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"Latar Belakang: Ekstrak etanol temulawak (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) telah terbukti secara in vitro memiliki khasiat sebagai anti Candida albicans (C.albicans). Dalam upaya pengembangan tanaman obat tersebut sebagai obat herbal terstandar anti C.albicans, ekstrak etanol temulawak telah diformulasikan menjadi obat tetes oromukosa. Temulawak mengandung kurkumin yang merupakan senyawa polifenolik berwarna kuning yang dapat menyebabkan diskolorasi gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh paparan obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak terhadap warna email gigi. Metode: Gigi premolar tanpa karies dan defek struktural dicelupkan dalam obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak, CHX 0,2%, dan akuades selama 1 menit kemudian dibilas dan direndam dalam akuades selama 10 menit pada suhu 37oC. Tahapan dilakukan sebanyak 42 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu) dan 63 siklus (simulasi penggunaan 3 minggu). Analisis warna dilakukan menggunakan colorimeter pada 3 tahap waktu yaitu sebelum paparan, setelah paparan, dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Nilai yang didapatkan berupa ΔE yang menunjukkan selisih nilai pengukuran warna email sebelum dan setelah paparan obat serta sebelum dan setelah penyikatan. Hasil: Pada tahap waktu T1-T3 simulasi penggunaan 2 minggu dan 3 minggu, nilai ΔE>3.3 pada ketiga kelompok sehingga terlihat adanya perubahan warna yang signifikan antara warna gigi awal dan setelah penyikatan gigi. Terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang signifikan setelah dilakukan penyikatan dengan pasta gigi. Kesimpulan: Obat tetes ekstrak etanol temulawak mengakibatkan perubahan warna email gigi yang signifikan. Penyikatan gigi dapat mengurangi efek perubahan warna pada email gigi.

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Background: Javanese Turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.) ethanol extract is known to have antifungal properties against Candida albicans (C.albicans) based on in vitro studies. The next step in developing a standardised herbal medicine is by formulating Javanese Turmeric Ethanol Extract into oromucosal drops. Curcumin found in javanese turmeric is a yellowish polyphenolic compound that has the potential to cause staining on the enamel.

Objective: This study is aimed to evaluate the effect Javanese Turmeric ethanol extraxt oromucosal drops on discoloration of the dental enamel.

Method: Premolars with no caries and structural defects are immersed in the Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops, a 0,2% CHX mouthwash, and distilled water for 1 minute. After rinsing, they are then immersed in distilled water for 10 minutes at 37oC. The method mentioned is repeated for 42 cycles (2-week simulation) and 63 cycles (3-week simulation). Color assessment is done using a colorimeter at three different time points: before immersion, after immersion, and after brushing. Results will be shown as ΔE which is the color difference of enamel before and after immersion, as well as before and after toothbrushing.

Result: At time point T1-T3 for the 2-week and 3-week simulation, the ΔE score is greater than 3.3 on all three groups indicating a significant color difference before immersion and after toothbrushing. A significant color difference is observed after toothbrushing with toothpaste.

Conclusion: Javanese Turmeric ethanol extract oromucosal drops cause a significant tooth discoloration. Brushing had significant effect on removal of induced stains."

"Injeksi PGE2 pada mukosa bukal bersamaan dengan tekanan ortodonti dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi. Namun metode ini mempunyai kekurangan yaitu resorpsi tulang alveolar dan akar gigi yang besar serta rasa sakit. Gel digunakan sebagai media penghantar, menggantikan bentuk injeksi. Stabilitas PGE2 dalam gel, efek aplikasi gel PGE2 pada pergerakan gigi, konsentrasi RANKL pada GCF dan serum serta resorpsi tulang alveolar dan resorpsi akar gigi belum pernah diketahui. Penelitian ini eksperimental laboratorium in vitro untuk uji stabilitas gel PGE2 lyophillized dan in vivo pada Macaca fascicularis. Mukosa bukal kaninus kanan dioleskan gel PGE2, sedangkan kaninus kiri dioleskan gel tanpa PGE2, keduanya disertai tekanan ortodonti, pada awal, jam kedua dan keempat, selama dua menit. Pengolesan gel, pengukuran pergerakan gigi, pengambilan darah dan GCF, dilakukan setiap minggu. Macaca dieuthanasia, dinekropsi lalu dibuat sediaan histologi dan dievaluasi dengan TRAP. Gel PGE2 lyophillized tidak stabil, sehingga dibuat resenter paratus. Gel PGE2 dapat mempercepat pergerakan gigi 1,8 kali, RANKL dan resorpsi tulang alveolar lebih besar dari kontrol, serta resorpsi akar sama dengan kontrol. Gel PGE2 mempunyai prospek sebagai medikasi topikal untuk mempercepat pergerakan gigi ortodontik.

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The injection of PGE2 on buccal mucosa along with orthodontic force could accelerate orthodontic tooth movement. Nevertheless, this method also has adverse effects such as pain, over resorption of the alveolar bone and root structure. PGE2 gel to substitute the necessity of injection. Hence, the effect of PGE2 gel on the rate of tooth movement and RANKL concentration in GCF and blood serum also alveolar bone and root resorption is yet to be determined.

This study was an experimental laboratory in vitro to know the stability of PGE2 gel lyophillized and in vivo in Macaca fascicularis. PGE2 gel was applied on buccal mucosa of right canine along with orthodontic force and non- PGE2 gel on left canine on beginning, second, and fourth hour each for two minutes. Gel application, tooth movement measurement, blood sample, and GCF were done every week. Macaca euthanized, and made histology ​​ and evaluated by TRAP. PGE2 gel was made resenter paratus due to instability.

Results showed that PGE2 gel enhanced tooth movement 1.8 times, RANKL and alveolar bone resorption were greater than control and root resorption was similar to control. PGE2 gel had a good prospect as topical medication to enhance tooth movement in orthodontics."

"Penelitian ini dilaksanakan dengan tujuan mendapatkan ukuran rata-rata rahang kelompok Deutero Melayu pada mahasiswa Kedokteran Gigi Universitas Indonesia. Cetakan rahang mahasiswa diambil dan dibuat model rahang. Kemudian dilakukan pengukuran pada model tersebut dalam milimeter. Yang diukur adalah : panjang rahang dan lebar rahang, serta panjang lengkung gigi. Kemudian dicari ukuran rataratanya. Selain dari itu, dibedakan Pula bentuk rahang yang persegi dan yang oval. Dari gambaran bentuk lengkung rahang yang didapat,ternyata bentuk lengkung rahang yang oval, persegi, dan rata-rata ( gabungan oval dan persegi ), tidak menunjukkan banyak perbedaan, bila dikaitkan dengan ukuran sendok cetak yang sesuai. Hasil penelitian didapatkan ukuran rata-rata rahang,yang terdiri dari panjang rahang, lebar rahang, dan panjang lengkung rahang."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh waktu penyangraian biji kopi terhadap perubahan warna gigi. Delapan belas gigi premolar manusia direndam selama 30 jam, 45 jam, atau 60 jam dalam minuman kopi dengan biji kopi yang disangrai 10 menit, 15 menit, atau 20 menit pada suhu 210oC. Pengukuran warna dilakukan dengan alat Vita Easy Shade. Hasil menunjukkan terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang berbeda tidak bermakna antar kelompok waktu penyangraian biji kopi dan terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang berbeda bermakna pada perendaman dalam minuman kopi selama 60 jam. Disimpulkan bahwa tidak ada pengaruh waktu penyangraian biji kopi terhadap perubahan warna gigi.

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The aim of this study was to determine the effect of coffee beans roasting time on tooth discoloration. Eighteen human premolar teeth were immersed for 30 hours, 45 hours, or 60 hours in the coffee beverage at which the beans were roasted at 210oC for 10 minutes, 15 minutes, or 20 minutes. The color value was measured using the Vita Easy Shade. There was no significant color change between the coffee beans roasting time. There were significant tooths color change which immersed in the coffee beverage after 60 hours. In conclusion, there was no effect of coffee beans roasting time on tooth discoloration."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu penyangraian biji kopi terhadap perubahan warna gigi. Dilakukan menggunakan delapan belas gigi premolar post-ekstraksi yang direndam selama 30 jam, 45 jam, dan 60 jam dalam minuman kopi yang biji kopinya disangrai pada suhu 210⁰C, 230⁰C, dan 250⁰C selama 20 menit. Perubahan warna gigi dihitung berdasarkan CIEL*a*b*. Dihasilkan perubahan warna gigi yang berbeda bermakna antar suhu penyangraian biji kopi dan terdapat perubahan warna gigi yang berbeda bermakna pada kelompok suhu penyangraian 250⁰C dalam perendaman selama 60 jam. Disimpulkan terjadi perubahan warna pada gigi dalam perendaman minuman kopi meskipun dengan pengaturan suhu penyangraian yang berbeda.

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The aim of the research was to analyze the effect of coffee roasting temperature on tooth discoloration. Eighteen post-extracted premolar teeth were immersed in coffee beverage,at which the beans were roasted at 210⁰C, 230⁰C or 250⁰C, for 20 minutes. The color value was measured using CIE L*a*b* system. There were significant changes in tooth color due to different coffee roasting temperatures. There were significant tooth color changes which immersed for 60 hours in the coffee beverage at which the beans were roasted at 250⁰C. In conclusion, there were changes in tooth color after immersing in coffee solution despite different coffee roasting temperature. "

"Kopi menyebabkan diskolorasi gigi. Asam oksalat daun bayam dan kalsium susu membentuk kristal kalsium oksalat. Untuk menganalisis pengaruh larutan ekstrak daun bayam dan susu terhadap tingkat diskolorasi gigi akibat kopi, spesimen yang terdiri atas kontrol serta kelompok yang direndam larutan ekstrak daun bayam 10%, 20%, dan 30% yang dicampur susu, kemudian dipapar kopi. Perubahan warna gigi diuji. ΔL berbeda bermakna pada Uji Kruskal-Wallis. T-Test dan uji Wilcoxon memperlihatkan perbedaan bermakna perubahan warna kelompok uji dan kontrol. Uji korelasi Pearson tidak menunjukkan korelasi bermakna konsentrasi dan perubahan warna. Larutan ekstrak daun bayam dan susu dapat mengurangi tingkat diskolorasi gigi akibat kopi.

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Coffee causes teeth discoloration. Spinach leaves oxalic acid and milk calcium form calcium oxalate crystal. To analyze level of tooth discoloration due to coffee, specimens consisted of control and groups immersed in 10%, 20%, and 30% spinach leaves extract plus milk were immersed in coffee. Teeth color change were measured. Kruskal-Wallis test showed significant difference of ΔL*. T-Test and Wilcoxon Test showed significant teeth color change between immersion group and control. Pearson Corelation Test showed no significant corelation between extract concentration and tooth color change. Spinach leaves extract solution and milk can decrease level of tooth discoloration due to coffee."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui dan membandingkan pengaruh pastagigi yang mengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite terhadap kekerasan mikroemail gigi setelah direndam dalam minuman berkarbonasi. Penelitian inimenggunakan 21 spesimen mahkota gigi premolar satu rahang atas. Spesimendirendam dalam minuman berkarbonasi kemudian disikat dengan pasta gigi yangmengandung theobromine dan hydroxyapatite. Uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Mann-Whitney menunjukkan perubahan kekerasan yang signifikan setelah penyikatanselama 9 menit 20 detik menggunakan kedua pasta gigi pasca direndam dalamminuman berkarbonasi selama 10 menit. Peningkatan nilai kekerasan mikro emailgigi pada kelompok hydroxyapatite lebih besar dibandingkan kelompoktheobromine (p<0,05).

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ABSTRACTThis study is aimed to analyze the effect of theobromine and hydroxyapatitetoothpaste to enamel microhardess after immersion in carbonated drink. Thisstudy uses 21 upper first premolar crown specimen which is immersed incarbonated drink then brushed with theobromine and hydroxyapatite containingtoothpaste. Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney test shows significant difference ofmicrohardness after brushing for 9 minutes and 20 seconds using both toothpastesafter immersion in carbonated drink for 10 minutes with higher number inhydroxyapatite group than theobromine group (p<0,05)."

"Kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan dapat mempengaruhi asupan makanan seseorang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis hubungan kehilangan gigi dan pemakaian gigi tiruan terhadap status nutrisi. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode potong lintang pada 129 subjek berusia 34-80 tahun. Subjek diperiksa kehilangan giginya kemudian diwawancara menggunakan kuesioner Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA). Data dianalisis menggunakan piranti lunak statistik. Hasil uji analisis chi-square menunjukkan tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna antara kehilangan gigi dan status nutrisi (p=0,712) dan antara pemakaian gigi tiruan dan status nutrisi (p=0,252). Ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara usia dan status nutrisi, tingkat pendidikan dan status nutrisi, serta usia dan pemakaian gigi tiruan.

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Teeth loss and denture wearing can affect a person's food intake. The purpose of this study was to analyze the relation of tooth loss and denture wearing on nutritional status. The study was conducted with a cross-sectional method on 129 subjects aged 34-80 years. Subjects had their teeth checked and interviewed using Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire. Data was analyzed using statistical software. The result of chi-square analysis showed no significant relation between tooth loss and nutritional status (p = 0.712) and between denture wearing and nutritional status (p = 0.252). Relation was found between age and nutritional status, educational level and nutritional status, and the age and denture wearing."

"The aim of this clinical study was to evaluate whether or not an association exists between the presence of enamel craze lines and the prevalence of tooth sensitivity (TS) after in-office bleaching. Subjects that met the inclusion criteria (N = 23) were screened to detect the existence of enamel craze lines. In total, 460 teeth were subjected to bleaching where 49 % of them presented enamel craze lines. After bleaching (15 % hydrogen per oxide), the subject were asked to rate the level of TS by answering a self-administered questionnaire. The majority of subjects (91 %)experienced TS at the first day of bleaching. The TS prevalence decreased gradually to 22 % at second day, to 17 % at third day, and to 9 % at fourth day. After the fourtf day, no subject reported TS. While 15 % of teeth with no craze lines also showed TS. A positive but weak correlation (r = 0.214) was found between the existence of enamel craze lines and TS. In this clinical study, higher incidence of TS was found with the use of 15 % hydrkedogen peroxide bleaching agent compared to the previous studies. Patients who would undergo in-office bleaching informed that tooth sensitivity is a very often side effect but it may disappear within 1 week."

"ABSTRACTLatar Belakang: Bleaching kimiawi dapat merusak email gigi dan jaringan lunak. Daun stroberi mempunyai zat aktif berupa asam ellagat yang dapat berperan sebagai oksidator pada proses pemutihan gigi. Tujuan: Mengetahui perubahan warna pada email gigi setelah aplikasi ekstrak murni daun stroberi serta mengetahui sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna tersebut. Metode: Menggunakan ekstrak murni daun stroberi dengan konsentrasi 25 dan 50 diaplikasikan pada email gigi selama 7 jam hingga 28 kali aplikasi. Analisis warna menggunakan spektrofotometri dengan software Adobe Photoshop. Hasil: Perubahan warna email gigi mejadi lebih terang. Kesimpulan: Ekstrak murni daun stroberi mampu mengubah warna email gigi menjadi lebih terang. RGB merupakan sistem ruang warna yang paling sesuai untuk mengukur perubahan warna email gigi setelah bleaching.

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ABSTRACTBackground Bleaching using chemicals can damage tooth enamel and soft tissue. Strawberry leaves contain active compounds in the form of acid ellagat that can act as an oxidant in the process of teeth whitening. Objective To determine discoloration of the tooth enamel after application of direct extracts of strawberry leaves and determine the color space which appropiate to measure the color change. Methods Using direct extracts of strawberry leaves with a concentration of 25 and 50 applied on enamel for 7 hours until 28 times repetition of application. Color analysis conducted using a spectrophotometry with software Adobe Photoshop. Results Enamel surface becoming brighter. Conclusions Direct extraction of strawberry leaves able to change the color of the enamel becomes brighter. RGB is a color space system which most appropriate for measuring changes in the color of enamel after bleaching. "