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"ABSTRAKAgroekosistem adalah suatu lingkungan binaan dan menjadi bagian dari ekosistem alam yang didominasi oleh manusia dan tanaman pertanian. Keanekaragaman hayati yang rendah dan ekosistemnya yang tidak stabil, menyebabkan terjadi eksplosi hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman (OPT). Kondisi tersebut menjadi kendala utama bagi lingkungan produksi sayuran di Kabupaten Dati II Banjamegara Jawa Tengah.Pada sistem konvensional, penggunaan pestisida yang intensif dianggap sebagai cara pengendalian OPT yang efektif, Namun demikian, cara tersebut memiliki dampak negatif seperti: tercernarnya tanah dan air, ancaman bagi kesehatan manusia, dan tidak efisiennya usaha tani. Untuk menanggulangi permasalahan tersebut, di Indonesia telah diterapkan sistem pengendalian hama terpadu (PHT) untuk tanaman padi pada tahun 1989 dan untuk tanaman sayuran pada tahun 1992.Sistem PHT adalah suatu konsep atau filosofi untuk menanggulangi masalah hama melalui pendekatan ekologi dan ekonomi. Ada tiga konsepsi dasar PHT yaitu: pengamatan agroekosistem, konsepsi ambang ekonomi (AE), dan konsepsi pelestarian lingkungan. Dalam program PHT, petani dilatih memahami konsepsi dasar itu melalui sekolah lapangan pengendalian hama terpadu (SLPHT) yang berlokasi di lahan milik petani, dengan proses belajar berdasarkan pengalaman, agar petani dapat menerapkan teknologi PHT di lahannya sendiri.Tujuan dari studi ini ialah untuk mengetahui dampak implemetasi sistem PHT dibandingkan dengan sistem Konvensional pada komponen lingkungan yang meliputi: pendapatan usaha tani kentang dan kubis, keanekaragaman spesies serangga di pertanaman kentang/kubis, serta kadar residu pestisida di dalam hasil panen, tanah dan air larian yang berasal dari pertanaman kentang/kubis yang menerapkan sistem PHT dan sistem konvensional.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Ex Post Facto atau kausal komparatif dengan metode penetapan sampel Purposive Sampling dan Simple Random Sampling. Penelitian dilaksanakan di dataran tinggi Dieng Kabupaten Dati II Banjarnegara mulai bulan November 1998 sampai dengan Januari 1999. Wilayah penelitian meliputi kecamatan Batur, Pejawaran dan Wanayasa. Dipilih dua sampel desa dari tiap kecamatan, yang terdiri atas satu desa yang mewakili sistem PHT dan satu desa mewakili sistem konvensional (non PHT). Sebagai responden ditentukan 20 petani kentang dan 20 petani kubis dari setiap desa. Jumlah responden di enam desa sampel tersebut ialah 240 petani, yang terdiri atas 120 petani PHT dan 120 petani non PHT. Untuk mengamati residu pestisida dan keanekaragaman serangga, ditentukan empat petak pertanaman kentang dan empat petak pertanaman kubis di setiap desa.Pengaruh implementasi PHT pada nisbah manfaat dan biaya (BIC Ratio) usahatani kentang dan kubis berbeda sangat nyata dibandingkan dengan sistem konvensional. Demikian pula keanekaragaman spesies serangga bukan sasaran pada pertanaman sistem PHT berbeda sangat nyata. Secara umum pengaruh sistem PHT pada kandungan residu pestisida (insektisida) di dalam hasil panen dan tanah berbeda nyata sampai sangat nyata dengan sistem konvensional, sedangkan residu di dalam air larian pada umumnya tidak berbeda nyata.Berdasarkan batas maksimum residu (BMR) menurut SKB MENKES dan MENTAN No, 8811MENKESISKBIVIII11 996-7 1 11Kpts/ TP.27018196, kadar residu dalam hasil panen di wilayah studi masih rendah, Rata-rata kadar residu yang terdeteksi di dalam umbi kentang ialah 0,0026 ppm dan di dalam krop kubis 0,0024 ppm, sedangkan BMR untuk kartaphidroklorida untuk umbi kentang adalah 0,1000 ppm dan untuk krop kubis adalah 0,2000 ppm. Hasil peneiitian dapat disimpulkan sebagai berikut: (1) Pendapatan usaha tani kentang/kubis pada sistem PHT lebih tinggi daripada sistem konvensional. Nisbah manfaat dan biaya pada kentang sistem PHT ialah 1,04 dan sistem konvensional 0,85, sedangkan pada kubis sistem PHT ialah 1,18 dan sistem konvensional sebesar 0,82; (2) Keanekaragaman spesies serangga bukan sasaran di pertanaman kubis dan kentang yang menerapkan sistem PHT lebih tinggi daripada sistem konvensional, Rata-rata nilai keanekaragaman pertanaman sistem PHT adalah 2,01 dan sistem konvensional 1,10; dan (3) Kadar residu senyawa insektisida di dalam hasil panen (kentang dan kubis), di dalam tanah dan dalam air larian yang berasal dari pertanaman yang menerapkan sistem PHT lebih rendah daripada sistem konvensional, dengan perincian sebagai berikut: (a) residu insektisida pada basil panen pada sistem PHT adalah 0,0042 ppm, sedangkan pada sistem konvensional 0,0113 ppm, (b) Residu insektisida dalam tanah pada pertanaman sistem PHT ialah 0,0496 ppm dan pada sistem konvensional sebesar 0,06'70 ppm, dan (c) residu insektisida pada air larian di pertanaman sistem PHT adalah 0,0027 ppm dan pada sistem konvensional adalah 0,0054 ppm.

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ABSTRACT

Impact of Integrated Pest Management on the Environment of Vegetable Crop (A Case Study on the Environment of Potato and Cabbage Planting in the Distric of Banjarnegara, Central Java Province)Agroecosystem is an artificial environment and as a part of the natural ecosystem in where dominated by human and crops. Due to low biological diversity and unstable ecosystem, pest outbreak always occur in a certain agroecosystem. This condition becomes major constraint for the environment of vegetable planting in the distric of Banjarnegara, Central Java Province.

In the conventional system, the use of pesticide intensively is considered as the most effective control measure to overcome pest problem. However, this In the conventional system, the use of pesticide intensively is considered as the most effective control measure to overcome pest problem. However, this system has negative impacts such as soil and water pollution, threat to human health, and inefficient farming system. To overcome this problem, integrated pest management (IPM) has been adopted and implemented in Indonesia since 1989 in rice and in vegetable crops since 1992.

IPM system is a concept or philosophy to overcome pest problem through ecological and economical approach. There are three basic concepts of IPM namely observation of the agroecosystem, establishment of economic treshold and environmental conservation. In IPM program, farmers were trained to understand these basic concepts through Farmer's Field School (FFS) located at farmer's field, using experience learning processes, in order they can implement 1PM technology at their own fields.

This objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the IPM implementation versus the Conventional system on the environment components, includes the income gained by farmers from the potato and cabbage farming, diversity of non-target insect species in potato and cabbage field, and the level of pesticide residues in yield, soil and run off originated from the fields which were subjected to IPM system versus Coventional system.

Wanayasa, located at Dieng plateau area district of Banjarnegara, Central Java-Two sample villages were chosen from each sub-districts. One village represented IPM system while the other one represented conventional system (non IPM). Respondents in each village comprised 20 potato farmers and 20 cabbage farmers; the total number of respondents involved in this study were 240 farmers (120 farmers for IPM system and 120 farmers for non IPM system). To observe the pesticide residues and the diversity of insects, four blocks of potato field and four blocks of cabbage field were chosen in each sample village.

It was found that the impact of 1PM implementation on the net profit of potato and cabbage farming was significantly higher than that of conventional system. It was also found that the diversity of non-target species in the potato and cabbage field for IPM system was significantly higher than that of conventional system. In general, the effect of IPM system on the level of pesticide (insecticide) residues in the potato tubers and cabbage crops and in the soil was significantly lower than that of conventional system while the level of insecticide residues in run off was generally not significantly different in both systems.

Compared with the maximum residue limit (MRL) defined by joint decree of Ministry of Health and Ministry of Agriculture No. 881IMENKES/SKBIVIIII1996-71 liKpts/TP.27018/96, the levels of pesticide residue in the study area was relatively low because the average residue levels detected in potato tubers was 0.0026 ppm and in cabbage crops was 0.0024 ppm. According to this decree, the maximum levels for cartaphydrochioride residue in potato tuber is 0.1000 ppm and in cabbage crop is 0.2000 ppm.

In conclusion, results of this study are: (I) the net profit obtained by the farmer from potato/cabbage fanning with 1PM system was higher versus conventional system. The BIC ratios for potato with 1PM system and conventional system were 1.04 and 0.85 respectively while for cabbage with IPM system and conventional system were 1.18 and 0.82 respectively; (2) the diversity of non target insect species in cabbage and potato fields with IPM system was higher than that of conventional system. The average of diversity of crop field with IPM system was 2.01 while in conventional system was 1.10; and (3) in IPM system, the insecticide residue levels in the potato tubers and cabbage crops, in the soil and m the water run off were lower than that of conventional system; as follows: (a) the insecticide residues in the potato tubers and cabbage crops practicing IPM system was 0.0042 ppm while from conventional system was 0,0113 ppm, (b) the insecticide residues in the soil samples from the crop field with IPM system was 0.496 ppm while in conventional system was 0.0670 ppm, and (c) the insecticide residue in water run off in the field with IPM system was 0.0027 ppm and in conventional system was 0.0054 ppm."

"Skripsi ini mengaji munculnya variasi respons petani terhadap Program Inpari 13 di Desa Kahuman, Kecamatan Polanharjo. Variasi respons individu menjadi fokus kajian karena dari kondisi yang memang mengandalkan pada keputusan individual dalam bercocok tanam padi, secara khusus ada Program Inpari 13 yang menyeragamkan pola tanam, varietas yang ditanam, dan pengendalian hama melalui penyemprotan massal. Program secara 'top-down' diterapkan sebagai respons pemerintah Jawa Tengah dalam rangka mengamankan produksi beras karena adanya 'bencana' akibat ledakan Wereng Batang Coklat (WBC) yang tidak tertanggulangi oleh keputusan individual petani. Dalam mengaji variasi respons, peneliti harus memerhatikan faktor-faktor kontekstual dari munculnya variasi tersebut. Skripsi ini juga memaparkan kemungkinan evaluasi oleh petani karena adanya keragaman praktik budi daya tanaman padi. Selanjutnya, evaluasi melalui mekanisme belajar yang dialami petani akan mengumpan balik pada pengetahuan yang dimilikinya.

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This thesis examines the emergence of variation in the farmer's responses toward the Inpari 13 Program in Kahuman village, Polanharjo district in Klaten Regency of Central Java. The variation of individual responses become the focus of study in this thesis because of the condition that relies on individual decisions in rice farming, in particular there was an Inpari 13 Program that uniformed the cropping patterns, varieties grown, and pest control through the mass-spraying. The program that though spraying pesticides implemented in a 'top-down' way was the response of Central Java's government in securing produced rice because of the 'hazard' due to by the outbreaks of Brown Plant Hopper that was unresolved by the farmer's individual decisions. In studying the variation of responses, we should consider the contextual factors in the emergence of such variations. I also present in this thesis that the diversity of paddy's cultivation practices enabled the farmers to do evaluation of the result of their strategies. The evaluation enriched their knowledge of cultivation strategies."

"The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious environmental problems such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animal poisoning and contaminated agricultural products, destruction of both beneficial natural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome these environmental problems, since 1989 the Indonesian government has actively adopted a strategy of integrated pest management (IPM). During the first few years of the 1PM program's implementation, the program has been able to help farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56 percent, and increase yields by approximately 10 percent. However, economic literature that analyzes the impact of the IPM program on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. The general objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the IPM program on Indonesian economic growth and household incomes for different socioeconomic groups.Introduction The chronic food shortage during the first two decades of Indonesian independence (1945-1965) stimulated the Indonesian government to establish a comprehensive food intensification program as a national priority. Achieving and maintaining self-sufficiency in food, increasing farmers' income, and providing strong support for the rapidly expanding industrial and service sectors were the main goals of this food intensification program (Oka, 1995). The food intensification program included large-scale adoption of high-yielding modern seed varieties, development of irrigation systems, expansion of food crop producing areas, increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, expansion of agricultural extension services, establishment of farmer cooperatives and input subsidies, and stabilization of national food crop prices (Oka, 1991).During the 1970s and 1980s, this food intensification program caused food crap production to grow at an annual rate of approximately 3.74 percent (CBS, 1973-1991). A major miracle occurred in rice production. Pushing the average annual growth rate of rice production to approximately 4.67 percent, the rice intensification program transformed Indonesia from the world's largest importer of rice, importing approximately two million tons per year by the end of the 1970s, to self-sufficiency in 1983 (Oka, 1991 and 1995)."

"ABSTRAKPelaksanaan program intensifikasi di bidang pertaniansejalan dengan peningkatan permintaan produk pertanianberdampak pada tingginya pemakaian pupuk dan pestisida,khususnya pada tanaman hortikultura. Tanaman sayuranyang merupakan salah satu tanaman hortikultura penting,umumnya memerlukan pemeliharaan intensif, dan adanyatuntutan konsumen terhadap kualitas produk sehinggapenggunaan pupuk dan pestisida pun sangat intensif.Dengan kata lain, konsumen sayuran umumnya menginginkanproduk yang kualitasnya baik dan bebas dari seranganatau bekas serangan hama dan penyakit.PRT merupakan suatu konsep yang berusaha untuk mendorongdan memadukan beberapa faktor pengendalian untukmenekan populasi hama serta memperkecil kerusakantanaman dan hasil tanaman. Pada prinsipnya konsep PHTberbeda dengan konsep pengendalian hama pada sistemKonvensional yang sangat tergantung pada penggunaan pestisida. Walaupun demikian, PHT bukanlah suatu konsep yang anti penggunaan pestisida (Reddy dalam Sastrosiswojo, 1994:5). Pada sistem PHT, pestisida yang digunakan adalah pestisida yang selektif dan aman, serta digunakan apabila benar-benar diperlukan dan sepanjang tidak mengganggu faktor pengendalian lainnya atau interaksinya (Untung dalam Sastrosiswojo, 1994:5).Penggunaan pestisida yang tidak selektif dapat mengakibatkanpenurunan populasi musuh alami hama serta seranggaberguna dan makhluk bukan sasaran (Oka, 1993:6).Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan penurunan keragaman jenis(diversitas spesies) dalam ekosistem pertanian tersebutyang mempengaruhi kestabilan ekosistem dan berarti pulatelah terjadinya penurunan kualitas lingkungan.Penurunan atau babkan punahnya musuh alami hama akibatpenggunaan pestisida yang tidak selektif, dapat menimbulkanketidakseimbangan antara populasi hama denganmusuh alaminya sehingga apabila keadaan lingkunganmendukung, dapat terjadi ledakan populasi hama (outbreak)yang disebut resurgensi hama.

Residu pestisida di lingkungan merupakan akibat penggunaan

pestisida yang ditujukan pada sasaran tertentu

seperti tanaman dan tanah. Selain itu, pestisida dapat

terbawa oleh gerakan air dan udara sehingga residu

pestisida dapat berada di berbagai unsur lingkungan di

permukaan bumi (Untung, 1993:229).

Kubis merupakan salah satu tanaman sayuran dataran

tinggi yang penting di Indonesia. Pemakaian pestisida

pada tanaman kubis sangat intensif, demikian pula

penggunaan lahan oleh petani. Hal ini menimbulkan

kekhawatiran adanya dampak negatif dari penggunaan

pestisida terhadap unsur-unsur lingkungan yang ada pada

ekosistem pertanian tersebut.

Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan metode percobaan

berpasangan (Paired Treatment comparison) antara penerapan

sistem PBT (P) dengan sistem Konvensional (K),

tanpa ulangan sebab luas lahan yang diamati yaitu 500 m2

untuk setiap perlakuan dianggap cukup memadai sebagai

suatu model ekosistem pertanaman kubis di lapangan.

Basil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan sistem PHT

lebih ramah lingkungan dibandingkan dengan sistem

Konvensional. Hal ini terlihat dari keragaman jenis

(diversitas spesies} fauna di atas tanah pada ekosistem

kubis dengan penerapan sistem PHT yang berkisar antara

1,664 sampai 2,021 lebih besar dibandingkan dengan

sistem Konvensional yang berkisar antara 1,606 sampai2,000.

Dari penelitian ini juga terlihat adanya keseimbangan

populasi hama dan musuh alami yang lebih baik pada

penerapan sistem PBT dibandingkan dengan sistem Konvensional.

Hal ini antara lain terlihat dari tingginya

tingkat parasitasi larva P. Xylostella oleh D. semi-clausum dan

besar populasi imago parasitoid D. Semiclausum dan inareolata sp.

Selain itu, koloni cendawan antagonis patogen tanaman

Trichoderma spp. pada tanah dengan penerapan sistem PHT

jumlahnya lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan sistem

Konvensional.

Dari beberapa jenis insektisida yang digunakan dan

dianalisis kadar residunya, hanya insektisida Asefat

yang terdeteksi pada seluruh unsur lingkungan yang

diteliti.

Kadar residu insektisida Asefat pada tanah dan air

larian pada penerapan sistem PBT lebih rendah dibandingkan

dengan sistem Konvensional, tetapi tidak terdapat

perbedaan residu insektisida Asefat pada krop

kubis.

Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan adanya

Bacillus tburingiensis Berliner pada tanah

labnya lebih besar pada penerapan sistem

populasi yang jumPHT akibat

penggunaan insektisida mikroba B. tburingiensis jika

dibandingkan dengan sistem Konvensional.

E. Daftar Kepustakaan 44 (1971 - 1995)

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ABSTRACT

Agriculture production should be increased due to the

increasing of market demand. Beside quantity, the

quality products is important, especially for vegetable

crops. To meet this market demand, farmers usually use

fertilizers and pesticides intensively.

One of the important objectives of Integrated Pest

Management (IPM) implementation is to reduce the

amount of pesticide usage. In line with this objective,

the use of natural enemies and selective pesticides is

very important.

The impact of IPM implementation on cabbage against the

environmental aspects such as species diversity of

fauna, insecticide residues on soil and water, insecticide

residues on cabbage crop was studied.

The experiment used paired treatment comparison to

compare IPM system with Conventional system and conducted

at Lembang Experimental Garden of Lembang Horticultural

Institute from August 1994 to December 1994.

Some important results of this study are as follows:

1. Species diversity of fauna in the air (upper soil)

at IPM plot (1. 66-2.02) was higher than Conventional

plot (1.61 - 2.00).

2. The level of parasitism o f Plutella xylostella (L.)

larvae by Diadegma semi clausum Hellen was higher in

IPM system than in Conventional system.

3. The colonies of mycoparasite T.ricooderma spp.

in the soil was higher in IPM system compared with

4.Conventional system.

Insecticide residues

run off showed

(Acephate) in soil and

lower in IPM system

water

than

Conventional system. However, no difference of

insecticide residue on cabbage crop was found in

IPM system and Conventional system.

5. The colonies of Bacillus tburingiensis Berliner

in the soil was higher in IPM system compared with

Conventional system.

E. Number references : 44 (1971 - 1995)."

"This book brings together the worldwide knowledge of researchers from Universities and Government institutions, as well as forest industry practitioners that have worked on the pest. Importantly, it is the first comprehensive treatment of the subject since S. noctilio was discovered outside its native range around 1900. The book covers all aspects of the biology and management of S. noctilio, including aspects of the insects? taxonomy, general life history, host-plant relationships, population dynamics, chemical ecology and symbiosis with the fungus Amylostereum areolatum. The book also contains a comprehensive synthesis of the history and current status of the pest and worldwide efforts to control it, including biological control, silviculture and quarantine."