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"Related Factors with Condom Using among Transvestites in DKI Jakarta in year 2000One way to determine the risk level of sexual behavior for Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD) or HIV/AIDS is by measuring condom usage. Risky sexual behavior can be defined as sexual intercourse without consistent use of condoms.This research involves a survey to determine the level of condom usage among transvestites in 5 districts in Jakarta. The goal of this research is to explore factors relating to condom usage among transvestites in DKI Jakarta using cross sectional methodology research design. Data collection has been conducted over a 3 week period, and involved a sample of 138 transvestites, all of whom had sexual intercourse over the previous 2 weeks.The Dependent Variable is condom usage, while the Independent Variables are: 1) predisposing factors such as age, education, occupation, earnings, health knowledge (STD, HIV/AIDS and condom), previous sexual behavior, current sexual behavior, medication seeking behavior, reason for becoming a sex workers, excuses for always/not always wearing condoms; 2) access to condoms, source of information on HIV/AIDS and condoms; 3) perceptions regarding level of intimacy between transvestites and other persons.The research uses univariate and bivariate analysis. The result of the research shows that condom usage among transvestite is 15,2 % consistent and 84,8% inconsistent. From bivariate analysis, it has been found that a variable that has a significant relation with condom usage is the place where transvestites usually perform sexual intercourse. Other independent variables do not have a significant relationship with condom usage.Based on the result of this research, it is proposed that counseling programs be instigated to increase negotiation skills, and also to provide information to explain that the only effective method to prevent STDs and HIV/AIDS for transvestites engaged in high risk sexual behavior is condom usage. This is because transvestites have many sexual partners and they often engage in anal intercourse. NGOs involved in AIDS Prevention and condom manufacturers are expected to take active roles in delivering these messages."

"Anal sex is the most risky sex intercourse for transmitting HIV infection. Due to fragile anal mucous-membrane (as compared to vaginal mucous-membrane), the receptive anal intercourse would give a higher probability for passing the virus to the blood circulation. To prevent this transmission, the condom use is a must. This study was conducted for the purposes of identifying factors related to condom use during anal sex among gays in Denpasar dan Ujung Pandang, in 2002. This cross-sectional study used a secondary data borrowed from BSS (Behavioral Sentinel Surveillance) done in Denpasar dan Ujung Pandang, in 2002, by Health Research Center, the University of Indonesia and HIV/AIDS Prevention and Control Project. The study population was gay community committing anal sex and residing in Denpasar dan Ujung Pandang during the past 1 year in the year of 2002. The total sample collected was 155 individuals; 82 from Denpasar (52.9%) and 73 from Ujung Pandang (47, 1%). The study result showed that the proportion of gay that did not always use condom during intercourse was 87.1%. Based on multivariate analysis, it was found that the gays lacking of HIV knowledge had a probability to avoid using condom 10.8 times higher than knowledgeable gays (95% CI: 1.4-83.2). Gays who like each other were 5.8 times at higher possibility to avoid condom as compared to gays doing sex for money (95% CI: 2.1-15.6). Other variables in the study, i.e. age, education, occupation, marital status, number of sex partners, relationship status, STD's history, source of HIV information, were not found to be associated with condom use. It is recommended to develop health promotion concerning STDs, HIV/AIDS and the importance of condom use for prevention among gays, through peer group education (supported by leaflet, booklet and interactive media). It is also important to develop cooperation with potential partners, like gay community, NGOs, massage parlors to do continue promotion and small group discussion about HIV/AIDS, how to use condom and lubricants correctly in the gathering places. For HIV researchers, a qualitative study would be useful to conduct in order to understand more deeply factors influencing the condom use."

"Angka kematian balita karena diare berdasarkan hasil Survei Kesehatan Rumah Tangga tahun 1995 (dianalisis oleh Widodo dan Gandi Kosim) adalah 2,5 per 1000 balita, sedangkan semua umur sebesar 54 per 100.000 penduduk. Proporsi kematian pada balita nomor 2 (13,2%) dibandingkan dengan semua penyebab kematian. Angka insidens diare berdasarkan hasil surveilans di Suku Dinas Kesehatan Jakarta Timur yang mempunyai 10 kecamatan pada tahun 1999, yakni untuk golongan umur kurang dari satu tahun sebesar I23,58 per 1000 golongan umur kurang satu tahun dan insidens pada umur 1-4 tahun sebesar 84,22 per 1000 golongan umur 1-4 tahun. Angka insidens untuk umur kurang dari satu tahun pada tahun 1999 di Kecamatan Duren Sawit yang mempunyai 11 puskesmas kelurahan dan 1 puskesmas kecamatan, yakni sebesar 200,13 per 1000 golongan umur kurang satu tahun dan untuk umur 1-4 tahun sebesar 45,76 per I000 golongan umur 1-4 tahun. Dengan rnasih tingginya angka insidens pada balita, maka peneliti ingin mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan diare pada balita di Kecamatan Duren Sawit. Jenis desain penelitian ini adalah kasus kontrol. Populasi penelitian adalah balita yang tinggal di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit Jakarta Timur, dan sampel adalah balita yang menderita diare yang datang berobat ke puskesmas di wilayah Kecamatan Duren Sawit sebagai kasus dan kontrol adalah balita yang datang melakukan imunisasi ke puskesmas atau posyandu di Kecamatan Duren Sawit. Besar sampel yang diambil adalah 250 kasus dan 250 kontrol. Data dikumpulkan dengan cara mengunjungi keluarga balita untuk melakukan wawancara dan pengamatan serta pengukuran untuk variabel-variabel yang membutuhkan pengukuran, kemudian dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak program EPI INFO versi 6.0 dan program STATA versi 6.0. Dari hasil analisis bivariat didapatkan variabel yang tidak berhubungan bermakna secara statistik dengan diare balita yakni variabel ibu bekerja, variabel jumlah anggota keluarga lebih dari 4 orang dan umur anak. Sedangkan variabel yang mempunyai risiko dan berhubungan bermakna dengan diare balita, setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat yakni variabel pengetahuan ibu tentang diare, praktek ibu tentang pencegahan diare, pemberian ASI ekslusif, status gizi anak, jenis sarana air bersih, tingkat risiko pencemaran sarana air bersih, kualitas bakteri air bersih dan kondisi jamban keluarga. Variabel yang paling berisiko terhadap diare balita yakni variabel status gizi buruk mempunyai risiko untuk terjadinya diare pada balita sebesar 5,69 kali (95% CI 3,14-10,32 p = 0,000). Faktor risiko yang mempunyai variabel terbanyak berisiko terhadap diare pada balita yakni faktor risiko lingkungan ( 4 variabel yakni jenis sarana air bersih, tingkat risiko pencemaran sarana air bersih, kualitas bakteri air bersih dan kondisi jamban keluarga. Dari hasil tersebut diatas peneliti menyarankan untuk dilakukan evaluasi atau penelitian lebih lanjut mengenai penyuluhan dari segi metode, sasaran maupun materi yang diberikan, karena penyuluhan yang telah dilakukan belum berhasil menurunkan terjadinya diare pada balita.

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Based on the survey in household health in 1995 (analyzed by Widodo and Gandi Kosim) under 5 mortality rate is 2.5 per 1000 BaIita, whereas in all ages it is 54 per 100,000 populations. Compared with any and all causes of mortality, diarrhea is in the second highest. In 1999, based on the results of surveillance carried out at the East Jakarta Health Service which had 10 sub districts, the mortality rate of children aged less than a year caused by diarrhea was 123.58 per 1000 children of that age group. For ages of 1-4 years it was 84.22 per 1000 children of that age group. In 1999 Duren Sawit Sub district which had 11 district government primary health center and 1 Sub district government primary health center the mortality rate of children aged less than a year was 200.13 per 1000 children of that age group, and for children aged 1-4 years it was 45.76 per 1000 children of that age group. With the current high incidence rate of children under 5 mortality, the researcher would like to carefully study about the factors related to the diarrhea in Balita in Duren Sawit Sub district.

The design of this research is a case control. The observed population is Balita domiciled in Duren Sawit Sub district, East Jakarta, and the sample is the Balita who suffer from diarrhea coming to the local government primary health center in Duren Sawit Sub district, and the control is Balita immunized at the local government primary health center and Posyandu in Duren Sawit Sub district.There are 250 cases of samples and 250 controls. The data will be collected by visiting the Balita's family for interview and observation as well as measurement for variables that require confirmation to be further analyzed by using the software of EPI INFO version 6.0 and STATA version 6.0 programs.

From the multivariant analysis, a variable with risks and related to the diarrhea in Balita is obtained, i.e. variable of mother's knowledge about diarrhea and its prevention, exclusive breast feeding, the child's nutritional status, clean water, the risk of water pollution, the quality of bacteria (total of coli form) of clean water, and the condition of family's toilet. The variable with highest risk in diarrhea is bad nutrition which is 5.69 times (95% Cl 3.14-10.32 p = 0,000). The risk factor with most variables in the diarrhea of Balita is the environment (4 variables, i.e. clean water, water pollution, quality of bacteria in the water, and the condition of family's toilet).

From the above mentioned observation, the researcher suggests to carry out evaluation or further observation about information from the point of method, goal, as well as the material given to the population because the information which has been given does not decrease the diarrhea in Balita. "

"Di Indonesia saat ini masalah PMS-HIV/AIDS merupakan hal yang patut diwaspadai dan diantisipasi lebih dini, mengingat prevalensinya meningkat terus-menerus dari tahun ke tahun. Posisi Indonesia yang sangat strategis ini dianggap rentan terhadap terjadinya endemi penyakit HIV/AIDS. Salah satu faktor yang berperan dalam penanggulangan PMS-HIV/AIDS adalah perilaku pencarian pengobatan. Beberapa hasil penelitian sebelumnya menunjukkan rendahnya perilaku pencarian pengobatan pada kelompok pria.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan pada pria dengan PMS-HIV/AIDS di Jakarta, Surabaya dan Manado, dengan menggunakan data sekunder dari Behavioral Surveillance Survey PMS- HIV/AIDS tahun 2000 yang dilakukan oleh Pusat Penelitian Kesehatan Universitas Indonesia didukung USAID. Rancangan penelitian ini adalah studi potong lintang (Cross sectional Study), dengan pengolahan data menggunakan analisis regresi logistik ganda.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan proporsi perilaku pencarian pengobatan kurang baik pada responden sebesar 75,3%. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara umur, status perkawinan, sumber informasi dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan. Variabel pengetahuan dan pendidikan berhubungan bermakna dengan perilaku pencarian pengobatan dan tidak ada interaksi antara pendidikan dan pengetahuan. Responden yang berpengetahuan kurang berpeluang melakukan pencarian pengobatan kurang baik 1,8 kali (95% CI: 1,1724-2,6442) dibandingkan dengan responden yang berpengetahuan baik setelah dikontrol variabel pendidikan. Sedangkan berdasarkan latar belakang pendidikan formal yang telah ditamatkan, ternyata responden yang berpendidikan rendah berpeluang melakukan pencarian pengobatan kurang baik 1,7 kali (95% CI: 1,0236- 2,5805) dibandingkan responden yang berpendidikan tinggi setelah dikontrol variabel pengetahuan.Dari penelitian ini disarankan perlunya dilakukan penelitian selanjutnya untuk menggali lebih dalam alasan respoden yang tidak melakukan pencarian pengobatan. Perlu penyuluhan yang lebih intensif, konsisten dan berkelanjutan dengan cara menyebarluaskan informasi dengan memanfaatkan media yang diminati. Bagi pemerintah perlu menjadikan program tetap dan pengalokasian dana tidak hanya untuk pengobatan juga untuk pelayanan kesehatan dan konseling.Daftar pustaka: 58 (1979-2002)

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The Factors Related to Health Seeking Behaviour of Men with STD - HIV/AIDS in Jakarta, Surabaya and Manado (Secondary Data Analysis, USAID, 2000)Nowdays, STD ? HIV/AIDS in Indonesia; are issues we have to anticipate and alert earlier, considering the prevalence increases from year to year. The strategic position of Indonesia is considered susceptible to the pandemy of HIV/AIDS. One of the involving factor HIV/AIDS is health seeking behavior. Previous studies showed the low of health seeking behavior in men's group.This study is aimed to discover the factors related to health seeking behavior of men with STD ? HIV/AIDS in Jakarta, Surabaya, and Manado by using secondary data analysis from behavioral surveillance survey of STD ? HIV/AIDS in 2000 that was conducted by the center of health research, University of Indonesia by USAID support. This study using cross sectional design, and data processing with multiple logistic regression analysis.The result of this study shows that the proportion of men health seeking behaviour is poor (75,3% respondents). There are no relationship between age, marital status, information sources with the health seeking behavior. The variables of education and knowledge related with health seeking behavior and there is no interaction between education and knowledge. The respondents with low knowledge have the possibilities of poor health seeking behavior 1,8 times (95% CI 1,I725 --2,6442) compared with those who have good knowledge after being controlled by the education variable. Meanwhile, based on the formal educational background that the respondents got through, those who have low education have the possibilities of health seeking behavior 1,7 times (95% 1,00236 - 2,5805) compared with those who have higher education after being controlled by knowledge variable.This study recommends the need of further research to discover more detailed explanations why respondents do not seek for health care, and need more intensive, consistent and continually health education by spreading out information by using the interested media. It is necessary for government to make the prevention program of STD ? HIV/AIDS as an annual program and the fund allocation is not only for medication but also for the health and counseling services."

"Eklamsia merupakan salah satu komplikasi kehamilan yang sejak tahun 1997 ditangani secara serius di RSU Fatmawati Jakarta. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian Eklamsia di kalangan penderita Pre Eklamsia di RSU Fatmawati Jakarta tahun 2000. Metode Studi ini menggunakan rancangan cross sectional. Data diperoleh dari catatan rekam medis pasien, dengan menggunakan formulir pengumpulan data yang dirancang secara khusus oleh peneliti. Inklusi dari sampel penelitian adalah pasien yang didiagnosa oleh Dokter Spesialis Obstetri dan Ginekologi sebagai penderita Pre Eklamsia atau Eklamsia Eksklusi sampel yaitu pasien dengan file rekam medis yang tidak dapat memberikan informasi data penelitian secara lengkap, atau yang mempunyai riwayat hipertensi. Analisa multivariat dengan menerapkan regresi logistik dan derajat kepercayaan 75 % serta ukuran dampak potensial. Hasil. Besarnya kejadian Eklamsia di RSU Fatmawati Jakarta pada tahun 2000 adalah 11,80 %. Ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara variabel usia, atau paritas atau hyperplasentosis, atau ANC, atau pemberian obat anti kejang sebelum dirujuk dengan kejadian Eklamsia di kalangan penderita Pre Eklamsia. Pemberian obat anti kejang sebelum dirujuk mempunyai nilai prediksi terbesar diantara variabel kontributor yaitu sebesar 51,15 %, dengan p = 0,0000, OR = 0,0499 dan 95 % C I = 0,0142 - 0,1756. Kesimpulan. Pemberian obat anti kejang sebelum dirujuk merupakan faktor yang memberikan kontribusi terbesar terhadap kejadian Eklamsia, dalam bentuk pencegahan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka disarankan untuk memberikan pengobatan anti kejang sebelum merujuk pasien Pre Eklamsia ke rumah sakit guna menurunkan kejadian Eklamsia.

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Factors Related with Prevalence Eclampsia Among Pre Eclampsia Patients at Fatmawati General Hospital in Jakarta, 2000The Eclampsia is one of important complication of pregnancy; it was managed properly at Fatmawati General Hospital in Jakarta since 1997. This study has been conducted in order to analysis some factors related to Eclampsia among Pre Eclampsia patients at Fatmawati General Hospital in Jakarta 2000. A cross sectional study was applied to achieve objective of the study, using the medical records as source of data. The study population were pregnant women with Pre Eclampsia cases who diagnosed by obstetricus gynaecologist as Eclampsia or Pre Eclampsia. The cases whose medical record is not completely filled in, and or who has hypertension history, were excluded. Multivariate logistic regression analysis method was used to analysis the exposure-outcome relationship. Some of study results, is following The prevalence of Eclampsia at Fatmawati General Hospital Jakarta in 2000 are percentage such as 11,80 %. There were significant relationships statistically between age, parity, hypcrpiacentosis, ANC and anti convulsion treatment before referring with Eclampsia. The last variable is the strongest predictor for each and be biggest contributing factors. The value is 51,15 % with p = 0,0000, OR = 0,04999 and 95 % C I = 0,0142 - 0,1756. According to the study result it was recommended to give anti convulsion treatment to Pre Eclampsia patients before they were referred to the hospital, in order to reduce the occurrence of Eclampsia."

"[Kontak seks komersial mempercepat penularan HIV. Probabilitas pekerja seks terinfeksi HIV lebih tinggi karena beberapa faktor risiko, salah satunya penggunaan kondom secara tidak konsisten. Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui hubungan faktor individual (umur, pendidikan, negosiasi kondom, lama bekerja, jumlah pelanggan), faktor lingkungan (pelatihan kondom, ketersediaan kondom, tempat mendapatkan kondom, keterpaparan informasi) dengan konsistensi pemakaian kondom pada WPS. Analisis lanjut data Survei Manajemen RantaiPasokan Kondom (SMRPK) tahun 2013 dengan desain cross sectional pada 3225 WPS langsung dan tidak langsung yang dipilih secara multistage random sampling di 16 Provinsi di Indonesia. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan 62,8% konsistensi memakai kondom. Umur WPS, negosiasi kondom, ketersediaan kondom berhubungan dengan konsistensi pemakaian kondom. Variabel negosiasi kondom merupakan faktor paling dominan berhubungan dengan konsistensi pemakaian kondom.dimana WPS yang selalu melakukan negosiasi kondomberpeluang menggunakan kondom secara konsisten 12,6 kali dibandingkan WPS yang tidak selalu negosiasi kondom dengan pelanggannya;Number of commercial sex can speed up the transmission of HIV. Probability of sex workers are infected with HIV is higher because some risk factors such as a consistency condom use. This study aims to determine the associated of individual factors (age, education, condom negotiation, length in commercial work, number of customers), environmental factors (condoms training, availability, source to get condoms, exposure by information) with the consistency of condom use by FSW’s. According to Supply Management Survey(SMRPK) in 2013, recruited 3225 of direct and indirectly FSW’s throughmultistage random sampling in 16 Provinces in Indonesia. The results indicated 62.8% consistent condom use. Age, condom negotiation, condom availability significantly correlated with consistency of condom use. Condom negotiation is the most dominant factor related to consistency of condom use after adjusting with age and condom availability. FSW’s whose always negotiated have a 12.6 times consistently of condom use with a clients.;Number of commercial sex can speed up the transmission of HIV. Probability of sex workers are infected with HIV is higher because some risk factors such as a consistency condom use. This study aims to determine the associated of individual factors (age, education, condom negotiation, length incommercial work, number of customers), environmental factors (condoms training, availability, source to get condoms, exposure by information) with the consistency of condom use by FSW’s. According to Supply Management Survey (SMRPK) in 2013, recruited 3225 of direct and indirectly FSW’s through multistage random sampling in 16 Provinces in Indonesia. The results indicated 62.8% consistent condom use. Age, condom negotiation, condom availability significantly correlated with consistency of condom use. Condom negotiation isthe most dominant factor related to consistency of condom use after adjusting with age and condom availability. FSW’s whose always negotiated have a 12.6 times consistently of condom use with a clients., Number of commercial sex can speed up the transmission of HIV.Probability of sex workers are infected with HIV is higher because some riskfactors such as a consistency condom use. This study aims to determine theassociated of individual factors (age, education, condom negotiation, length incommercial work, number of customers), environmental factors (condomstraining, availability, source to get condoms, exposure by information) with theconsistency of condom use by FSW’s. According to Supply Management Survey(SMRPK) in 2013, recruited 3225 of direct and indirectly FSW’s throughmultistage random sampling in 16 Provinces in Indonesia. The results indicated62.8% consistent condom use. Age, condom negotiation, condom availabilitysignificantly correlated with consistency of condom use. Condom negotiation isthe most dominant factor related to consistency of condom use after adjustingwith age and condom availability. FSW’s whose always negotiated have a 12.6times consistently of condom use with a clients.]"

"Perilaku kesehatan gigi individu atau masyarakat merupakan salah satu faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap status kesehatan gigi individu atau masyarakat. Ibu sebagai individu yang paling banyak waktu untuk bertemu dengan anak serta paling mengerti dengan anak, sehingga dapat melakukan pendekatan untuk membiasakan anak sejak dini memelihara kesehatan gigi dan mulutnya. Pertumbuhan balita yang sehat tidak lepas dari pertumbuhan dan perkembangan gigi geliginya, untuk itulah dibutuhkan perilaku ibu yang positif terhadap kesehatan gigi dan mulut. Perilaku ibu tentunya dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor baik dari diri ibu sendiri maupun faktor lingkungan di sekitarnya antara lain lingkungan pendidikan di Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta, sehingga perilaku ibu-ibu tentang kesehatan gigi dan mulut seyogyanya baik. Berdasarkan hal itu maka penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi balita di Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta. Penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan rancangan cross sectional (potong lintang). Pada penelitian ini tidak dilakukan pengambilan sampel, karena semua ibu-ibu karyawan dan isteri karyawan yang mempunyai anak balita sejumlah 145 orang dijadikan responen. Pengumpulan data dilakukan menggunakan kuesioner yang diisi oleh responden serta wawancara. Analisis dilakukan dengan univariat untuk mengetahui distribusi frekuensi, analisis bivarat dengan tingkat kuadrat untuk mencari hubungan variabel independen dengan variabel dependen dan analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik untuk mengetahui variabel independen yang paling berhubungan dengan variabel dependen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan hanya 46,9 % ibu-ibu Universitas Pembangunan Nasional "Veteran" Jakarta berperilaku baik. Dan hasil analisis bivariat diketahui sikap ibu terhadap kesehatan gigi balita dengan nilai P value = 0,038, jumlah anak ibu dalam keluarga dengan nilai P value = 0,041, serta kemudahan dalam pencapaian ketempat pelayanan kesehatan gigi dengan nilai P value = 0,011 mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi balita. Hasil analisis multivariat dengan regresi logistik menunjukkan hanya kemudahan dalam pencapaian ketempat pelayanan kesehatan gigi yang sangat erat hubungannya dengan perilaku ibu dalam pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi balita dengan nilai OR = 3,667, artinya ibu yang mendapatkan kemudahan dalam pencapai ketempat pelayanan kesehatan gigi. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tersebut disarankan kepada institusi untuk meningkatkan perilaku ibu terhadap pemeliharaan kesehatan gigi balita dengan mengupayakan program DHE (Dental Health Education), meningkatkan tindakan promotif dan preventif serta mengupayakan kemudahan pencapaian ketempat pelayanan kesehatan gigi. Bagi peneliti lain, agar diadakan penelitian yang sejenis dengan disain kasus kontrol / kohort atau studi eksperimental dengan cakupan populasi yang lebih luas dan variabel penelitian yang lebih banyak.

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Factors Connection with Mother's Behavior in Maintaining Pre School Children's Dental Health in University of "Pembangunan Nasional Veteran" Jakarta year 2000Individual Dental Health Behavior of Community Dental Health Behavior are one of the many factors which influence the individual dental health status or community dental health status. Mother as an individual who spent the most of time and most understand about her children can persuade her children from the early age to maintain the cleaning of the oral hygiene. Development and growth of healthy Pre School children depends on the development and growth of their dentition. That's why mother's behavior with a positive attitude of oral and dental health is a necessity.

Mother's behavior are influenced by many factors whether the mothers themselves and their environment factors and hopefully the environment like university environment will have a good influence. Based on the opinion, research is carried on in order to find relation factors in mother's behavior maintaining Pre School children dental health in University Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta.

The method of the research is Cross Sectional , taking sample is not required because all mothers whether they are employee or the wife's employee amount 145 persons are all respondent. The data collection is using questionnaire which filled by respondent and interview.

The analysis is univariat to know the frequency of distribution, bivariat with Chi-Square to find independent variable correlation and multivariat with logistic regression to find to most correlative independent variable.

The result shows that only 46,5 % University Pembangunan Veteran mothrer's Jakarta have good behavior. From bivariat analysis result shows that mothers behavior in Pre School children's dental health has score Pvalue = 0,038 and the number of children in the family has score P value = 0,041 and accessibility of dental health resources has score P value = 0,011 have significance relationship with mother's behavior in maintaining Pre School children's dental health.

Based on the result we suggest the institution to increase mother's behavior in Pre School children's dental health through Dental Health Education Program, to increase Health Promotion and Prevention action and accessibility of dental health resources. For another researcher, to continue the research with Case Control design or Experimental Study and more population to represent the relationship between mother's behavior and Pre School dental health children."

"Salah satu kesepakatan Internasional dalam meningkatkan angka kesembuhan penyakit tuberkulosis paru adalah memberikan pengobatan dengan sistem DOTS. Indonesia telah memulai program DOTS ini sejak tahun 1995 yang dilaksanakan secara bertahap di provinsi, khususnya di DKI Jakarta telah dimulai sejak Juli 1997.Sesuai dengan kriteria yang telah ditetapkan Program P2TB Paru bahwa seorang penderita dinyatakan sembuh bila hasil pemeriksaan ulang dahak negatif pada akhir bulan ke-516 dan akhir pengobatan. Berdasarkan data sekunder yang dikumpulkan di Jakarta Pusat ternyata bahwa 38,4% penderita TB paru yang selesai berobat tidak memeriksakan ulang dahaknya, sampai saat ini belum ada penelitian di DKI Jakarta mengenai faktor yang berhubungan dengan pemeriksaan ulang dahak.Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan tidak dilaksanakannya pemeriksaan ulang dahak di puskesmas Jakarta Pusat. Disain penelitian digunakan yaitu kasus kontrol dengan sampel penelitian adalah penderita TB paru baru BTA positif telah selesai pengobatan kategori 1 berumur 15 tahun keatas yang berobat di puskesmas Jakarta Pusat. Besar sampel 150 orang yaitu sampel kasus sebanyak 75 orang dan sampel kontrol 75 orang.Hasil penelitian dilakukan analisis multivariat dengan logistic regression dengan maksud untuk mengetahui hubungan variabel dependen dengan variabel independen. Berdasarkan hasil analisis bivariat dari 15 variabel maka didapatkan variabel yang nilai p<0,25 ada 9 variabel, ternyata pada analisis multivariat didapatkan hanya 3 variabel yang berhubungan bermakna (p<0,05) yaitu pengetahuan (OR=28,44 95% CI 4,66-173,62), persepsi (DR 13,90 95% CI 3,54-54,57), kemudahan mengeluarkan dahak (OR=7,54 95% CI 3,31-17,18), serta interaksi antara pengetahuan dengan persepsi (0R=0,11 95%CI 0,14-0,81) dan nilai p=0,031.Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa dengan pengetahuan rendah, persepsi buruk, sukar mengeluarkan dahak dan interaksi antara pengetahuan kurang dan persepsi buruk secara bersama-sama mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna (p<0,05) dengan tidak dilaksanakannya pemeriksaan ulang dahak penderita TB paru baru BTA positif di puskesmas Jakarta Pusat tahun 2000. Sesuai dengan hasil demikian maka disarankan agar dilakukan penyuluhan kepada penderita sebelum pengobatan dan setiap penderita melaksanakan pengambilan obat oleh petugas program P2TB di puskesmas, sehubungan dengan hal tersebut maka diperlukan petugas kesehatan yang mampu dan mau benar-benar melaksakanan pekerjaan ini tentunya dengan pelatihan, supervisi dan pertemuan yang membahas masalah pelaksanaan Program TB Paru di puskesmas.

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Study of Factors Associated With Not to Re-Examine Their Sputum among New Cases with Positive Fast Acid Bacilli Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Health Centers in Central JakartaOne of the International commitments in increasing the cure rate of pulmonary tuberculosis is to give therapy with DOTS system. Indonesia has started the DOTS program since 1995 beginning in some provinces and gradually expanded to the others. Jakarta began the program in 1997.According to the criteria set by the Pulmonary TB Eradication Program, a patient is cured if laboratory examination of the sputum shows negative result by the end of the 5th or 6th month of therapy and by the end of the therapy. Secondary data collected in Central Jakarta showed that 38.4% of TB patients which have completed their therapy did not re-examine their sputum. So far there was no study in Jakarta which tried to find out factors related to this re-examination rate.This research was conducted to know what factors that influence TB patients not to re-examine their sputum in Health Centers in Central Jakarta. The research design used is a case control study where samples were taken from new pulmonary TB patients with positive Fast Acid Bacilli having completed their Category I therapy, aged more than 15 years who came to health centers in Central Jakarta. The sample size was 150, consists of 75 cases and 75 controls.The data were analyzed by multivariate analysis using logistic regression to know the relation between dependent variables with independent variables. Bivariate analysis from 15 variables showed that 9 variables had p value < 0.25, while multivariate analysis showed that only 3 variables had significant relation (p <0.05), knowledge (OR = 28.44 95% CI 4.66-173.63) p = 0.000, perception (OR = 13.90 95% CI 3.54- 54.57) p = 0.000, the ease to produce sputum (OR = 7.54 95% CI 3.31-17.18) p= 0.000 and interaction between knowledge and perception (OR = 0.11 95% CI 0.14- 0.8I) p = 0.031.The conclusion of this research is that low knowledge, bad perception, difficulties in producing sputum and interaction between lack of knowledge and bad perception have significant relation (p < 0.05) with the unwillingness to re-examine the sputum among new pulmonary TB patients with positive AFB who came to health centers in Central Jakarta in 2000. Therefore it is suggested that TB program officers in health centers give proper information/education to the patients before starting the TB therapy and every time the patients come to get the TB drugs and hence we need to have officers who are capable and willing to do their work and this certainly can be created by training, supervisions and series of meeting which discuss about pulmonary TB program in health centers."

"Masa remaja adalah sebuah periode dalam kehidupan manusia yang paling rawan karena merupakan masa transisi antara masa anak-anak dengan masa dewasa. Kehidupan pada masa ini sangat menentukan kehidupan masa dewasanya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian terdahulu perilaku seksual remaja di beberapa kota besar di Indonesia menunjukkan kasus yang cukup tinggi dan mengkhawatirkan masyarakat karena mengandung resiko. Studi tentang kesehatan reproduksi remaja di Samarinda oleh PKBI, menemukan dari 100 remaja, 39% aktif seksual, di Bukit Tinggi 21% dad I00 remaja, di Payakumbuh 13% darl 100 remaja, di Padang l0,5% dari 100 remaja dan di Jakarta Timur 3% dari 657 remaja. Penelitian terbaru dilakukan oleh LD-UI dan BKKBN di 20 kabupaten di Jawa dan Lampung menemukan 2,9% remaja aktif melakukan hubungan seksual (n=8084). Faktor yang dianggap berhubungan dengan perilaku seksual remaja, adalah: Faktor internal remaja seperti usia dan pcngetahuan tentang kesehatan reproduksi, dan faktor eksternal seperti keterpaparan oleh arus informasi dari lingkungan sosial dan demografi keluarga. Pelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh informasi mengenai faktor mana saja yang berhubungan secara bermakna dan faktor yang paling bermakna atau dominan terhadap perilaku seksual remaja khususnya siswa-siswi SLTPN dan SMUN di wilayah Jakarta Timur. Disain penelitian ini adalah potong lintang dengan populasi remaja siswa SLTPN dan SMUN (10 sekolah) di wilayah Jakarta Timur pada rentang usia 11 sampai 19 tahun. Sampel diambil dengan metoda Gugus Bertahap dan Acak Sederhana dengan besar sampel minimal dihitung mcnggunakan rumus Estimasi Proporsi. Sampel yang dianalisis adalah 450 remaja dalam usia 11-19 tahun. Pengumpulan data dengan cara survey dan data diolah dengan menggunakan program EPI -INFO 6.04 serta SPSS 7.5. Analisis statistik menggunakan Chi-Square dan Multiple Regressi Logistic. Hasil Penelitian mengungkapkan bahwa 17,6 % responden mempunyai pelilaku seksual beresiko berupa berciuman mulut, meraba organ sensitif dari pasangan dan termasuk didalamnya 3,77 % telah pernah melakukan hubungan seksual. Faktor yang berhubungan secara signifikan pada <1 = 0,05 adalah: Usia remaja, jenis kelamin remaja, tingkat pendidikan ibu, keterpaparan remaja oleh media komunikasi dan teman sebaya. Faktor yang paling dominan adalah keterpaparan remaja oleh infonnasi seksual dari media cetak, dengan Odd Ratio 2,84. Berdasarkan temuan pada pcnelitian ini maka disimpulkan faktor yang paling dominan berhubungan dengan perilaku seksual beresiko adalah keterpaparan responden oleh infonnasi seksual dari media cetak. Oleh karena itu diperlukan program yang terintegrasi untuk memberikan informasi seksualitas yang benar guna menandingi derasnya arus informasi seksual yang salah dan tidak bertanggungjawab.

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Adolescent is said to be the most risky period in the lifetime, when someone is in transition period between child and adult times. It is believed that this period will determined the life in the future. According to the previous research on adolescent sexual behaviors on several big cities in Indonesia, it was found that cases on Sexually active adolescent tend to be increased. The situation which make people worried about such risky behavior.

Studies about Adolescent Reproductive Health by IPPF Indonesia (1995) found that 39% among 100 adolescent at Samarinda are sexually active, 21% among 100 adolescent at Bukit Tinggi, 13% among 100 adolescent at Payakumbuh, l0,5% among 100 adolescent at Padang and 3% among 657 adolescent at East Jakarta. The recent study by LDUI with BKKBN in 20 district at Java and Lampung, found that 2,9% among 8084 adolescent are sexually active. It has known that factors related to the risk sexual behavior consist of internal factors like age and knowledge about sexuality and extemal factors such as social environment and family demographic. This study has a purpose on identifying which factor has a significant correlation and most dominant toward adolescent sexual behavior among Junior and Senior High School at East Jakarta.

Research design used in this study was cross sectional, and Junior and Senior High School students at io SLTPN and SMUN as population. Respondents has age range between 11-19 years old. Muitistage Sampling and Simple Random Sampling Method are used in this study, and minimum sample was compute using Proportion Estimation fomiula. There were 450 adolescents has analyzed with age range between ll-10 years old. Data gathered using self administered questiomiaire and analyzed using EPI INFO 6.04 and SPSS 7.5 program. Statistical analysis for this study was Chi Square and Multiple Regression Logistic.

The study found that l7,6% of respondents practiced risky sexual behaviors, such as deep kissing, touching sensitive organs of partners and among those 3,7?7% have been having sexual intercourse. Factors that statistically significant at or 0,05 were : Age, sex of respondents, the level of mother educaiion, exposures by media and peers group. The most dominant factors was printed media exposures on information about Sexuality, which have OR = 2,84.

Based on research findings, this study has concluded that risky sexual behaviors among students was related to media exposures about sexuality at printed media. Therefore an integrated program are needed to enhance in providing a proper information about sexuality to counteract global information about sexuality which mostly wrong and irresponsible."