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"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah madu Apis mellifera L. yang mengunjungi bunga kapuk (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn) di Jepara. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir yang terdiri atas 3 isolat dari saluran pencernaan lebah pejantan (drone) dan 9 isolat dari lebah pekerja pengumpul polen (pollen collecting bees, PCB) diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Primer yang digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS adalah primer forward ITS1 atau primer reverse ITS4. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan daerah ITS rDNA khamirkhamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 pb hingga 750 pb. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi sequence daerah ITS rDNA melalui program basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan karakter morfologi, 12 isolat tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam empat genus dan tujuh spesies. Berdasarkan taksonomi, khamir-khamir tersebut termasuk kedalam family Candidaceae dan Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota. Isolat-isolat tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam spesies Candida magnoliae (isolat JZ078), C. orthopsilosis (isolat JZ068 dan JZ069), C. parapsilosis (isolat JZ067 dan JZ095), Debaryomyces hansenii (isolat JZ083 dan JZ096), Meyerozyma caribbica (isolat JZ094), Zygosaccharomyces mellis (isolat JZ075), dan Z. siamensis (isolat JZ054,JZ055, dan JZ056).

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The aim of this research was to determine the identity of the yeasts isolated from the digestive tract of honey bee Apis mellifera that visit flowers of kapok (Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn) in Jepara. A total of 12 yeast isolates consist of 3 isolates from digestive tract of drones and 9 isolates from digestive tract of pollen collecting bees (PCB) were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacers regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify the ITS rDNA of yeasts. The results of electrophoresis of PCR products showed ITS region rDNA of yeast isolates varied between 400bp--750 bp. Based on sequence homology search results by basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program, phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and morphological characterization, those 12 isolates were identified into four genera and seven species. Taxonomically, 11 isolates belong to family Candidaceae and Saccharomycetaceae, order Saccharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes of the phylum Ascomycota. Those isolates were identified as species Candida magnoliae (isolat JZ078), C. orthopsilosis (isolat JZ068 and JZ069), C. parapsilosis (isolat JZ067 and JZ095), Debaryomyces hansenii (isolat JZ083 and JZ096), Meyerozyma caribbica (isolat JZ094), Zygosaccharomyces mellis (isolat JZ075), and Z. siamensis (isolat JZ054, JZ055, and JZ056)."

"Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui identitas khamir yang hidup pada putik bunga Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn dan saluran pencernaan Apis mellifera L., lebah pengumpul polen yang mengunjungi bunga Ceiba pentandra. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir yang terdiri dari tiga isolat dari putik bunga Ceiba pentandra dan sembilan isolat dari saluran pencernaan Apis mellifera digunakan pada penelitian. Isolat-isolat khamir diidentifikasi berdasarkan hasil Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST) data sequence daerah ITS rDNA, analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan alat reproduksi seksual dan aseksual. Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk mengamplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA. Hasil elektroforesis gel produk PCR menunjukkan ukuran daerah ITS rDNA isolat khamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 hingga 800 pb. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa 12 isolat khamir terdiri dari enam species. Lima species khamir termasuk ke dalam phylum Ascomycota, order Saccharomycetales, class Saccharomycetes dan satu species khamir termasuk ke dalam phylum Basidiomycota, order Tremellales,dan class Tremellomycetes. Tiga isolat khamir dari putik bunga C. pentandra diidentifikasi sebagai Bullera coprosmaensis (JZ137), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ053), dan Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ051). Sembilan isolat khamir dari saluran pencernaan A. mellifera diidentifikasi sebagai Candida fermentatii (JZ059 dan JZ060), Candida mesorugosa (JZ057, JZ058, dan JZ063), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ064 dan JZ065), Candida parapsilosis (JZ066), dan Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ061). Dua species khamir yaitu Candida orthopsilosis dan Debaryomces hansenii ditemukan pada putik C. pentandra dan saluran pencernaan A. mellifera.

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The aim of this study was to identify yeasts from the pistils of Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn and digestive tracts of pollen collecting bee, Apis mellifera L. Twelve yeast isolates were identified which were consisted of three isolates from the pistils of C. pentandra and nine isolates from digestive tracts of A. mellifera. Identification was based on homology sequences analysis using Basic Local Alignment Searching Tools (BLAST), phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and observation of sexual and asexual reproduction. The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify ITS region rDNA of the isolates. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the size of ITS region of the isolates were varied on the range of 400--800 bp.

The results showed that twelve yeast isolates were identified as six species. Taxonomically, five species belong to phylum Ascomycota, order Saccharomycetales, class Saccharomycetes and one species belong to phylum Basidiomycota order Tremellales, class Tremellomycetes. Three yeast isolates from the pistils of C. pentandra were identified as Bullera coprosmaensis (JZ137), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ053), and Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ051). Nine yeast isolates from digestive tracts of pollen collecting A. mellifera were identified as Candida fermentatii (JZ059 & JZ060), Candida mesorugosa (JZ057, JZ058, dan JZ063), Candida orthopsilosis (JZ064 & JZ065), Candida parapsilosis (JZ066), and Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ061). Debaryomyces hansenii and Candida orthopsilosis were found on the pistils of C. pentandra and digestive tracts of A. mellifera."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui identitas khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah pekerja pengumpul polen (pollen collecting bees, PCB) Apis mellifera. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir dari saluran pencernaan PCB yang mengunjungi bunga kapuk Ceiba pentandra di Jepara, Jawa Tengah, diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA. Amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA menggunakan primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4. Elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan bahwa daerah ITS rDNA khamir-khamir tersebut berukuran antara 400--900 pb. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi sequence menggunakan program basic local alignment search tool (BLAST), analisis filogenetik menggunakan metode Neighbor Joining (NJ), dan karakterisasi morfologi, 12 isolat khamir tersebut terdiri dari tujuh spesies yang termasuk dalam lima genus. Secara taksonomi, seluruh khamir tersebut termasuk phylum Ascomycota, class Hemiascomycetes, dan order Saccharomycetales. Isolat-isolat tersebut diidentifikasi sebagai Candida magnoliae (isolat JZ002), Candida orthopsilosis (isolat JZ003, JZ008, JZ011, dan JZ034), Candida rugosa (isolat JZ010); Debaryomyces hansenii (isolat JZ001); Meyerozyma caribbica (isolat JZ013 dan JZ014), Pichia guilliermondii (isolat JZ015), dan Zygosaccharomyces siamensis (isolat JZ005 dan JZ006).

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The aim of this study was to obtain the identity of yeasts from digestive tracts of pollen collecting bees (PCB) Apis mellifera. A total of 12 yeast isolates obtained from digestive tract of PCB foraging on flowers Ceiba pentandra in Jepara, Central Java, were identified based on sequence data of internal transcribed spacer of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify the ITS region rDNA. Gel electrophoresis result showed that the size of ITS rDNA of those yeast were varied between 400--900 base pairs. Based on sequence homology search using basic local alignment search tool (BLAST) program, phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and morphological characterization, those 12 isolates belong to five genera and seven species. Taxonomically, all of those isolates belong to order Saccharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes from the phylum Ascomycota. Those 12 isolates were identified as species Candida magnoliae (isolate JZ002); Candida orthopsilosis (isolates JZ003, JZ008, JZ011, and JZ034); Candida rugosa (isolate JZ010); Debaryomyces hansenii (isolate JZ001); Meyerozyma caribbica (isolates JZ013 and JZ014); Pichia guilliermondii (isolate JZ015); and Zygosaccharomyces siamensis (isolates JZ005 and JZ006)."

"Penelitian bertujuan mengetahui identitas khamir dari saluran pencernaan lebah pekerja pengumpul nektar (nectar collecting bee, NCB) Apis mellifera yang mengunjungi bunga kapuk (Ceiba pentandra) di Jepara. Sebanyak 12 isolat khamir diidentifikasi berdasarkan data sequence daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA. Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA. Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan ukuran daerah ITS rDNA isolat khamir-khamir tersebut bervariasi antara 400 pb hingga 800 pb. Berdasarkan hasil pencarian homologi sequence daerah ITS rDNA m2elalui program Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST), analisis filogenetik dengan metode Neighbor Joining, dan pengamatan karakter morfologi, 12 isolat khamir tersebut diidentifikasi ke dalam empat genus dan lima spesies. Berdasarkan taksonomi, 11 isolat khamir termasuk ke dalam anggota order Sacharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes dari phylum Ascomycota dan satu isolat termasuk ke dalam anggota order Ustilaginales, class Ustilaginomycetes dari phylum Basidiomycota. Isolat-isolat tersebut diidentifikasi sebagai Candida parapsilosis (JZ102, JZ105, JZ116, dan JZ121), Candida rugosa (JZ117, JZ121), Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ100, JZ113, JZ118), Meyerozyma caribbica (JZ124, JZ125), dan Pseudozyma sp. (JZ104).

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The aim of this study was to identify the yeast isolates from the digestive tracts of nectar collecting bees (NCB) of Apis mellifera. A total of 12 yeast isolates from the digestive tracts of NCB foraging on flowers of Ceiba pentandra in Jepara, Central Java, were identified based on sequence data of Internal Transcribed Spacers Regions of ribosomal DNA (ITS rDNA). The primer set of ITS1 (forward primer) and ITS4 (reverse primer) were used to amplify the ITS rDNA of the isolates. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the size of ITS region rDNA of the isolates were varied on the range of 400 bp -- 800 bp. Based on sequence homology search results by Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) program, phylogenetic analysis by Neighbor Joining method, and morphological characterization, those 12 isolates were identified into four genera and five species. Taxonomically, 11 isolates belong to order Sacharomycetales, class Hemiascomycetes from the phylum Ascomycota and 1 isolate belongs to order Ustilaginales, class Ustilaginomycetes from the phylum Basidiomycota. Those isolates were identified as Candida parapsilosis (JZ102, JZ105, JZ116, and JZ121), Candida rugosa (JZ117, JZ121), Debaryomyces hansenii (JZ100, JZ113, JZ118), Meyerozyma caribbica (JZ124, JZ125), and Pseudozyma sp. (JZ104). "

"PT. SOHO Industri Pharmasi memproduksi banyak produk obat dan suplemen, diantaranya adalah Imboost tab 10s, Diapet kapsul, dan juga Curcuma Force. Dari data sebelumnya diketahui bahwa ketiga produk tersebut memiliki cycle time yang lebih panjang dibanding dengan cycle time teoritisnya. Hal ini disebabkan karena waktu proses yang lebih panjang ataupun karena adanya waktu tunggu antarproses produksi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menganalisis mengenai masalah utama panjangnya cycle time dari produk tersebut serta memberikan  saran yang dapat diimplementasikan. Analisi dilakukan dengan pengamatan secara langsung di lapangan pada tiap proses produksi (weighing,mixing, tableting, coating, primary packaging, secondary packaging, review BR) serta dengan wawancara langsung kepada operator dan supervisor pada tempat proses produksi yang bersangkutan. Dari hasil analisis yang telah dilakukan, kita mengetahui bahwa cycle time yang panjang disebabkan oleh waktu tunggu. Waktu tunggu ini disebakan oleh banyak faktor. Pada kasus ini, waktu tunggu disebabkan oleh antrian mesin dan antrian review BR. Antrian mesin dapat terjadi akibat adanya hambatan pada mesin atau oprator sehingga mengakibatkan downtime. Hambatan yang terjadi antara lain karena mesin masih mengerjakan produk lain, mesin rusak, dan operator yang sedang bekerja pada mesin lain. Antrian pada review BR disebabkan oleh admin yang tidak ada pada waktu lembur sabtu dan minggu. Sedangkan proses prosuksi kadang masih berjalan pada hari sabtu dan minggu sehingga terjadi tumpukan pada review BR.

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PT. SOHO Pharmaceutical Industry produces many medicinal and supplement products, including Imboost tab 10s, Diapet capsules, and also Curcuma Force. From the previous data, it is known that the three products have a longer cycle time than the theoretical cycle time. This is due to a longer processing time or because of the waiting time between production processes. The purpose of this study is to analyze the main problem of the length of the cycle time of the product and provide suggestions that can be implemented. The analysis is carried out by direct observation in the field for each production process (weighing, mixing, tableting, coating, primary packaging, secondary packaging, BR review) as well as by direct interviews with operators and supervisors at the production process site concerned. From the results of the analysis that has been done, we know that the long cycle time is caused by waiting times. This waiting time is caused by many factors. In this case, the waiting time is caused by the machine queue and the BR review queue. Machine queues can occur due to obstacles in the machine or operator, resulting in downtime. The obstacles that occur are because the machine is still working on other products, the machine is damaged, and the operator is working on other machines. The queue on the BR review was caused by the admin who wasn't there on Saturday and Sunday overtime. While the production process sometimes still runs on Saturdays and Sundays, so there is a pile on the BR review."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan menganalisis hubungan kekerabatan spesies-spesiesCercospora berdasarkan data sequence daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS)rDNA, gen elongation factor 1-α (EF), dan gen calmodulin (CAL); mengetahuilokus yang paling baik dalam memisahkan spesies-spesies Cercospora; danmenguji host specificity Cercospora spp. dengan tanaman inangnya. Padapenelitian ini telah dilakukan amplifikasi dan sequencing daerah ITS rDNA, genEF, dan gen CAL pada 14 spesies dari 23 strain Cercospora yang berasal dari tigafamili tanaman inang (Asteraceae, Cucurbitaceae, dan Solanaceae). Pohonfilogenetik dibangun menggunakan metode Neighbor-Joining, MaximumParsimony, dan Bayesian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pohonfilogenetik berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA tidak dapat menjelaskanhubungan kekerabatan antarspesies pada genus Cercospora; sebagian besarCercospora (57 dari 61 OTU) berada dalam satu kelompok besar yang jarakcabangnya berimpit satu dengan lainnya. Pohon filogenetik berdasarkan datasequence gen EF dapat menjelaskan hubungan kekerabatan beberapa spesiesCercospora, walaupun sebagian spesies Cercospora (24 OTU) berada dalam satukelompok yang jarak cabangnya berimpit satu dengan lainnya. Pohon filogenetikberdasarkan data sequence gen CAL dapat menjelaskan hubungan kekerabatansebagian besar spesies Cercospora, jarak cabang terlihat lebih panjangdibandingkan pada pohon filogenetik berdasarkan data sequence gen EF,walaupun beberapa spesies Cercospora (16 OTU) belum dapat dipisahkan. Hasilanalisis filogenetik menunjukkan bahwa spesies-spesies Cercospora tidak dapatdipisahkan berdasarkan data sequence daerah ITS rDNA, akan tetapi sebagianspesies dapat dipisahkan berdasarkan data sequence gen EF dan gen CAL. Pohonfilogenetik berdasarkan data sequence gen CAL menunjukkan bahwa gen tersebutdapat digunakan untuk memisahkan spesies-spesies Cercospora lebih baikdaripada daerah ITS rDNA dan gen EF. Hasil analisis filogenetik berdasarkandata sequence multilokus menunjukkan bahwa 11 dari 14 spesies Cercosporayang digunakan dalam penelitian tidak host-specific, hanya tiga spesies yaitu C.zinniicola, C. cocciniae, dan C. mikaniicola yang spesifik terhadap inangnya.

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ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were to analyze the phylogenetic relationships ofCercospora spp. based on sequence data of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS)region of rDNA, elongation factor 1-α (EF), and calmodulin (CAL) genes; todetermine the best locus in separating Cercospora species; and to investigate thehost specificity of Cercospora spp. In this study, the sequences of the ITS regionof rDNA, EF, and CAL genes of 23 strains which belong to 14 species ofCercospora from three host plants families were amplified and sequenced. Thephylogenetic trees of the Cercospora spp. were constructed by Neighbor-Joining,Maximum Parsimony, and Bayesian methods. Our result showed thatphylogenetic relationship of Cercospora at the species level could not be resolvedby ITS rDNA; most of Cercospora species (57 OTU) were grouped in one majorclade with no branch length differences among species. The EF phylogenetic tree,showed that some species of Cercospora could be separated, although 24 OTUwere grouped into one clade with no branch length differences. The CALphylogenetic tree showed that the majority of Cercospora species could beseparated with longer branch compared to the EF phylogenetic tree, althoughseveral species (16 OTU) could not be separated. The phylogenetic analysesshowed that most of Cercospora species could not be separated in the ITS rDNAtree, however those species could be separated in the EF and CAL phylogenetictrees. The results showed that CAL gene was the best locus in separatingCercospora species compared to ITS rDNA and EF gene. Molecularphylogenetic analysis from multiloci (ITS regions of rDNA, EF gene, and CALgene) revealed that 11 out of 14 species of Cercospora have no host specificity(have a wide host range) and only three species e.g., C. zinniicola, C. cocciniae,and C. mikaniicola showed host specificity."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi 15 strain kapang dari lima manuskrip kuno berbahan kertas daluang asal perpustakaan Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) dan melakukan deskripsi morfologi kapang-kapang tersebut. Identifikasi dilakukan berdasarkan analisis sekuens daerah Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) rDNA dan pengamatan morfologi kapang dilakukan pada Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Primer forward ITS1 dan primer reverse ITS4 digunakan untuk amplifikasi daerah ITS rDNA.Hasil elektroforesis produk PCR menunjukkan panjang daerah ITS dari 15 strain kapang tersebut bervariasi antara 500 pb--900 pb. Sebelas strain kapang memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strain), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), dan Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Eurotiales, kelas Plectomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Satu strain memiliki homologi ITS rDNA dengan spesies terdekat Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain) dan termasuk anggota ordo Capnodiales, kelas Dotthideomycetes, dari filum Ascomycota. Tiga strain kapang (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, dan mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) belum berhasil diidentifikasi hingga tingkat spesies.

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The aims of this research were to identify 15 mould strains from five old manuscripts of daluang paper from the library of Fakultas Ilmu Pengetahuan Budaya Universitas Indonesia (FIB UI) and to describe their morphology. Identification was carried out based on analysis of Internal Transcribed Spacers (ITS) region of rDNA sequence. Observation of the mould’s morphology was carried out on Czapek’s Dox Agar (CDA). Forward primer ITS1 and reverse primer ITS4 were used to amplify the ITS region of rDNA. Gel electrophoresis results showed that the lengths of ITS region from 15 mould strains were on the range of 500 bp--900 bp.

Eleven strains showed ITS rDNA sequence similarities to Aspergillus clavatus Desm. (1 strain), Aspergillus flavus group (1 strain), Aspergillus niger van Tieghem (1 strain), Penicillium citrinum Thom (6 strains), Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (1 strain), Penicillium oxalicum Currie & Thom (1 strain). The strains belong to order Eurotiales, Class Plectomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. One strain showed ITS rDNA sequence similarity to Pseudocercospora sp. (1 strain). The strain belongs to order Capnodiales, class Dotthideomycetes, phylum Ascomycota. Three strains (Penicillium sp. FIB.PRI.6.1, Fraseriella sp. FIB.PRI.6.2, and mycelia sterilia FIB.PRII.3) were unable to be identified to species level."