama 2minggu, dan kelompok T3 dan K3 direndam selama 3 minggu.Sampel kelompok percobaan direndam teh, dan sampel kelompok kontrol direndam aquabidestilata Setelah proses perendaman selesai masing-masing sampel dihaluskan, dan diayak dengan kehalusan - 250 mesh, diambil seberat 500 mg, dan dititrasi dengan 100 ml asam asetat 0,01 mol/L pH 4. Bubuk email dari masing-masing sampel yang tidak larut setelah dititrasi disaring dengan kertas saring, dikeringkan dengan oven, dan ditimbang kembali. Data bubuk email yang larut dianalisis secara statistik untuk melihat kelarutan email.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya perbedaan bermakna ( p"

"Indonesian Journal of Dentistry 2006; Edisi Khusus KPPIKG XIV: 198-201Radiotherapy plays an important role in the management of head and neck carcinoma therapy. The radiation dose range from 40-70Gy, depends on the severity and location of the malignancy. Many patientsexperience an increased dental caries or sensitivity occurence following radiotherapy. The objective of this study is to analyze the enamel micro-structure changes after irradiation. Nine polished enamel slabs were prepared from impacted 3rd molars. The slabs were flushed in non-ionic distilled water and dried by using air spray and divided into 3 groups, the control, 20Gy and 40Gy irradiation group. lrradiations were performed from Co60 using Gammacell-220E, with duration variables to produce the irradiation doses of 20 and 40Gy. Philips PW370-XRD was used to examine specimen microstructure changes after irradiation. I-way ANOVA was used for statistics analyze. lt was revealed that grain size after 40Gy irradiation was 66.29±2.7 nm, andafter 20 Gy was 51.64±15.8 whilst 43.95±11.1 nm for the control group. The micro-strain deviation of the 40Gy group was 0.594±0.15 N/m, and 0.45±0.26 N/m for the 20Gy group, and 0.378±0.27 N/m for control group. Statistic analysis showed significant grain size differences between 40Gy compared to both 20Gy and control group, but not between 40Gy compared to the control group. Similarly, there were micro-strain differences between 40Gy compared to 20Gy and control groups, but not between 20Gy compare to control group. It was concluded that irradiation with 40Gy caused elevation of the enamel microstrain and apatite grain size. Elevation of the enamel microstrain could lead to enamel crack and gave hypersensitive sensation."

"Rosela mengandung zat warna berupa antosianin. Untuk mengetahui pengaruh lama perendaman terhadap perubahan warna email, digunakan 10 buah spesimen gigi sapi yang direndam dalam larutan ekstrak kelopak bunga rosela selama 15 menit, 30 menit, 45 menit, dan 60 menit. Nilai perubahan warna diperoleh dengan menggunakan VITA Easyshade dan rumus CIEL*a*b*. Hasil uji Repeated ANOVA menunjukkan nilai ?L*, ?a*, ?b*, dan perubahan warna (?E) yang bermakna antara perendaman 15 menit, 30 menit, 45 menit, dan 60 menit (p<0,05). Larutan ekstrak kelopak bunga rosela dapat menyebabkan perubahan warna email.

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Roselle contains anthocyanins, a group of color pigment . This research was conducted to determine the effect of tooth immersion duration in roselle extract solution on enamel discoloration using 10 bovine teeth for 15 minutes, 30 minutes, 45 minutes, and 60 minutes of exposure. Color was measured using VITA Easyshade and CIEL*a*b* color scale. Differences in ?L*, ?a*, ?b*, and ?E were analyzed using repeated ANOVA. There were significant differences between control and treatment groups (p<0,05). Roselle extract solution could cause discoloration of enamel."

"ABSTRAKThe purpose of this study was to determine the different fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with Conventional and High Viscosity Glass Ionomer Cement. Samples in this study were 20 non-carious primary maxillary incisors. Samples were divided into 2 groups (10 samples for each group) which were: group I filled with Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and group II filled with High Viscosity. All samples were put in saline solution for 7 days. Each sample was divided into 3 areas in 20 um2 square, making 30 data for every group. The different fluor uptake was observed with Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrophotometry (EDS) and the results are in graphic. T-test showed significant difference of fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth between Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement and High Viscosity Glass lonomer Cement filling (t- 2.36, p-0.025). Fluor uptake in enamel of primary teeth filled with High Viscosity Glass lonomer Cement was much more than Conventional Glass Ionomer Cement."

"Flouride intrusion into enamel surface is one of the important factors of success in topical flouridation. Objective: to compare EDX and flourescence measurement methods of flouride intrusion into enamel surface after anchovy application. Methods: 5 extracted impacted third molars were immersed in sterile saline solution for 24 hours. The buccal surfaces of the teeth were painted with nail varnish, and a window of 5 mm2 at the center of each surface was left unpainted. Dried anchovies from the market were heated and powdered, and 5 g of this anchovy powder was diluted in 100 ml deionized distilled water to prepare an anchovy solution. The teeth were immersed in the anchovy solution for 5 min twice a day with 3 hours intervals. Immersions were repeated for 9 days. After immersion, the teeth were cut transversally through the window. The occlusal portions of the specimens were prepared for microscopic slides at ± 40um thickness. The cervical portions of the teeth were used as EDX specimens. Olympus BX41TF Fluorescence microscope was used to measure flourescence bandwidth. LEO scanning electron microscope with micro analyzer was used to measure flouride intrusion. Increment steps of 5um from outer edge of the enamel to inner side were used as the points of EDX analysis. Paired t-test was used to analyze the intrusion results. Results: Flouride intrusion depth measured using the flourescence method was 11.49 ± 0.71 um, while from the results of EDX analysis the average depth of flouride intrusion was 20.24 ± 0.57 um. Statistical analysis showed significant difference between the two methods. Conclusion: Intrusion measurement using EDX analysis gives higher flouride intrusion than the flourescence method."