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"Uniting International Aspirations: The Role of Adam Malik as the President UN’s General Assembly 1971-1972

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This research discusses the role of Adam Malik during his tenure as President of UN General Assembly from 1971-1972. The discussion begins by explaining the factors behind the election of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly and his role in resolving the complicated agenda of the session during his tenure. In the years 1971-1972 was a historic year for the Indonesian people in the international world. Adam Malik was elected as the first Indonesian who succeeded in occupying the chair of the 26th UN General Assembly. Adam Malik is the 8th Asian person who succeeded in holding the position as President of UN General Assembly with 119 votes out of a total of 125 votes collected. The author argues that the support from Asian countries has also been a supporting factor in the success of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly. The leadership characteristic that Adam Malik applied in chairing the General Assembly was putting forward "Musyawarah" to resolve problems that occurred during his tenure. Different from previous research which discusses Adam Malik in full on his political career, this research focuses on the work of Adam Malik during his tenure at the United Nations. This research uses historical research methods using primary and secondary sources such as archives, newspapers, interview transcripts, books, and journals."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kiprah Adam Malik selama menjabat sebagai ketua Majelis Umum PBB 1971-1972. Pembahasan dimulai dengan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi terpilihnya Adam Malik sebagai ketua Majelis Umum dan bagaimana perannya dalam menyelesaikan agenda-agenda sidang yang pelik selama masa kepemimpinannya. Tahun 1971-1972 menjadi tahun bersejarah bagi bangsa Indonesia di dunia Internasional. Adam Malik terpilih sebagai orang Indonesia pertama yang berhasil menduduki kursi ketua Majelis Umum PBB ke-26. Adam Malik merupakan orang Asia ke-8 yang berhasil menduduki jabatan sebagai Ketua Majelis Umum PBB dengan perolehan suara 119 dari total 125 suara yang terkumpul. Penulis berargumen bahwa dukungan dari negara-negara Asia turut menjadi faktor pendukung dalam menyukseskan Adam Malik sebagai ketua Majelis Umum.Ciri khas kepemimpinan yang Adam Malik terapkan dalam memimpin sidang Majelis Umum yaitu mengedepankan "Musyawarah" untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang terjadi selama masa kepemimpinannya. Berbeda dari penelitian sebelumnya yang lebih membahas mengenai Adam Malik secara penuh terhadap karier politiknya, penelitian ini fokus pada kiprah Adam Malik selama mengemban tugas di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber primer dan sekunder seperti arsip, surat kabar, transkirp wawancara, buku, dan jurnal.

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This research discusses the role of Adam Malik during his tenure as President of UN General Assembly from 1971-1972. The discussion begins by explaining the factors behind the election of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly and his role in resolving the complicated agenda of the session during his tenure. In the years 1971-1972 was a historic year for the Indonesian people in the international world. Adam Malik was elected as the first Indonesian who succeeded in occupying the chair of the 26th UN General Assembly. Adam Malik is the 8th Asian person who succeeded in holding the position as President of UN General Assembly with 119 votes out of a total of 125 votes collected. The author argues that the support from Asian countries has also been a supporting factor in the success of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly. The leadership characteristic that Adam Malik applied in chairing the General Assembly was putting forward "Musyawarah" to resolve problems that occurred during his tenure. Different from previous research which discusses Adam Malik in full on his political career, this research focuses on the work of Adam Malik during his tenure at the United Nations. This research uses historical research methods using primary and secondary sources such as archives, newspapers, interview transcripts, books, and journals."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai kiprah Adam Malik selama menjabat sebagai ketua Majelis Umum PBB 1971-1972. Pembahasan dimulai dengan menjelaskan faktor-faktor yang melatarbelakangi terpilihnya Adam Malik sebagai ketua Majelis Umum dan bagaimana perannya dalam menyelesaikan agenda-agenda sidang yang pelik selama masa kepemimpinannya. Tahun 1971-1972 menjadi tahun bersejarah bagi bangsa Indonesia di dunia Internasional. Adam Malik terpilih sebagai orang Indonesia pertama yang berhasil menduduki kursi ketua Majelis Umum PBB ke-26. Adam Malik merupakan orang Asia ke-8 yang berhasil menduduki jabatan sebagai Ketua Majelis Umum PBB dengan perolehan suara 119 dari total 125 suara yang terkumpul. Penulis berargumen bahwa dukungan dari negara-negara Asia turut menjadi faktor pendukung dalam menyukseskan Adam Malik sebagai ketua Majelis Umum.Ciri khas kepemimpinan yang Adam Malik terapkan dalam memimpin sidang Majelis Umum yaitu mengedepankan "Musyawarah" untuk menyelesaikan permasalahan yang terjadi selama masa kepemimpinannya. Berbeda dari penelitian sebelumnya yang lebih membahas mengenai Adam Malik secara penuh terhadap karier politiknya, penelitian ini fokus pada kiprah Adam Malik selama mengemban tugas di Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian sejarah dengan menggunakan sumber primer dan sekunder seperti arsip, surat kabar, transkirp wawancara, buku, dan jurnal.

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This research discusses the role of Adam Malik during his tenure as President of UN General Assembly from 1971-1972. The discussion begins by explaining the factors behind the election of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly and his role in resolving the complicated agenda of the session during his tenure. In the years 1971-1972 was a historic year for the Indonesian people in the international world. Adam Malik was elected as the first Indonesian who succeeded in occupying the chair of the 26th UN General Assembly. Adam Malik is the 8th Asian person who succeeded in holding the position as President of UN General Assembly with 119 votes out of a total of 125 votes collected. The author argues that the support from Asian countries has also been a supporting factor in the success of Adam Malik as President of UN General Assembly. The leadership characteristic that Adam Malik applied in chairing the General Assembly was putting forward "Musyawarah" to resolve problems that occurred during his tenure. Different from previous research which discusses Adam Malik in full on his political career, this research focuses on the work of Adam Malik during his tenure at the United Nations. This research uses historical research methods using primary and secondary sources such as archives, newspapers, interview transcripts, books, and journals"

"Resolusi Uniting for Peace diadopsi oleh Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa pada 1950. Tujuannya adalah untuk memungkinkan Majelis Umum menanggapi suatu permasalahan yang mengancam perdamaian dan keamanan dunia apabila Dewan Keamanan sedang buntu karena penggunaan hak veto oleh salah satu negara anggota tetapnya. Skripsi ini melihat bagaimana penggunaan Resolusi Uniting for Peace oleh Majelis Umum. Hal tersebut dilakukan dengan melihat kepada sejarah resolusi tersebut dan juga perkembangan penggunaan Resolusi Uniting for Peace. Pembahasan dalam skripsi ini juga akan melihat kepada praktik penggunaan Resolusi Uniting for Peace dalam dua kasus yaitu Krisis Suez pada tahun 1956 dan konflik Israel-Palestina dalam emergency special session ke-7. Untuk melaksanakan pembahasan tersebut, penelitian yang dilakukan akan menggunakan tipe penelitian normatif, yaitu dengan melihat kepada perihal seperti asas-asas hukum dan sejarah hukum. Analisis yang dilakukan akan melihat penggunaan Resolusi Uniting for Peace dalam konteks Piagam PBB dan sejarah PBB. Dari penelitian dan pembahasan tersebut, diperoleh kesimpulan bahwa Resolusi Uniting for Peace diadopsi sebagai suatu upaya untuk memperkuat sistem collective security di Piagam PBB dan membantu PBB dalam mewujudkan perdamaian dan keamannan internasional. Tetapi perkembangannya menunjukkan bahwa hal tersebut mungkin sudah terlupakan, hal ini bisa terlihat dalam penggunaannya pada emergency special session ke-7.

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The Uniting for Peace Resolution was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1950. Its purpose was to allow the General Assembly to respond to a problem threatening international peace and security if the Security Council was frozen in place because of the use of the veto by a permanent member. This thesis looks into how the Uniting for Peace Resolution was used by the General Assembly. This is done by reviewing the history of the resolution and the development of its usage. This thesis also looks at how the Uniting for Peace Resolution is used in the Suez Crises of 1956 and in the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict, specifically during the 7th emergency special session. To conduct this discussion, the research will be carried out using the normative method where I will discuss it based on points such as the principles of law and the history of law. This analysis will be conducted by viewing the Uniting for Peace Resolution in the context of the UN Charter and the History of the UN. From that research and discussion, I have arrived at the conclusion that the Uniting for Peace Resolution was adopted as a means to strengthen the collective security system of the UN Charter and to aide the UN in realizing international peace and security. But its development shows me that that purpose might have been forgotten, this can be seen in its usage during the 7th emergency special session."

"Skripsi ini meneliti faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi perubahan posisi 15 negara anggota Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa terhadap norma “Responsibility to Protect” dari ‘tidak setuju’ (Majelis Umum 2005) menjadi ‘setuju’ (Majelis Umum 2009). Untuk melakukan hal tersebut, penulis menginvestigasi berbagai fenomena politik, ekonomi, maupun sosial yang terjadi sepanjang 2005-2009 pada level domestik maupun internasional yang terkait dengan ke-15 negara ini, serta menganalisis pola-pola yang muncul dari temuan tersebut. Pada akhirnya, skripsi ini menawarkan ‘Model Bola Menggelinding’ sebagai kerangka analisis yang dapat menjelaskan proses shifting atau pergeseran posisi aktor negara terhadap suatu norma yang diperkenalkan. Model ini berdasar pada asumsi bahwa tidak ada norma yang sama sekali baru; setiap norma dalam Hubungan Internasional merupakan hasil evolusi atau revolusi dari norma sebelumnya.

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This research aims to analyze the factors affecting the position shift in the United Nations General Assembly speeches of 15 state actors relative to Responsibility to Protect from ‘no’ in 2005 to ‘yes’ in 2009. In order to do so, this research tracks and investigates the various political, economical, as well as social phenomena that took place within, between, and amongst those countries throughout the time frame of 2005-2009. Departing from those findings, patterns and orders are identified in order to provide a preliminary analysis to explain the position shift. Finally, it proposes the ‘Rolling Ball Model’ as an analysis framework to explain state actors’ position shift toward an introduced norm. It relies on the assumption that each international norm emerges from either an evolution or revolution process from previously existing norms or collective values, in addition to understanding that the behavior of state actors relative to norms is dynamic from a time period to another."

"Pada 10 Mei 2024, Majelis Umum Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa (PBB) mengadakan Tenth Emergency Special Session. Dalam sidang ini, Majelis Umum mengadopsi Resolusi A/RES/ES-10/23 yang meningkatkan hak dan hak istimewa Palestina sebagai non-member observer state di PBB, sambil juga mendesak Dewan Keamanan untuk mempertimbangkan secara positif permohonan Palestina untuk keanggotaan penuh PBB. Berdasarkan Resolusi A/RES/ES-10/23, Majelis Umum memutuskan bahwa Palestina telah memenuhi kriteria untuk keanggotaan penuh sesuai dengan Piagam PBB. Hal ini berbeda dengan ketentuan yang diatur dalam Pasal 4 Paragraf (2) Piagam PBB. Biasanya, agar suatu negara dianggap memenuhi syarat dan dapat menjadi anggota baru PBB, Majelis Umum harus terlebih dahulu menerima rekomendasi dari Dewan Keamanan sebagaimana diatur dalam Pasal 4 Paragraf (2) Piagam PBB. Namun, dalam Resolusi A/RES/ES-10/23, terjadi prosedur yang berbeda di mana yang menyatakan bahwa Palestina telah memenuhi syarat untuk keanggotaan penuh bukanlah Dewan Keamanan, melainkan Majelis Umum PBB. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini akan meninjau kesesuaian penetapan status Palestina yang ditetapkan oleh Resolusi A/RES/ES-10/23 dengan ketentuan penerimaan anggota baru PBB sesuai dengan Piagam PBB.

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On May 10, 2024, the United Nations General Assembly held the Tenth Emergency Special Session. In this session, the General Assembly adopted Resolution A/RES/ES-10/23, which enhanced the rights and privileges of Palestine as an observer state at the UN while urging the Security Council to positively consider Palestine's application for full UN membership. According to Resolution A/RES/ES-10/23, the General Assembly decided that Palestine met the criteria for full membership in accordance with the UN Charter. This approach differs from the provisions outlined in Article 4, Paragraph (2) of the UN Charter. Typically, for a country to be deemed eligible for new membership in the UN, the General Assembly must first receive a recommendation from the Security Council as stipulated in Article 4, Paragraph (2) of the UN Charter. However, in Resolution A/RES/ES-10/23, the procedure differed as it was the General Assembly, not the Security Council, that declared Palestine as meeting the criteria for full membership. Therefore, this study will review the compliance of Palestine's status determination, as established by Resolution A/RES/ES-10/23, with the admission of new member provision of the UN Charter."