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"Gastroduodenal mucosat integrity has important role in the pathogenesis of gastroduodenal ulcer. It depends on imbalance between aggressive and defensive factors. However, many experts believe that defensive factors has more dominant role. Maintenance of gastrointestinal endothelial integrity appears to define the "cytoprotection" phenomenon and, as discussed below, is a critical component of NSAID-induced GI injury and a potential target for therapeutic intervention,"

"ABSTRAKSampai sekarang, belum ada rekomendasi vaksin maupun anti-viral untuk virusDengue. Menimbang besarnya masalah demam berdarah di sektor kesehatanmasyarakat di Indonesia, penemuan obat demam berdarah sangatlah diperlukan.Sulokrin, senyawa yang diisolasi dari Aspergillus terreus diketahui dapatmenghambat pertumbuhan HCV, sesama virus flaviviridae seperti virus dengue.Riset ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi adanya aktivitas antiviral dari senyawasulochrin sebagai obat demam berdarah yang potensial. Antiviral assay dilakukanterhadap sel huh7 yang telah diinfeksi virus dengue. Sulokrin dengan 6konsentrasi berbeda diuji cobakan untuk mengetahui nilai maksimumpenghambatan 50% sel (IC50) dengan metode Focus Assay. Efek toksisitas(CC50) diukur dengan menggunakan metode MTT Assay. Indeks selektivitasditentukan melalui ratio CC50/IC50. Aktivitas inhibisi signifikan senilai 91,78%(p=0.005) ditemukan pada konsentrasi sulokrin 80μg/ml. Ketika konsentrasisulokrin diturunkan menjadi 40μg/ml dan 20μg/ml, aktivitas inhibisi turunmenjadi 39.73% (p=0.02) dan 17.69 (p=0.09). Pada konsentrasi sulokrin 10μg/ml,aktivitas inhibisi tidak teramati (p=0.98). Peningkatan pertumbuhan virus dengueditemukan pada konsentrasi sulokrin dibawah 10μg/ml, tepatnya padakonsentrasi 5μg/ml dan 2.5μg/ml dengan nilai inhibisi -11.32% (p=0.21) dan -2.35% (p=0.38). Hasil penelitian mendapatkan nilai IC50 sebesar 56.86μg/ml,CC50 sebesar 150.85μg/ml dan SI sebesar 2.65. Sebagai kesimpulan, Aspergillusterreus (sulokrin) menunjukan kedua sifat inhibisi dan peningkatan pertumbuhan.Meskipun demikian, rendahnya nilai toksisitas ekstrak menunjukan karakteristikyang baik untuk sebuah antiviral. Eksplorasi lebih lanjut dengan derivat sulokrinperlu dilakukan untuk mengetahui aktifitas inhibisi terhadap virus dengue darisenyawa murni.

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ABSTRACTTo date, there is no approved vaccine and anti-viral regime for Dengue fever.Considering how dengue fever poses a significant burden to Indonesian publichealth sector, discovery on therapeutic agent against DENV is imperative.Sulochrin, a compound isolated from Aspergillus terreus is known to potentlyinhibit HCV, a flaviviridae virus similar to DENV. This research aims toinvestigate the anti-viral activity of sulochrin from Aspergillus terreus as apossible cure for DENV infection. Anti-viral assay of Sulochrin is evaluated inHuh7 infected cells. 6 different concentrations of Sulochrin (80μg/ml, 40μg/ml,20μg/ml, 10μg/ml, 5μg/ml, and 2.5μg/ml) were given to measure its half maximalinhibitory concentration (IC50) using Focus Assay. Toxicity effect was measuredusing MTT Assay (CC50). Selectivity Index was determined through ratio ofCC50/IC50. Significant inhibition of 91,78% was observed upon treatment withsulochrin 80μg/ml (p=0.005). As concentration was decreased to 40μg/ml and20μg/ml, inhibition activity decreased accordingly to 39.73% (p=0.02) and 17.69(p=0.09) respectively. At treatment concentration of 10μg/ml, zero inhibition wasobserved similar to control DMSO (p=0.98). An improved in replication was seenwith treatment below 10μg/ml, with -11.32% (p=0.21) and -2.35%(p=0.38) atconcentration of 5μg/ml and 2.5μg/ml respectively. The results also showed halfmaximal inhibitory concentration of 56.86μg/ml (IC50), half toxicityconcentration of 150.85μg/ml (CC50) and Selectivity Index of 2.65. To conclude,Aspergillus terreus (sulochrin) exert both anti-viral and enhancement activity toDENV. Nonetheless, its low cytotoxic value reflects a favorable feature forpotential anti-viral. A further exploration on its derivate should be done to find thepure compound inhibition activity to DENV."

"Anak usia sekolah 6-12 tahun, di kota besar mempunyai aktivitas flsik yang kurang dan gaya hidup yang santai. Fast food dan soft drink yang dikonsumsi mengandung kalori dan protein tinggi berasal dari protein dan karbohidrat. Obesitas mempunyai dampak terhadap tumbuh kembang anak terutama aspek psikososial. Faktor yang turut berperan mendukung terjadinya obesitas pada anak adalah keadaan sosial ekonomi, perilaku dan gaya hidup serta pola makan. Dilakukan penelitian deskriptif analitik secara seksi silang pada murid sekolah dasar di Jakarta, utituk mengidentifikasi faktor yang berperan pada obesitas anak usia sekolah. (Med 3 Indones 2006; 15:43-54).

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School-aged children of 6-12 year old in big cities have less physical activities and relax life style. Fast food and soft drink consumed contain high calorie and protein of protein and carbohydrate sources. Obesity has impact on children's growth and development especially on psychosocial aspect. The factors that play a role in supporting the obesity occurrence in children include socio-economic condition, behavior and life style and diet. A cross sectional descriptive -analytic study was conducted on elementary school students in Jakarta, to identify factors that play roles on obesity of school-aged children. (Med J Indones 2006; 15:43-54)."

"This article attempts to identify factors affecting participation in payment of irrigation service fees. There are fivevariables comprising demographic and economic of land variables were tested to find the variables that influenced theparticipation significantly. The five variables tested consisted of age and formal education as demographic variables;land productivity, land size, and land tenure as the economic of land variables. The results showed that formal education(demographic variable) had positive relationship and land size (economic of land variable) had negative relationshipwith the participation. Positive relationship between formal education and participation in payment of irrigation servicefees meant that the participation increased as farmers’ education increased. Meanwhile, negative relationship betweenland size and the participation in payment of irrigation service fees showed that the farmers’ participation wouldincrease as the land size owned by farmers decreased. In other words, participation in payment of irrigation service feeswas higher among farmers with small lands rather than that among farmers with large lands."

"Indonesia's infant mortality rate declined to 64' infannt deaths perl ,000 live births in l99l _ Adolescent mothers. women who first married underthe age of lS. and mothers who did not obtain antenatal care and tetanusimmunizations were at greater risk of experiencing an infant death. In addition.levels of infant mortality were substantially higher when births were spacedcloser together. For example, the infant mortality rate among adolescentmothers was l25 when births were spaced less than 24 .months apart and 96when births were separated by more than two years. Roughly half of all infantdeaths occur within the first 28 days of life in Indonesia. Findings indicate thatmothers who were less than 20 years of age. who did not have antenatal careand tetanus immunizations. and who spaced births less than 24 months apartwere more likely to experience a neonatal death. With the exception ofantenatal care, these factors were also associated with elevated levels ofpostnatal mortality (infant deaths that occur when infants are between l-l2months of age). However, postneonatal mortality was also higher amongmothers who gave birth at home rather than in a health facility, who wereassisted at delivery by non-medical staff and who had lower levels ofeducational attainment. Postneonatal mortality is determined by a broaderarray of program and socioeconomic measures than neonatal mortality. andmay be reduced more readily through Family Planning/Mother and ChildHealth (FPAHCH) service interventions. In order to reduce both neonatal andpostneonatal mortality. greater effort should be made to increase the age at first birth. space births more than two years. and attain higher tetanus coveragelevels among expectant mothers."

"Reformation in Indonesian government offices leads to many substantial changes, and demandsimproved job performances while arguably loading employees with more work. This research aimsto understand factors that potentially influence job performance in Indonesian government officesthat carries on such reformation. Using adapted scales from previous studies, this researchinvestigates the role of workload, responsibility for others (level of responsibility to care for otherpeople) and need for achievement on employee?s performance. A survey to all full-time workers inan Indonesian government office is conducted. Contrary to expectation, workload does not influenceemployee?s performance. Instead, regression analysis demonstrates that, employee?s need forachievement and responsibility for others are significant factors affecting individual performance.These results are important because they highlight the significance of need for achievement for thesuccess of reformation in this office, and by extension for reformation in Indonesia. The results arealso interesting because this is the first study that points out to the role of responsibility for others ininfluencing individual performance in Indonesia which is characterized by collectivistic culture. Thispaper discusses the contributions of these results for theory and practice."

"This volume provides a comprehensive analysis of why taxpayers behave the way they do. It reveals the motivations for why some taxpayers comply with the law while others choose not to comply. Given the current global financial climate there is a need for governments worldwide to increase their revenue collections via improving taxpayer compliance. Research into what shapes and influences taxpayer behavior is critical in that any marginal improvement in understanding and dealing with this behavior can potentially have a dramatic impact upon government revenue"

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Bacillus spp. berpotensi sebagai agen biokontrol untuk meminimalisir kontaminasi mikroorganisme. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antagonistis sel dan filtrat Bacillus siamensis LDR terhadap beberapa spesies kapang. Purifikasi dan karakterisasi morfologi dilakukan pada medium PDA. Uji aktivitas antagonistis dilakukan dengan metode dual kultur dan uji antibiosis dilakukan dengan menggunakan filtrat fermentasi B. siamensis LDR yang diperoleh dari panen hari ke-12 dan ke-14. Persentase inhibisi ditentukan berdasarkan perhitungan pertumbuhan radial dan biomassa kapang yang diberi perlakuan, dibandingkan dengan kontrol. Hasil uji antagonistis menunjukkan bahwa Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, dan Aspergillus clavatus ABH berhasil dihambat sebesar 35,92%, 42.75%, 27.18% pada teknik dual disc dan sebesar 92.94%, 87.15%, 85.45% pada teknik pour plate disc. Hasil uji antibiosis menunjukkan inhibisi F. oxysporum, A. flavus AHM, dan A. clavatus ABH lebih tinggi pada filtrat 14 hari, yaitu 41.84—41,94%, 34,83—36,04%, 63.27—63,81% pada medium PDA dan 53,15—76,37%, -151— -11.01, 88.87—90.36% pada medium PDB. Sel dan filtrat B. siamensis LDR memiliki aktivitas antagonistis terhadap Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, dan Aspergillus clavatus ABH dengan ketidakstabilan aktivitas antibiosis terhadap A. flavus AHM, secara in vitro.

 

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Bacillus spp. are potential biocontrol agent to reduce crop contamination by microorganism. Aim of this research is to screen antagonistic activity of B. siamensis LDR cells and filtrate against few species of filamentous fungi. Purification and morphological characterization were done on PDA. Screening of antagonistic activity was done by antagonistic assay using dual culture method and antibiosis assay using 12 and 14 days fermentation filtrate of B. siamensis LDR. Percentage of inhibition were determined by comparing radial growth and biomass of treated fungi to untreated fungi as control. Result of antagonistic assay showed Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM, and Aspergillus clavatus ABH were inhibited for 35,92%, 42.75%, 27.18% by using dual disc technique and 92.94%, 87.15%, 85.45% by using pour plate disc technique, respectively. Result of antibiosis assay showed the highest inhibition activity against F. oxysporum, A. flavus AHM, A. clavatus ABH was found in 14 days fermentation filtrate, which were 41.84—41,94%, 34,83—36,04%, 63.27—63,81% on PDA and 53,15—76,37%, -151— -11.01, 88.87—90.36% on PDB, respectively. Therefore, B. siamensis LDR cell and filtrate has antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus AHM and Aspergillus clavatus ABH, despite of unstable antibiosis activity against A. flavus AHM, in vitro.

 

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