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"Malaria merupakan penyakit menular yang memiliki angka kasus dan kematian yang tinggi di dunia termasuk di Indonesia. Penyakit menular ini ditransmisikan melalui gigitan nyamuk Anopheles betina yang membawa parasit dari genus Plasmodium. Salah satu upaya yang dapat dilakukan dalam pengendalian malaria adalah program vaksinasi dengan vaksin pra-eritrositik. Selain itu, terdapat intervensi yang dapat memutus rantai penularan dari manusia ke nyamuk, yaitu penggunaan obat transmission-blocking. Pada skripsi ini digunakan model matematika untuk membahas bagaimana pengendalian penyakit malaria dengan vaksin pra-eritrositik dan obat transmission-blocking. Model merupakan sistem persamaan diferensial nonlinier berdimensi sepuluh yang melibatkan dua populasi, yaitu populasi manusia dan populasi nyamuk. Populasi manusia terdiri dari delapan subpopulasi dan populasi nyamuk terdiri dari dua subpopulasi. Kajian analitik yang dilakukan adalah menganalisis eksistensi dan sifat kestabilan titik-titik keseimbangan dan menganalisis basic reproduction number (R0). Simulasi numerik terdiri dari penaksiran parameter, analisis sensitivitas dan elastisitas R0, dan simulasi autonomous untuk memahami dinamika populasi terhadap perubahan nilai parameter. Data penaksiran parameter menggunakan data kasus baru terdeteksi malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat tahun 2020. Berdasarkan kajian analitik dan simulasi numerik, menunjukkan intervensi vaksin pra-eritrositik dan obat transmission-blocking terbukti mampu mereduksi penyebaran malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat. Dengan menerapkan kedua intervensi ini diharapkan dapat mengoptimalkan upaya pengendalian malaria di Provinsi Papua dan Papua Barat.

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Malaria is an infectious disease that has a high number of cases and deaths in the world, including in Indonesia. This infectious disease is transmitted through the bite of a female Anopheles mosquito that carries parasites of the genus Plasmodium. One of the efforts that can be done in controlling malaria is a vaccination program with pre-erythrocytic vaccines. In addition, there is an intervention that can break the chain of transmission from humans to mosquitoes, namely the use of transmission-blocking drugs. In this undergraduate thesis, a mathematical model is used to discuss how to control malaria with pre-erythrocytic vaccines and transmission-blocking drugs. The model is a ten-dimensional nonlinear differential equation system involving two populations, namely the human population and the mosquito population. The human population consists of eight subpopulations and the mosquito population consists of two subpopulations. The analytical study is analyzing the existence and stability of the equilibrium points and analyzing the basic reproduction number (R0). The numerical simulation consists of parameter estimation, sensitivity and elasticity analysis of R0, and autonomous simulation to understand the dynamics of the population to changes in parameter values. Parameter estimation data using data on new cases of malaria detected in Papua and West Papua in 2020. Based on analytical studies and numerical simulations, pre-erythrocytic vaccines and transmission-blocking drugs are proven to be able to reduce the spread of malaria in Papua and West Papua. By implementing these two interventions, it is expected to optimize malaria control efforts in the Papua and West Papua provinces. "

"Pendahuluan. Malaria adalah salah satu penyakit infeksi parasit yang masih menjadi permasalahan di Indonesia. Meskipun sebagian besar daerah di Indonesia sudah bebas malaria, namun masih cukup banyak daerah yang masih endemis dengan prevalensi malaria yang tinggi. Tujuan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tingkat pengetahuan, perilaku pencegahan terhadap malaria pada karyawan, adanya perbedaan tingkat pengetahuan  antara karyawan yang pernah dan belum pernah ke daerah endemis malaria dan bagaimana peran perusahaan terhadap pencegahan malaria. Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan Mix Method (deskriptif kualitatif dan kuantitatif). Penelitian kualitatif dilakukan dengan pendekatan melalui wawancara secara mendalam menggunakan adaptasi kuesioner untuk mengetahui pencegahan malaria dan penerapan di perusahaan yang meliputi manajer, supervisor dan dokter klinik perusahaan. Penelitian kuantitatif untuk mengukur tingkat pengetahuan serta perilaku karyawan terhadap malaria. Analisis data dilakukan dengan program statistic menggunakan uji Man-Whitney. Hasil. Seluruh responden masuk ke dalam kategori tingkat  pengetahuan dan pencegahan malaria yang masih buruk. Tidak ada perbedaan pengetahuan yang bermakna antara karyawan yang sudah ataupun belum pernah ke daerah endemis malaria (menggunakan uji Man-Whitney, p: 0,371). Peran perusahaan dinilai masih kurang dalam melakukan pencegahan malaria. Kesimpulan. Masih kurangnya nilai pengetahuan karyawan secara keseluruhan terkait malaria dan pencegahan penularannya. Dan tidak ada perbedaan bermakna antara pengetahuan karyawan yang belum dan sudah pernah bertugas ke daerah endemis malaria. Masih kurangnya peran perusahaan terhadap pencegahan malaria

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Introduction. Malaria is one of the parasitic infectious diseases that remains as a main problem in Indonesia. Even though most regions in Indonesia are malaria free, there are still many areas that are endemic with high prevalence.

Objective. The purpose of this study were among others to identify the level of knowledge of malaria among employess, to determine whether there was a difference between thelevel of knowledge among those who had and never had been to Papua or other malaria endemic area and to find out company’s role towards prevention of malaria.

Method. This study was using a descriptive study with a Mix Method (qualitative and quantitative method). Qualitative research was carried out by a system approach through in-depth interviews using adaptated questionnaires as guidance to learn about malaria prevention and control practices of the company involving manager, supervisor and clinical physician. Quantitative research measures the level of knowledge and behavior of employees towards malaria. Data analysis was performed with statistical program using Man-Whitney test.

Results. All respondents had  poor  knowledge and prevention practices towards malaria There was no significant difference in knowledge between employees who had or had not been to malaria endemic areas (p: 0.371). The role of company towards malaria prevention is still not optimal.

Conclusion. Overall knowledge related to malaria and it’s prevention was poor. And there was no significant difference between the knowledge of employees who have not and have been assigned to malaria-endemic areas. The role of company towards malaria prevention is still lacking."

"Kejadian Luar Biasa (KLB) malaria terjadi di Desa Cakul pada tahun 2008 (Dinkes Trenggalek Jatim, 2009). Tujuan penelitian menganalisis ecosocial rumah tangga, ecosocial desa, melakukan pemetaan dan membuat model system dynamics pada ekosistem pantai, dataran rendah dan perbukitan. Desain penelitian survei dengan menggabungkan beberapa metode (combined methode). Ecososial rumah tangga di perbukitan mendukung terjadinya malaria diantaranya kurang aktifnya orang tua dalam mencari informasi nilai p=0,000, OR=37,04 dengan pantai, dan OR 58,58 dengan dataran rendah, status sosial ekonomi yang rendah nilai p=0,002, OR=8,33 dengan pantai, OR 12,5 dengan dataran rendah, genangan air di sekitar rumah p=0,000, OR=5,35 dengan pantai, dan OR 12,27 dengan dataran rendah, aktifitas keluar malam, dan perilaku tidur di tempat kerja (di daerah endemis malaria). Ecosocial desa, kepala desa tidak menyediakan informasi pengendalian malaria, tidak mengeluarkan aturan mobilisasi masyarakat ke daerah endemis malaria, dan penebangan hutan banyak terjadi di perbukitan. Kejadian malaria terkonsentrasi di perbukitan dengan nilai (NNI=0,477284). Model system dynamics dengan model ecosocial of combined method for controlling malaria, yang paling sensitif menurunkan kejadian malaria adalah skenario intervensi sosialisasi pengendalian malaria, dengan rentang waktu tahun 2012 sampai dengan tahun 2021.

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Malaria outbreak was a disaster in a Cakul village in 2008 (Trenggalek Health Office, East Java, 2009). This research is aim to analyze ecosocial household, village ecosocial, mapping and modeling system dynamics in coastal ecosystems, plains and hills. Survey research design by combining multiple methods (combined method). Ecososial households favor the occurrence of malaria among older people in the hills are less active in seeking information on the value of p = 0.000, OR = 37.04 with a beach, and OR 58.58 with lowlands, low socio economic status value of p = 0.002, OR = 8.33 to the beach, OR 12.5 with lowland, standing water around the home p = 0.000, OR = 5.35 with a beach, and OR 12.27 with lowlands, activity out at night, and sleep behavior in the workplace (in malaria-endemic areas). Ecosocial village, the village chief does not provide information of malaria control, community mobilization has not been issued yet the rules for malaria-endemic areas, a lot of logging going on in Trenggalek hills. The incidence of malaria is concentrated in the hills with a value of (NNI = 0.477284). To achieve sustainable control over malaria, a combined method to models of system dynamics and ecosicial are needed, the most effective to lower the incidence of malaria is the malaria control intervention scenarios socialization, with a span of years 2012 to 2021."

"Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia termasuk indonesia karena mengakibatkan dampak yang luas dan berpeluang menjadi penyakit emerging dan re­ emerging disease. Di wilayah SEARO 10 dari 11 negara anggota SEARO endemlk malaria termasuk Indonesia. Pada tabun 2008 dilaporkan 2,4 juta kasus dengan konfirmasi laboratorium dan 40.000 kematian. Penelitiau ini menggunakan desain cross sectional yang bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mengenai faktor-faktor yaug berhubungau dengan kejadian malaria pada populasi >15 tahun di Indonesia tahun 2010. Penelitian dengan studi kuantitatif melibatkan 177.920 subjek penelitian yang diambil dari data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2010. Dati analisis multivariat didapatkan 13 variabel yang berhubungan secara signifikan. Variabel tersebut adalah : Umur, jenis kelamin, tipe dinding rurnah, tinggal sekitar sungai, tinggal sekitar hutan, tinggal sekitar pantai, tinggal sekitar daerah padat penduduk, tinggal sekitar ladang sawah, tinggal sekitar perkebunan, tipe daerah, tidur menggunakan kelambu. penggunaan repelen, dan kemoprofilaksis. Disarankan untuk orang yang tinggal di daerah berisiko untuk selalu menggunakan repelen, kepada Kementrian Kesebatan RI untuk: 1) meningkatkan cakupan juru malaria desa. 2) melakukan inodilikasi pemberantasan vektor pada daerah-daerah perkembangbiakan nyamuk Anopheles. Untuk peneliti lain disarankan untuk melakukan penelitian dengan desain lain seperti kasus kontrol untuk melibat faktor-faktor yang berhubungau dengau malaria pada daerah endemis atau non endemis malaria.

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Malaria is the global health problem inclusive of Indonesia, because resulting wide impact and have opportunity to become emerging and re-emerging disease. In WHO region SEARO, 10 of 11 member country is endemic malaria inclusive Indonesia. In the year 2008 reported by 2,4 million case with the laboratory confirm and 40.000 death, incidence malaria 2010 was 22,9 per 1.000 population (Basic Health Research, 2010). This is a cross sectional study which aim to describe the predictors of malaria occurrence factors [of] which deal with malaria occurrence in population aged 15 and above in Indonesia, 2010. Research with the quantitative study is conducted in 177.920 respondent research which is taken from Basic Health Research 2010. Multivariate analysis showed 13 variable by significant. The variable is : Age, gender, home wall type, stay around river, stay around forest, stay around beach, stay around region over population, stay around farm, stay around plantation, region type, sleep utilizes bednet, repelen's purpose, and kemoprofilaksis. Suggested for person what does live at risk area to evers be utilize repelen, to Ministry of Health to 1). improving coverage of expert of countryside malaria 2) conducting modification of eradication vektor at breeding place of mosquito Anopheles. For the researcher of suggested other;dissimilar to /conduct research by design other;dissimilar like ease control to see the factors are related with malaria in endemic area or non endemic area."

"ABSTRAKIndonesia merupakan salah satu negara dengan beban malaria tertinggi di Asia Tenggara. Diperkirakan 35 persen penduduk Indonesia tinggal di daerah denganAnnual Parasite Incidence (API) yang berisiko tertular malaria. Perilaku pencegahan penyakit malaria dilakukan untuk menurunkan angka kejadian malaria di Indonesia terutama di wilayah berpotensi malaria. Tujuan penelitian iniadalah untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor hubungan perilaku pencegahan malariadengan kejadian malaria di provinsi Bengkulu tahun 2013. Penelitianmenggunakan data RISKESDAS 2013 dengan desain studi cross sectional. Dengan desain efek dua, maka jumlah minimum sampel adalah 3.412 responden. Sampel penelitian ini adalah seluruh individu di rumah tangga di provinsiBengkulu yang terpilih menjadi responden RISKESDAS 2013 yaitu 18.120 responden. Faktor dominan perilaku pencegahan yang mempengaruhi kejadian malaria yaitu jenis kelamin, klasifikasi wilayah, dan konsumsi obat pencegahan.Dimana jenis kelamin laki-laki berpeluang terkena malaria sebesar 1,2 kalidibandingkan dengan perempuan setelah di kontrol umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan,klasifikasi wilayah, kelambu berinsektisida, obat nyamuk bakar, kasa nyamuk,repelen, rumah di semprot insektisida, dan konsumsi obat pencegahan.

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ABSTRACTIndonesia is one country with the highest malaria burden in Southeast Asia. An estimated 35 percent of Indonesia's population live in areas with Annual ParasiteIncidence (API) that is at risk of contracting malaria. Malaria prevention behaviors done to reduce the incidence of malaria in Indonesia, especially in thearea of potential malaria. The purpose of this study is knowing the relationship between the behavior to prevent malaria with malaria with malaria incidence in Bengkulu province in 2013. The study used data RISKESDAS 2013 with cross sectional study design using the data RISKESDAS 2013. With two design effects, the minimum number of samples was 3412 respondents. Samples were allindividuals in households in Bengkulu province were elected to the respondent RISKESDAS 2013 ie 18 120 respondents. The dominant factor affecting the behavior of the incidence of malaria prevention: gender, region classification, and prevention of drug consumption. Where the male chance of getting malaria by 1.2 times compared with women after control variables age, education, occupation, region classification, insecticide-treated nets, mosquito coils, mosquito netting, repellent, home insecticide spray, and prevention of drug consumption."

"Malaria merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di propinsi Papua. Meluasnya penyebaran parasit malaria dan penanganan program malaria yang tidak teratur serta diikuti adanya krisis ekonomi dan perselisihan di masyarakat Papua pada akhir tahun 1990an telah mengakibatkan situasi malaria di daerah Papua semakin terpuruk. Untuk menentukan besaran permasalahan malaria saat ini, suatu survei malariometrik telah dilakukan di tiga Kecamatan di Kabupaten Jayapura serta uji sensitifitas obat antimalaria sulfadoksin-pirimetamin (SP) pada pasien malaria di unit rawat jalan RSU Abepura, Puskesmas Hamadi dan Poliklinik Panti Asuhan Katolik Sentani, Kabupaten Jayapura, Propinsi Papua. Pada survei malariometrik, dari 543 subyek yang diperiksa, ditemukan 185 subyek terinfeksi malaria P.falciparum, dan P.vivax serta infeksi campuran keduanya. Seluruh kasus malaria yang ditemukan merupakan kasus tanpa gejala (asimtomatik). Pada uji sensitifitas obat antimalaria dengan SP, dari 56 subyek yang diikutsertakan, ditemukan 32 subyek mengalami kegagalan pengobatan dini (KPD) dan 2 subyek mengalami kegagalan pengobatan kasep (KPK) serta 22 subyek berhasil pada pengobatan ini. Hasil-hasil di atas menunjukkan bahwa prevalensi malaria di Kabupaten Jayapura serta angka kegagalan pengobatan SP cukup tinggi dan oleh karena itu diperlukan adanya obat antimalaria baru yang sesuai dengan keadaan pada daerah tersebut.

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AbstractMalaria poses a major public health problem in Papua. The rapid spread of drug-resistant parasites and deterioration of the malaria control program following the monetary crisis and civil strife in the late 90?es have worsened the malaria situation in many areas of Papua. To re-assess the current magnitude of malaria problem, a malariometric survey was conducted in three sub-districts of Jayapura District, as well as antimalarial drug sensitivity test using sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) at the outpatient clinics of Abepura General Hospital (RSU), Hamadi Primary Health Center and Panti Asuhan Katolik Clinics, Sentani, Jayapura District, Papua Province. Screening of 543 subjects in three sub-districts revealed 185 malaria positive subjects, either with P. falciparum, P. vivax or mixed of the two species. All of the malaria cases were asymptomatic. In the SP drug sensitivity test, of the 56 subjects involved, 32 were classified as early treatment failure and two subjects were classified as late treatment failure. The remaining 22 subjects were classified as adequate clinical and parasitological response (ACPR). These results indicated that the surveyed area has a high malaria prevalence and treatment failure to SP and therefore alert to the need of deploying new antimalarial regiment that suit the remote setting."

"Malaria termasuk penyakit yang masih menjadi masalah kesehatan, khususnya di Kabupaten Lampung Selatan. Upaya yang dilakukan untuk mengatasi malaria di Kecamatan Rajabasa telah dilakukan namun masih dijumpai adanya kasus malaria. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi praktik positif pencegahan malaria dan pengetahuan lokal dari masyarakat, yang menjadi faktor penting dilakukannya upaya pemberdayaan masyarakat dalam pencegahan malaria melalui pendidikan kesehatan dan peningkatan perilaku sehat. Penelitian dilakukan Bulan April 2016, menggunakan desain kualitatif dengan pendekatan positive deviance. Data didapatkan melalui wawancara mendalam dan observasi. Analisis data menggunakan content analysis ditemukan beberapa tema pada praktik positif yaitu pemakaian kelambu, pemakaian obat anti nyamuk, pemasangan kassa nyamuk, mengeringkan genangan, menutup jendela sebelum sore, membersihkan rumah dan halaman. Pada praktik negatif ditemukan tema kebiasaan keluar malam dan rendahnya partisipasi masyarakat, Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan praktik positif pencegahan malaria yang dilakukan masyarakat dengan menggunakan biji buah mahoni, menanam sereh dan minum air rebusan daun jambu batu untuk menolak gigitan nyamuk. Saran: Perlu melakukan penyuluhan kepada tokoh masyarakat dalam peningkatan dukungan kepada masyarakat, diperlukan fasilitasi dari puskesmas dan petugas kesehatan untuk membentuk forum silaturahmi antara tokoh masyarakat antar desa dalam rangka saling membagikan praktik positif yang dilakukan.

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Malaria disease is still a public health problem, particularly in South Lampung regency. Efforts are being made to tackle malaria in Sub Rajabasa been made, but still met the malaria cases. This study aims to identify positive practices malaria prevention and local knowledge of the community, which is an important factor to do community empowerment efforts in the prevention of malaria through health education and increase healthy behaviors. The study was conducted in April 2016 using a qualitative design with positive deviance approach. Data were obtained by interviews and observations. Analysis of data using content analysis found several themes on positive practices, namely the use of mosquito nets, the use of anti-mosquito, the insect screen installation, drain the puddle, close the window before the afternoon, cleaning the house and yard. On the negative practices found out custom theme nights and low community participation, this study found positive practices that do community malaria prevention using mahogany fruit seeds, planting lemongrass and drink water boiled guava leaves to reject mosquito bites. Suggestion: Keep doing outreach to the community leaders to increase support for communities, necessary facilitation of health centers and health officials to establish the relationship between community leaders forum between villages in order to share with each other positive practices do."

"The number of malaria cases in the world is 350- 500 million and more than one minion deaths occur every year, particularly intropical area and Africa. The prevalence of malaria in Indonesia is 2.85%. There are 49.6% Indonesian people which is risky to get infected with malaria because of living in an endemic malaria area. The prevalence of malaria in South Sumatera is 1.01 % and OKU District is the most endemic malaria area in South Sumatera with number of AMI (Annual Malaria Incidence) in 2008. of23.4%.In genera1t the objective of study was to assess the relation between the use of anti-mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandonan, and the specific objectives are :1. To assess the relation between the use of anti mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria 2. To assess porentiaJ impact of the use of anti­ mosquito lotion and incidence of malaria at Pengandorum. OKU District.The study is an observational epidemiology in case control study design. The target population of the study was people of OKU District, while the actual population was people who live in Pengandonan and participated in MBS. The sample population was people who participated in MBS and recruited as sample study.The use of anti-mosquito lotion has significant influence with malaria incidence ofOR=0,312 p=O,OOO (95% CI 0,19-0,056), which means people who use anti mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. The house construction has significant relation with malaria incidence of0R=7,88 p=O,OOO (95% Cl4,74-13,12).The knowledge of respondent about malaria has significant relation with malaria incidence of OR=0,49 dan p=O,OOJ (95% CI 0,31-0,78). Variable of "have acted around house» (IF 0.519) and variable of "diSstance of mosquito bedding"(p=O.l35) has no significant relation with malaria incidence. people who use anti-mosquito lotion is only 0.312 times more risky to get infected with malaria compare to people who don't. Public health intervention such as use of mosquito lotion will provide potential impact in decreasing malaria incidence in community of 53%.Suggestions:1. Efforts need to use anti-mosquito lotion that can be affordable by the community.considering the use of anti-mosquito lotion to prevent mosquito bites when outside the home is very effective and efficient.2. Increased knowledge of community with intensive counselling efforts so the knowledge of community about the disease malaria can be better, so they can be aware of their own willingness to seek a variety of activities that are preventive to mosquito bites."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini dimaksudkan untuk mengetahui perilaku tokoh agama dalam upaya pencegahan penyakit malaria, melalui pendekatan potong lintang (cross sectional) dengan menggunakan data primer di Kabupaten Bima Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat pada bulan Mei- Juni 2010.Hasil penelitian didapatkan, tokog agama yang melaksanakan perilaku pencegahan malaria 49,3%, Faktor yang berhubungan dengan perilaku pencegahan malaria adalah persepsi manfaat masyarakat (OR:4.222, 95% CI: 1.725 - 10.330) dalam berperilaku pencegahan malaria . Penting bagi pemerintah daerah untuk memfasilitasi peningkatan kerjasama antara Dinas Kesehatan dengan Kementerian Agama Kabupaten Bima dalam lingkup promosi kesehatan.

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ABSTRACT

The study was conducted to understand the behavior of religious leaders in efforts to prevent malaria, through a cross sectional approach using primary data in Bima District, Nusa Tenggara Barat Province in May-June 2010.

The results obtained 49,3%, religion leaders that carry malaria prevention behaviors. Factors associated with malaria prevention behavior is the perceived benefits of the community (OR:4.222, 95% CI: 1.725 to 10.330) in malaria prevention behavior. It is important for local governments to facilitate increased cooperation between the Department of Health with the Ministry of Religious Affairs within the scope of Bima District health promotion."