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"Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana gambaran delay of gratification pada anak-anak berusia 3 dan 4 tahun di Indonesia. Kemampuan delay of gratification diukur menggunakan eksperimen The Marshmallow Test dengan melakukan beberapa penyesuaian seperti mengganti reward menjadi jelly dan waktu untuk menunggu adalah 13 menit. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 15 anak, 7 anak berusia 3 tahun dan 8 anak berusia 4 tahun. Analisis terhadap hasil observasi dilakukan untuk melihat bagaimana pengalihan atensi anak selama menunggu. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa anak perempuan memiliki rata-rata durasi yang lebih rendah dibandingkan anak laki-laki dan rata-rata pada anak usia 3 tahun lebih rendah dibandingkan anak usia 4 tahun. Berdasarkan observasi perilaku, anak-anak yang dapat mengalihkan atensinya lebih banyak untuk bermain, lebih mampu melakukan delay of gratification.

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The study was conducted to describe delay of gratification of three- to four-year old children in Indonesia. Childrens delay ability was measured using The Marshmallow Test that was adapted with some modification such as changing the reward to jellies and the maximum duration is 13 minutes. Participants consist of 15 children, 7 three-year olds and 8 four-year olds children. The result of the study shows that girls had a lower average duration than boys and the three-year old children had a lower average duration than four-year old children. Researchers also analyzed childrens behavior while waiting to see how the children distract their attention. Based on the behavioral observation, children who can distract their attention are more able to delay gratification."

"Penelitian dilakukan dalam rangka melihat gambaran tentang tindakan pengendalian diri secara simultan pada anak-anak umur 3 tahun dan 4 tahun di Indonesia. kemampuan pengendalian diri anak-anak dilihat melalui percobaan yang menguji kemampuan menguji coba dan menunggu reward berupa jelly selama maksimal 13 menit. Partisipan yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini jumlah 41 anak-anak prasekolah berusia 3 hingga 4 tahun. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan adanya tindakan pengendalian diri secara simultan pada anak yang mencapai keberhasilan kedua domain perilaku pengendalian diri, atensi dan menunggu pahala secara bersamaan.

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The study was conducted in order to see a picture of simultaneous self-control measures in children aged 3 years and 4 years in Indonesia. children's self-control abilities are seen through experiments that test the ability to try and waiting for a reward in the form of jelly for a maximum of 13 minutes. The participants in this study were 41 preschool children aged 3 to 4 years. The results of the study describe the simultaneous action of self-control in children who achieve success in both domains of self-control behavior, attention and waiting for reward simultaneously."

"Penelitian dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran self-controlserta keterlibatan pada anak-anak usia 3-4 tahun di Indonesia. Dalam melihat kemampuan self-control, dilakukan sebuah eksperimen sederhana yang melihat delay of gratification yang dikembangkan oleh Mischel, dengan beberapa penyesuaian seperti penggunaan jelly sebagai reward, dan waktu maksimal menunggu hingga 13 menit (780 detik). Sedangkan, untuk melihat keterlibatan ibu diberikan alat ukur Mother Involvement Scale-Reported yang dikembangkan oleh Finley, Mira, dan Schwartz (2008), yang melihat keterlibatan ibu dalam tiga dimensi, yaitu instrumental, expressive, dan mentoring/advising. Terdapat 7 pasang partisipan dalam penelitian ini, yang terdiri anak usia 3-4 tahun dengan ibunya yang berusia 31-40 tahun. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat kemampuan self-control yang dimiliki anak-anak usia 3-4 tahun sangat beragam, dipengaruhi oleh berbagai macam faktor. Sedangkan, keterlibatan ibu pada anak-anak usia 3-4 tahun cenderung tinggi, dengan dimensi yang paling tinggi adalah dalam mentoring/advising.

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The aim of this study is to find out about self-control and maternal involvement in three and four-year-old children in Indonesia. Childrens self-control was measured with an experiment of delay of gratification, that was adapted from Mischels experiments, with some modifications such as the usage of jellies as the reward and 13 minutes (780 seconds) as the maximum delay duration. Maternal involvement was measured using a self-reported questionnaire named Mother Involvement Scale-Reported, developed by Finley, Mira, and Schwartz (2008). In this measurement, mother involvement is divided by three dimensions, instrumental, expressive, and mentoring/advising. There are seven pairs of participants in this study that are three and four-year-old children with their mothers. The result of this study shows that self-control abilities among three and four-year-olds are vary, influenced by many factors. Otherwise, maternal involvement in three and four-year-olds is tend to be high, with mentoring/advising as the involvement dimension with the highest score among all participants."

"Anak dengan Down Syndrome (DS) memiliki kemampuan delay of gratification yang rendah. Mereka mengalami kesulitan saat harus menunggu dan menunda kepuasan. Sementara kemampuan delay of gratification diperlukan agar dapat menyesuaikan dengan tuntutan lingkungan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menelaah tentang peran scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory terhadap kemampuan delay of gratification anak dengan DS. Penelitian ini terdiri dari dua tahap penelitian dimana masing-masing tahap menggunakan rancangan penelitian explanatory sequential mixed methods. Penelitian kuantitatif tahap pertama bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) korelasi waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial, dan physical pleasure menurut persepsi ibu (2) hubungan dimensi dan tipe scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak dan kemampuan delay of gratification. Penelitian kualitatif bertujuan untuk mendapatkan gambaran kemampuan delay of gratification anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan rendah saat bermain lego. Analisis data kuantitatif menggunakan uji korelasi Spearman Rho. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat korelasi yang signifikan antara waiting time saat anak menjalankan tugas delay dengan kemampuan delay of gratification domain makanan, interaksi sosial dan physical pleasure yang dipersepsi ibu. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time anak adalah direction maintenance dan frustration control. Tipe scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan waiting time adalah speech disertai gesture. Hasil penelitian kualitatif terhadap tiga orang ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi dan empat ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah saat bermain lego menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama saat menjalankan tugas delay dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Penelitian tahap kedua bertujuan untuk membuktikan (1) perbedaan waiting time saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan ketika anak berada sendirian (2) hubungan dimensi scaffolding dengan kemampuan delay of gratification (3) kesesuaian antara model dinamika hubungan antar variabel scaffolding dalam interaksi ibu-anak, kemampuan bahasa reseptif, atensi, working memory dan kemampuan delay of gratification dengan data (model fit). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan waiting time secara signifikan antara saat bersama ibu, bersama ibu dan orang asing, bersama orang asing dan saat anak berada sendirian. Dimensi scaffolding yang berkorelasi dengan kemampuan delay of gratification adalah direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. Tipe scaffolding speech disertai gesture berkorelasi positif dengan kemampuan delay of gratification. Model teoritis yang diusulkan fit dengan data. Penelitian kualitatif tahap kedua menggambarkan bahwa ibu dengan skor scaffolding tinggi saat menjalankan tugas delay memiliki anak dengan waiting time yang lebih lama dibandingkan anak dari ibu dengan skor scaffolding rendah. Implikasinya adalah ibu disarankan memberikan scaffolding berupa direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration dan frustration control, yang diberikan melalui speech disertai gesture.

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Children with Down Syndrome (DS) have a low delay of gratification ability. They have difficulty waiting and delaying gratification. Meanwhile, the delay of gratification capability is needed in order to adapt to environment demands. This study aims to examine the role of scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and the delay of gratification ability of children with DS. This study consisted of two stages of research where each stage used an explanatory sequential mixed methods research design. The first stage of quantitative research aims to prove (1) the correlation of waiting time when children perform delay tasks and the ability of delay gratification in the food, social interaction, and physical pleasure domain according to mother's perception (2) the relationnship between dimensions and types of scaffolding in mother-child interactions and the delay of gratification ability. The qualitative research aims to get a description of the delay of gratification ability of children from mothers with high and low scaffolding scores when playing lego. Quantitative data analysis used the Spearman Rho correlation test. The results showed that there was no significant correlation between waiting time when the child performed a delay task with the delay of gratification ability in the food, social interactions and physical pleasure domain perceived by mothers. The scaffolding dimensions which correlate with children's waiting time are direction maintenance and frustration control. The type of scaffolding that correlates with waiting time is speech accompanied by gesture. The results of a qualitative study of three mothers with high scaffolding scores and four mothers with low scaffolding scores while playing lego illustrate that mothers with high scaffolding scores have children with a longer waiting time while carrying out delay tasks than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The second stage of research aims to prove (1) the difference in waiting time when with mother, with mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child is alone (2) the relationship between the scaffolding dimension and the delay of gratification ability (3) the suitability dynamic models of the relationship between scaffolding in mother-child interactions, receptive language skills, attention, working memory and delay of gratification ability with data (model fit). The results showed that there was a significant difference in waiting time between with the mother, with the mother and strangers, with strangers and when the child was alone. The dimensions of scaffolding that correlate with the delay of gratification ability are direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration. The type of scaffolding speech accompanied by gesture has a positive correlation with the ability to delay gratification. The proposed theoretical model is fit with the data. The second stage of qualitative research illustrates that mothers with high scaffolding scores while carrying out delay tasks have children with a longer waiting time than mothers with low scaffolding scores. The implication is that mothers are suggested to provide scaffolding in the form of direction maintenance, reduction in degrees of freedom, demonstration and frustration control, which is given through speech accompanied by gestures."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk melihat gambaran mengenai attachment dan kontrol diri pada anak usia prasekolah (3 sampai 4 tahun). Pengukuran kontrol diri dilakukan melalui paradigma Delay of Gratification  menggunakan Stanford Marshmallow Test yang dikembangkan oleh Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti mengukur durasi waktu yang dihabiskan anak untuk menunggu, serta perilaku apa yang ditunjukkan oleh anak ketika menunggu. Selain itu, attachment diukur Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). Pengukuran tersebut membagi pola attachment menjadi 3 (tiga) kelompok yang terdiri dari secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, dan insecure-avoidant attachment. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 7 pasangan ibu anak berusia 3 sampai 4 tahun serta berjenis kelamin laki-laki atau perempuan. Melalui observasi, peneliti menemukan bahwa anak berusia 4  tahun memiliki durasi waktu delay yang lebih panjang. Selain itu, anak yang memiliki secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment memiliki durasi delay of gratification di atas rata-rata seluruh partisipan. Kemudian, ditemukan perbedaan perilaku menunggu yang ditunjukkan oleh anak-anak dengan secure attachment dan insecure-avoidant attachment, serta anak dengan insecure-resistant attachment. Untuk melakukan generalisasi hasil penelitian, diperlukan penelitian dengan sampel yang lebih banyak.

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This research is conducted to see attachment to mother and its relation to self-control in preschool children of aged 3-4 years old. Self-control is measured through delay of gratification paradigm with Stanford Marshmallow Test which was developed by Mischel, Shoda & Rodriguez (1989). In this research, the researcher measured the duration the children spent to wait, and the behavior children shown while waiting. Attachment is measured with Strange Situation Procedure which was developed by Ainsworth, Blehar, Waters & Wall (1978). This measurement divided the attachment patterns into three groups consist of secure attachment, insecure-resistant attachment, and insecure-avoidant attachment. Participant of this research is 7 pairs of mother and their children aged 3 to 4 years, boys or girls. Through observation, the researcher found that the children aged 4 have a longer time to wait. In addition, children who have secure attachment and insecure-avoidant attachments have a duration of delay of gratification above the average of all participants. Then, differences in waiting behavior were found in children with secure attachments and insecure-avoidant attachments, and children with insecure-resistant attachments. To generalize the results of the study, more sample is needed."

"Penelitian dengan desain eksperimental antar subjek ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh sentuhan terhadap pengendalian diri pada anak usia 3-4 tahun. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa laki-laki dan perempuan berusia 3-4 tahun dari sekolah swasta Narada Jakarta Barat dan sekolah swasta Krista Gracia Klaten Jawa Tengah dengan jumlah total 41 peserta. Untuk mengukur pengendalian diri, peserta dilibatkan dalam prosedur replikasi tes marshmallow, yang merupakan prosedur standar untuk mengukur pengendalian diri. Partisipan dibagi menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu kelompok sentuh yang disentuh sedangkan prosedur pengendalian diri dijelaskan, dan kelompok no sentuh yang tidak disentuh. Hasil analisis menggunakan uji chi-square menunjukkan tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan sentuhan terhadap pengendalian diri anak usia 3-4 tahun.

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This research with experimental design between subjects aims to examine the effect of touch on self-control in children aged 3-4 years. Participants in this study were male and female students aged 3-4 years from the Narada private school, West Jakarta and the Krista Gracia Klaten private school, Central Java, with a total of 41 participants. To measure self-control, participants were involved in the replication procedure of the marshmallow test, which is a standard procedure for measuring self-control. Participants were divided into two groups, namely the touch-touched group while self-control procedures were explained, and the untouched group no-touch. The results of the analysis using the chi-square test showed that touch had no significant effect on self-control of children aged 3-4 years."

"Latar belakang. Terdapat 5 domain keterampilan yang harus dicapai sesuai dengan kelompok usia anak. Apabila tidak dicapai hingga melebihi batasan usia yang seharusnya, anak dikatakan mengalami keterlambatan perkembangan. Keterampilan motorik kasar merupakan domain perkembangan dengan tingkat perhatian orang tua tertinggi, sebab keterampilan motorik kasar merupakan penentu otonomi seorang anak. Penelitian mengenai faktor risiko dibuat untuk menyusun strategi intervensi pencegahan keterlambatan perkembangan. Tujuan. (1) Mengetahui faktor risiko yang signifikan terhadap keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak usia 6-24 bulan. (2) Mengetahui pengaruh antar masing-masing faktor risiko. Metode penelitian. Desain penelitian menggunakan kasus dan kontrol. Data diperoleh melalui data primer hasil penilaian keterampilan motorik kasar yang divalidasi oleh pembimbing dan wawancara orang tua pasien yang ada di Poli Kiara RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo dan Pondok Pinang. Anak dengan keterampilan motorik kasar terlambat dimasukkan dalam kelompok kasus dan dilakukan matching usia untuk memperoleh kelompok kontrol. Pengambilan data dilakukan dari bulan Februari sampai Juli 2018. Faktor-faktor risiko dianalisis secara bivariat dan multivariat. Hasil penelitian. Dilakukan analisis terhadap 63 anak dengan motorik kasar terlambat dan 63 anak dengan motorik kasar normal. Faktor risiko yang memiliki hubungan bermakna dengan keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak, yaitu asfiksia perinatal (P=0,004 ; OR=5,714 ; IK 95%=1,553-21,026), prematuritas (P=0,009 ; OR=3,949 ; IK 95%=1,347-11,574), berat badan lahir rendah (P=0,011 ; OR=3,511 ; IK 95%=1,281-9,625), dan mikrosefali (P<0,001 ; OR=5,128 ; IK 95%=2,332-11,280). Setelah dilakukan analisis multivariat, mikrosefali (aOR=4,613 ; IK 95%=2,023-10,521) dan prematuritas (aOR=3,668 ; IK 95%=1,153-11,673) merupakan faktor yang paling berpengaruh terhadap keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak. Kesimpulan. Mikrosefali dan prematuritas (usia gestasi < 37 minggu) merupakan faktor prediktor keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak usia 6-24 bulan.

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Introduction. There are 5 domains of development that has to be accomplished by a child. If a child fails to master a skill according to his age group, he is said to have a delayed development. Gross motor is one of the domain with the highest parental concern as mastering gross motor is an important factor that determine the autonomy of a child. This study is made to arrange a strategic intervention on the prevention of delayed development.

Objectives. (1) To determine the significant risk factors for gross motor delay in children age 6-24 months old. (2) To determine the association between risk factors.

Methods. Case control study design was used. Data was obtained from direct assessment of gross motor skill (validated by supervisor) and parents’ interview in Cipto Mangunkusumo National Hospital and Pondok Pinang. Children with gross motor delay were categorized as the case group and age matching from this group was used to obtain the control group. Data was collected from February until July 2018. Bivariate and multivariate analysis on risk factors were done to find the significant risk factors and predictor factors for gross motor delay.

Results. 63 children with gross motor delay and 63 children with normal gross motor development were being analyzed. Significant risk factors for gross motor delay were perinatal asphyxia (P=0.004 ; OR=5.714 ; CI 95%=1.553-21.026), prematurity (P=0.009 ; OR=3.949 ; CI 95%=1.347-11.574), low birth weight (P=0.011 ; OR=3.511 ; CI 95%=1.281-9.625), and microcephaly (P<0.001 ; OR=5.128 ; CI 95%=2.332-11.280). After multivariate analysis, microcephaly (aOR=4.613 ; CI 95%=2.023-10.521) and prematurity (aOR=3.668 ; CI 95%=1.153-11.673) were the predictor factors for gross motor delay.

Conclusion. Microcephaly and prematurity (gestation age < 37 weeks) are the predictor factors for gross motor delay in children age 6-24 months old."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara pengendalian diri anak dan status pekerjaan ibu dengan keterlibatan ibu pada anak usia 3-4 tahun. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelasi parsial dengan mengadaptasi Marshmallow Test (Mischel, Shoda, Rodriguez, 1989) yang dilakukan pada 51 anak dan menggunakan instrumen MISR (Maternal Involvement Scale-Reported) kepada 51 ibu sebagai partisipan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara kontrol diri anak dan status pekerjaan ibu dengan keterlibatan ibu sebagai variabel kontrol. Keterbatasan penelitian menjadi bahan diskusi.This study aims to determine the relationship between child self-control and maternal employment status with maternal involvement in children aged 3-4 years. This study is a partial correlation study by adapting the Marshmallow Test (Mischel, Shoda, Rodriguez, 1989) which was conducted on 51 children and used the MISR (Maternal Involvement Scale-Reported) instrument to 51 mothers as participants. The results showed that there was no significant relationship between children's self-control and maternal employment status with mother involvement as a control variable. The limitations of the research are subject to discussion."

"Toddlers' use of effective attention deployment strategies to cope with separation from the mother and with maternal behavior predicted the use of effective delay-of-gratification strategies at age 5, even though the contexts, measures, and manifest behaviors were different. Toddlers who used distraction strategies during a brief separation from the mother were able, at age 5, to delay immediate gratification longer for more valued rewards. Toddlers who explored at a distance from a controlling mother when she tried to engage the child also delayed longer and used more effective delay strategies at age 5, compared with toddlers who did not distance themselves. Toddlers whose mothers were not controlling showed the opposite pattern: Those who did not distance themselves from the mother's bids had longer preschool delay times and more effective strategies. Strategic attention deployment was shown to be an enduring self-regulatory skill visible in early development across domains, measures, and over time."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan metode Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) untuk meningkatkan kualitas interaksi ibu dan anak usia 3 hingga 4 tahun pada keluarga miskin. Desain penelitian ini adalah kuasi eksperimental, one group pre-test and post-test design. Intervensi yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini ialah pelatihan yang dilakukan selama 5 hari. Penelitian dilakukan di daerah Kranggan, Bekasi dengan subjek penelitian ibu dengan kondisi keluarga miskin yang memiliki anak usia 3-4 tahun, berjumlah 8 orang. Data observasi diperoleh melalui total skor alat ukur MLERS pada pre-test, post-test 1 dan follow up yang juga direkam dalam bentuk video. Selanjutnya, untuk memperkaya hasil penelitian, dilakukan wawancara pada seluruh subjek. Hasil uji beda Wilcoxon signed-rank test menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05), yang berarti terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada kualitas interaksi ibu dan anak usia 3 - 4 tahun pada keluarga miskin. Selanjutnya, hasil follow up menunjukkan tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan (p>0,05), yang berarti bahwa tidak terdapat perubahan kualitas interaksi yang signifikan pada ibu dan anak usia 3 - 4 tahun pada keluarga miskin. Hasil lebih terinci didiskusikan.

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This study aims to determine the application of the Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) method to improve the quality of interactions between mothers and children aged 3 to 4 years in poor families. The design of this study was quasi-experimental, one group pre-test and post-test design. Interventions in this study by conducting training for 5 days. The study was conducted in the Kranggan area, Bekasi with 8 subjects with poor family conditions that have children aged 3-4 years. Observation data were obtained through the total score of the MLERS gauge in the pre-test, post-test 1 and follow-up tests which were also recorded with video cameras. Furthermore, to enrich the results of the study, interviews were conducted on all subjects. The results of the different Wilcoxon signed-rank test showed that there were significant differences (p <0.05), which meant there were significant differences in the quality of interactions between mothers and children aged 3-4 years in poor families. Furthermore, the follow-up test results showed no significant differences (p> 0.05), which meant that there were no significant changes in the quality of interactions between mothers and children aged 3-4 years in poor families. More detailed results are discussed."