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"Clinical Pathway (CP) Apendisititis Akut (AA) memberikan gambaran secara rinci tahap-tahap pelayanan yang akan diberikan kepada pasien. Implementasi CP AA di RSI Ibnu Sina Pekanbaru diharapkan dapat mengendalikan variasi proses perawatan dalam upaya meningkatkan kendali mutu dan kendali biaya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat peran implementasi CP AA dalam meningkatkan efisiensi biya apendiktomi pasien JKN di RSI Ibnu Sina Pekanbaru. Desain penelitian ini adalah cross sectional menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan menghitung tagihan biaya pasien yang menjalani apnediktomi sebelum dan sesudah implementasi CP AA dan diolah dengan uji statistik. Pendekatan kualitatif melalui wawancara mendalam dengan informan yang terkait dalam implementasi CP AA. Hasil penelitian terjadi pemendekan Length of Stay (LOS) secara bermakna (P<0.001) pada kelompok pasien sesudah implementasi CP dibandingkan sebelumnya. Terjadi penurunan rata-rata total biaya apendiktomi sebelum dan sesudah implementasi CP (Rp. 5.214.188.02 vs Rp. 4.436.438.37) yang bermakna (P<0.001) dengan persentase selisih 17,5%. Penurunan varian pelayanan berupa utilisasi alat kesehatan (Alkes), obat dan pemeriksaan laboratorium mempengaruhi peningkatan efisiensi biaya apendiktomi. Adanya varian dalam implementasi CP AA menjadi masukan untuk mencapai implementasi CP yang ideal. Varian berupa pengurangan pelayanan yang seharusnya diberikan kepada pasien harus ditinjaklanjuti dengan melakukan penilaian outcome pasien seperti tingakat kejadian readmission dan kondisi pasien ketika melakukan kontrol setelah pulang dari Rumah Sakit (RS).

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Clinical pathway for acute appendicitis provides a detailed description of the steps of healthcare to be given to patients. Implementation of clinical pathway for acute appendicitis at Ibnu Sina Islamic Hospital Pekanbaru is expected to be able to control variations in the treatment process in an effort to improve quality and cost control.The purpose of this study aimed to see the role of implementation of clinical pathway for acute appendicitis in improving appendectomy cost efficiency in The Indonesian National Health Insurance patients at Ibnu Sina Islamic Hospital Pekanbaru. The study design was cross sectional with a quantitative approach through calculating the cost bills of patients who underwent appendectomy before and after the implementation of clinical pathway and processed with statistical tests. Qualitative approach through indepth interviews with informants who were involved in the implementation of CP. The results of the study showed shortening length of stay statistically significant as (P <0.001) in the patient group after the implementation of the clinical pathway compared to before. There was a decrease in average total costs of appendectomy before and after the implementation of clinical pathways (IDR.5.214.188.02 vs IDR.4.436.438.37) statistically significant as (P <0.001) with a percentage difference of 17.5%. Decreasing service variants in the form of the utilization of medical equipment, drug, and laboratory test affected the increase in appendectomy cost efficiency. The existence of variants in the implementation of CP can be used as input to achieve the ideal CP. Variants in the form of reducing services that should be given to patients must be followed up by evaluating patient outcomes such as readmission rates and the patient's condition when controlling after returning from the hospital. "

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Analisis Pemanfaatan Clinical Pathway Sectio Caesaria Di Rumah Sakit Dalam Program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis hubungan antara faktor sosial ekonomi dan klinis ibu melahirkan Sectio Caesaria (SC) di Rumah Sakit (RS) dengan pemanfaatan Clinical Pathway (CP), outcome klinis serta pembayaran klaim. Studi desain Cross Sectional pada unit analisis 1155 data rekam medis ibu melahirkan SC periode 1 Januar-31 Desember 2018 di 3 RS. Hasil penelitian menunjukan pemanfaatan CP peserta Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yaitu sebanyak 939 Ibu melahirkan SC proporsinya sebesar 43.1% masih menunjukkan pemanfaatan yang kurang baik. Pemanfaatan CP terkait penyimpanan dokumen Clinical Pathway ibu melahirkan SC peserta JKN sebanyak 71.8% tidak tersimpan di Rekam Medis, 72.6% tidak lengkap pengisiannya dan 64.6% kondisi klinis Ibu melahirkan SC tidak sesuai dengan PPK RS. RS Pemda memiliki Proporsi tertinggi skor pemanfaatan CP yang kurang baik sebesar 76.8%, kemudian diikuti RSP (36.8%). RSNP menunjukkan proporsi skor pemanfaatan CP baik. Jenis RS (p=0.000), Kelas rawat (p=0.014) dan Rujukan (p=0.008), jenis SC (p=0.005), Usia Ibu (p=0.053), Paritas (p=0.016), Riwayat ANC (p=0.000), Kondisi Panggul p=0.000), kondisi plasenta (p=0.001), penyakit penyerta (p=0.000) dan riwayat SC (p=0.000) menunjukkan berhubungan secara signifikan dengan pemanfaatan CP (p<0.05). Pemanfaatan CP ibu melahirkan SC peserta JKN menunjukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan dengan Outcome klinis (p=0.002). Outcome Klinis ibu melahirkan SC menunjukkan sebesar 67.5% bermasalah antara lain terkait LOS yang tidak sesuai Panduan Praktek Klinis (PPK) RS, Ibu memiliki komplikasi klinis paska SC atau kondisi bayi saat dilahirkan tidak normal. Pemanfaatan CP berhubungan secara signifikan dengan pembayaran klaim (p=0.000). Pembayaran klaim ibu melahirkan SC peserta JKN bermasalah sebesar 39.3% terkait jangka waktu pembayaran klaim dari BPJSK ke pihak RS. Pembayaran klaim yang tidak bermasalah pada pemanfaatan CP yang kurang baik lebih banyak. Monitoring dan evaluasi yang komprehensif pada pemanfaatan CP, outcome klinis dan proses pembayaran klaim sebagai kendali mutu pelayanan ibu melahirkan SC dalam JKN oleh RS, Organisasi Profesi dan Pemerintah. Pemerintah harus membuat payung hukum yang bersifat operasional pada pemanfaatan CP Ibu melahirkan SC di RS dalam program JKN, sehingga kendali mutu dan kendali biaya pelayanan ibu melahirkan SC menjadi efektif dan efisien. Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kedokteran perlu segera diterbitkan dan disosialisikan ke Rumah Sakit. Kata kunci: SC, Sosial-ekonomi dan Klinis, Pemanfaatan Clinical Pathway, Outcome Klinis, Klaim Pembayaran

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Analysis of Sectio Caesarea Clinical Pathway Utilization in Hospital Under National Health Insurance This study aims to analyze the relationship between socioeconomic and clinical factors of women giving birth to Sectio Caesaria (SC) in Hospitals (RS) with the utilization of Clinical Pathway (CP), clinical outcomes and claim payment. Cross Sectional design study in the 1155 unit of analysis of medical records of women giving birth to SC for the period January 1 to December 31, 2018 in 3 hospitals. The results showed that the utilization of CP for mothers giving birth to SC (939) participants of the National Health Insurance (JKN) from the 3 research study hospitals, the proportion of 43.1%, still showed poor utilization. Utilization of CP related to document keeping of mother who gave birth SC to JKN participants as much as 71.8% were not kept in the Medical Record, 72.6% were incomplete filling and 64.6% of clinical conditions of mother who gave birth to SC were not in accordance with PPK RS. Regional Government Hospital has the highest proportion of poor CP utilization scores of 76.8%, followed by RSP (36.8%). RSNP shows the proportion of good CP utilization scores. Type of hospital (p = 0.000), nursing class (p = 0.014) and type of referral (p = 0.008), type of SC (p = 0.005), maternal age (p = 0.053), parity (p = 0.016), ANC history (p = 0.000), Pelvic Conditions (p = 0.000), placental conditions (p = 0.001), comorbidities (p = 0,000) and history of SC (p = 0,000) showed significant correlation with CP utilization (p <0.05). Utilization of CP for mothers giving birth to SC JKN participants showed a significant relationship with clinical outcome (p = 0.002). Clinical Outcomes of mothers giving birth to SC showed that 67.5% had problems, among others related to LOS that was not in accordance with the Clinical Practice Guidelines (PPK) of the Hospital. CP utilization was significantly related to claim payment (p = 0,000). Claim Payment of mothers with SC under JKN participants was 39.3% related to the period of payment of claims from BPJSK to the hospital. The utilization of CP which were under score mean seems not having administration problem and paid by JKN earlier and without any problem. Comprehensive monitoring and evaluation of the utilization of CP , clinical outcomes and the process of claim as a quality control service for SC mothers in JKN by hospitals, professional organizations and the government. The government must make an operational legal policy on the utilization of CP for women giving birth to SC in hospitals under the JKN program, so that quality control and cost control of maternal care services for SC become effective and efficient. National Guidelines for Medical Services need to be immediately published and disseminated to hospitals. Keywords: SC, Socio-economic and Clinical, Clinical Pathway Utilization, Clinical Outcome, Payment Claims

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"Latar belakang. Masalah yang sering dihadapi pada pelayanan pasien Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional adalah kesenjangan biaya perawatan pasien stroke dengan tarif INA-CBGs. Hal ini terkait dengan biaya perawatan dan Clinical Pathway. Tujuan. Mengetahui biaya perawatan pasien stroke di Rumah Sakit Pusat Otak Nasional. Metoda. Penelitian kuantitatif deskriptif mengikutsertakan 277 subjek penyakit stroke yang diperoleh di Rumah Sakit Pusat Otak Nasional Jakarta selama Januari ? Juni 2015. Biaya perawatan stroke dihitung berdasarkan biaya satuan (unit cost) dengan menggunakan metode activity based costing dan Clinical Pathway. Hasil. Biaya satuan perawatan stroke iskemik dan stroke hemoragik berdasarkan Clinical Pathway, dengan memperhitungkan biaya investasi dan biaya gaji, tanpa memperhitungkan jasa medis berturut-turut adalah Rp 311,860,860.83 dan Rp 585,083,610.01; dengan memperhitungkan biaya investasi, biaya gaji, dan jasa medis berdasarkan tarif rumah sakit adalah Rp 321,682,940.73 dan Rp598,929,450.01; dengan memperhitungkan biaya investasi, biaya gaji, dan jasa medis berdasarkan tarif IDI adalah Rp 318,360,860.73 dan Rp 594,333,610.01; tanpa memperhitungkan biaya investasi, biaya gaji, dan jasa medis adalah Rp30,361,681.00 dan Rp25,698,199.46; tanpa memperhitungkan biaya investasi dan biaya gaji, tetapi memperhitungkan jasa medis berdasarkan tarif rumah sakit adalah Rp 40,183,761.00 dan Rp 39,544,199.46; tanpa memperhitungkan biaya investasi dan biaya gaji, tetapi memperhitungkan jasa medis berdasarkan IDI adalah Rp 36,861,681.00 dan Rp 34,948,199.46. Simpulan: Dijumpai selisih biaya perawatan berdasarkan biaya satuan dan Clinical Pathway, baik yang memperhitungkan biaya investasi, gaji, dan jasa medis, maupun tanpa memperhitungkan biaya investasi, gaji, dan jasa medis, dengan tarif layanan existing dan tarif INA-CBGs.

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Background. Problem often encountered in patient care National Health Insurance is the gap between the cost of stroke treatment with INA-CBGs tariff. This is related to the cost of treatment and the Clinical Pathway.

Aim. Knowing the cost of stroke treatment in the National Brain Center Hospital Jakarta.

Methods. Descriptive quantitative study involving 277 subjects stroke obtained at the National Brain Center Hospital Jakarta during January - June 2015. The cost of stroke treatment are calculated based on the unit cost using activity-based costing method and Clinical Pathway.

Results. The unit cost of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke treatment by Clinical Pathway, taking into account investment costs and salary costs, regardless of medical services is IDR 311,860,860.83 and IDR 585,083,610.01; taking into account investment cost, salary cost, and medical services tariff based hospital is IDR 321,682,940.73 and IDR 598,929,450.01; taking into account investment cost, salary cost, and medical services tariff based IDI is IDR 318,360,860.73 and IDR 594,333,610.01; without taking into account investment cost, salary cost, and medical services are IDR 30,361,681.00 and IDR 25,698,199.46; without taking into account the investment cost and salary cost, but taking into account medical services tariff based hospital is IDR 40,183,761.00 and IDR 39,544,199.46; without taking into account the investment cost and salary cost, but taking into account medical services tariff based IDI is IDR 36,861,681.00 and IDR 34,948,199.46.

Conclusion. Found difference in the cost of stroke treatment is based on unit cost and Clinical Pathway, both of which take into account the investment, salaries, and medical services cost, and without taking into account investment, salaries, and medical services cost, with existing services and tariff rates INA-CBGs."

"Pada tahun 2014, Indonesia memulai program Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) yang menggunakan Indonesia Case Based Groups (INA-CBGs) sebagai sistem pembayaran rumah sakit. Sistem pembayaran ini memberikan insentif kepada rumah sakit untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dengan cara meningkatkan kunjungan pasien baru, salah satunya dengan upaya readmisi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi readmisi pada pasien rawat inap kasus Hepatobilier di Rumah Sakit X. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain penelitian cross sectional. Data yang diambil merupakan data sekunder kasus hepatobilier rawat inap sebelum pelaksanaan JKN (tahun 2010- 2013) dan sesudah pelaksanaan JKN (tahun 2014-2017). Hasil analisis bivariat menunjukkan bahwa setelah pelaksanaan JKN, pasien dengan readmisi ≥ 30 hari mengalami peningkatan median lama rawat inap, sedangkan pasien dengan readmisi < 30 hari mengalami penurunan lama rawat inap. Hasil uji multivariat menunjukkan variabel yang paling dominan berpengaruh dengan jenis readmisi adalah lama rawat inap dengan nilai marginal effect -0.041. Hasil estimasi diperoleh nilai koefisien negatif yang menunjukkan semakin pendek lama rawat inap, peluang readmisi < 30 hari semakin tinggi. Hal tersebut menunjukkan adanya kemungkinan upaya memperpendek lama rawat inap dan upaya readmisi yang sengaja dilakukan oleh rumah sakit setelah pelaksanaan sistem pembayaran INA CBGs. Pernyataan tersebut didukung dengan hasil analisis bivariat yang menunjukkan proporsi readmisi < 30 hari lebih tinggi pada payer dengan sistem pembayaran INA CBGs dan FFS negosiasi dibandingkan dengan payer dengan sistem pembayaran FFS.

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In 2014, Indonesia has started a National Health Insurance (JKN) program that used Indonesia Case Based Groups (INA-CBGs) as hospital payment system. This payment system provides an incentive for hospitals to increase revenue by increasing new patient visits, one of which is by readmissions. The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors that affect the readmissions of Hepatobiliary inpatients in Hospital X. This study uses a quantitative research method with a cross sectional research design. The data taken is secondary data on hepatobiliary cases hospitalized before the implementation of JKN (2010-2013) and after the implementation of JKN (2014-2017). The results of the bivariate analysis show that after the implementation of JKN, patients with ≥ 30 days readmission experience an increase in median length of stay, while patients with <30 days readmission experience a decrease in length of stay. The multivariate test results show that the most dominant variable influencing the type of readmissions is the length of stay with a value of marginal effect -0.041. Estimation results obtain negative coefficient values which indicate the shorter the length of stay, the chances of <30 days readmission are higher. This shows that there is a possibility of efforts to shorten the length of stay and efforts to readmissions deliberately carried out by the hospital after the implementation of the INA CBGs payment system. The statement is supported by the results of bivariate analysis which shows the proportion of <30 days readmission higher for payers with INA CBGs and FFS negotiations payment system compared to payer with the FFS payment system."

"Latar belakang: Kelompok geriatri memiliki karakteristik khusus yang berpotensi meningkatkan lama masa rawat dan menurunkan kualitas hidup dan terbukti dapat diperbaiki dengan Pendekatan Paripurna Pasien Geriatri (P3G). Terdapat kemungkinan adanya perbedaan antara lama masa rawat dan kualitas hidup pasien geriatri dengan P3G sebelum dengan sesudah adanya sistem pembiayaan JKN (Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional). Tujuan: melakukan evaluasi pelaksanaan sistem JKN terhadap lama rawat, quality adjusted life days (QALD) dan efektivitas biaya pasien geriatri yang dirawat di ruang rawat geriatri akut RSCM. Metode: Penelitian kohort retrospektif dengan kontrol historis dilakukan pada pasien geriatri ≥ 60 tahun dengan ≥ 1 sindrom geriatri yang dirawat di ruang rawat geriatri akut RSCM periode Juli-Desember 2013 (era non JKN) dan Januari-Juni 2014 (era JKN). Perbedaan dua rerata lama rawat dan QALD era non JKN dengan JKN dianalisis dengan uji-T tidak berpasangan. Dilakukan juga penghitungan incremental cost effectivity ratio (ICER) program JKN dengan outcome lama rawat dan QALD yang akan dipresentasikan dalam skema ICER. Hasil: Dari total 225 subjek, 100 subjek berada di era non JKN dan 125 subjek di era JKN dengan karakteristik relatif sama. Rerata usia adalah 70 [60-86] tahun dan 68 [60-85] tahun secara berurutan. Tidak ada perbedaan lama rawat antara era non JKN dan JKN dengan median 12 [2-76] dan 12 [2-59] hari, p= 0,974. Begitu juga tak ada perbedan QALD antara kelompok non JKN dan JKN dengan median 0,812[-3,1 – 24,37] dan 0,000 [-7,37 – 22,43], p= 0,256. Biaya per satu kali rawat pada era non JKN adalah Rp. 19.961,000 [Rp.2.57 juta –Rp. 100 juta] dan JKN Rp. 20.832.000,- [Rp.3.067 juta - Rp.100 juta]. Skema ICER memperlihatkan biaya rawat lebih mahal Rp. 1.500.000,- untuk mendapatkan lama rawat lebih pendek 0,91 hari. Berdasarkan QALD, biaya rawat lebih murah Rp.3.484.887,- dengan 0,25 QALD lebih rendah dibanding era non JKN. Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan lama rawat dan kualitas hidup pasien yang dirawat pada era non JKN dengan era JKN.

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Background: Geriatric population with special characteristics tend to have longer average length of stay and lower quality of life. CGA (comprehensive Geriatric Assesment) was proven to improve the outcomes and has already be the standard procedure in RSCM. There were concerns on the difference between length of stay and quality of life before and after NHIP (National Health Insurance program) applied.

Objectives: To evaluate the implementation of NHIP system according to length of stay, quality adjusted life days and cost effectiveness of care in geriatric patients in acute care for elderly Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital.

Method: This is a retrospective cohort study with historical control. The subjects were geriatric patients ≥60 years old with one or more geriatrics giants between Juli to Desember 2013 (Non NHIP) and Januari to Juni 2014 (NHIP). We used independent T test to compare between two mean of length of stay and QALD.

Results: The characteristics were relatively similar between 100 subject in non NHIP group and 125 subject in NHIP group. the median of age were 70 [60- 86] dan 68 [60- 85] years old respectively. There was no significant difference between length of stay in non NHIP, median 12[2-76] days and NHIP group, median 12[2-59] days, p= 0,974. Quality of life which described as QALD proved that there was also no significant difference between non NHIP, median 0,812[-3,1 – 24,37] and NHIP group, median 0,000 [-7,37 –22,43], p= 0,256. The cost spent for one admission was Rp. 19.961,000 [Rp.2.57–Rp. 100 millions] in non NHIP and Rp. 20.832.000,- [Rp.3.067-Rp.100 millions] in NHIP group. Incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) scheme showed NHIP is more expensive Rp.1.500.000,- to have 0,91 shorter days than non NHIP system. For QALD, the cost was cheaper Rp.3.484.887,- to have 0,25 QALD lower than non NHIP.

Conclusion: There were no difference in length of stay and quality of life of patients who admitted in acute geriatric Cipto Mangunkusumo hospital with CGA approach before and after National Health Insurance program implementation."

"Latar belakang: Pendekatan Paripurna Pasien Geriatri (P3G) telah menjadi standar pelayanan di RSCM karena terbukti menghasilkan luaran perawatan geriatri yang lebih baik. Semenjak awal tahun 2014, di Indonesia diberlakukan sistem pembiayaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional. Belum diketahui apa pengaruh penerapan JKN terhadap kesintasan dan efektifitas biaya pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM. Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan kesintasan dan efektifitas biaya pasien geriatri pada era JKN dan non JKN yang dirawat di RSCM. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan metode kohort retrospektif dengan kontrol historis. Sampel dikumpulkan dari pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM selama periode Juli 2013-Juni 2014 yang kemudian dibagi menjadi kelompok JKN dan kelompok non JKN sebagai kontrol. Akan dinilai perbedaan kesintasan dengan kurva kesintasan dan efektifitas biaya perawatan dengan menghitung incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER). Hasil: Dari total 225 subjek, 100 subjek berada di era non JKN dan 125 subjek di era JKN dengan karakteristik demografis dan klinis yang relatif sama. Tidak ada perbedaan mortalitas selama perawatan dan kesintasan 30 hari antara kelompok JKN dan non JKN (31,2% vs 28%, p=0,602 dan 65,2% vs 66,4%, p = 0,086). Kurva kesintasan 30 hari antara kedua kelompok tidak menunjukkan perbedaan bermakna. ICER memperlihatkan pada era JKN investasi biaya Rp. 1,4 juta,- terkait dengan penurunan kesintasan 1,2% dibandingkan kelompok non JKN, namun perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna secara klinis dan statistik. Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan bermakna angka mortalitas antara pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM pada kelompok JKN dan non JKN. Perhitungan ICER menunjukkan dibutuhkan investasi biaya untuk memperoleh penurunan kesintasan pada penerapan JKN, namun perlu dipertimbangkan implentasi JKN yang masih dalam tahap awal. Diperlukan penelitian lanjutan saat implementasi JKN telah berlangsung dalam kurun waktu lebih panjang.

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Background: Comprehensive Geriatrics Assesment (CGA) has been proven to improve the overall outcome of inpatient geriatric patients, and has been implemented in RSCM as the standard geriatric medical care. Since January 2014, a new insurance system called National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) was implemented in Indonesia. It is unclear how NHI will affect survival and cost effectiveness of geriatric inpatients receiving CGA.

Objectives: To compare the survival and cost effectiveness betewwn NHIP and non NHIP era in geriatric patients admitted in RSCM.

Method: This is a retrospective cohort study with hystorical control. The subject were geriatric inpatients ≥60 years old with one or more geriatrics giants between Juli to Desember 2013 (non NHIP) and Januari to Juni 2014 (NHIP). A survival analysis and determination of incremental cost effectivitveness ratio (ICER) was used to compare the survival and cost effectiveness between the two group.

Result: The clinical and demographics characteristics were relatively similar between the NHIP and non NHIP group. No difference in inhospital mortaliy rate and 30 day survival rate between NHIP and non NHIP group (31,2% vs 28%, p=0,602, 65,2% vs 66,4%, p = 0,086, respectively). No significant difference was found when comparing the survival curve between the two group. Calculation of ICER shows that NHIP is associated with an increased cost of 1,4 million rupiah and 1,2 % higher mortality rate.

Conclusion: NHIP had no impact on survival in geriatric inpatients. ICER calculation shows NHIP implementation is associated with higher investment cost to yield lower survival rate. Further research is needed to evaluate this result when NHIP had been implemented for a longer duration."

"Latar Belakang: Pasien geriatri memiliki kompleksitas unik yang dapat meningkatkan beban dan biaya perawatan. Perbaikan status fungsional dan penurunan rehospitalisasi merupakan luaran keberhasilan pelayanan pasien geriatri yang dapat dicapai lebih baik dengan P3G (Pendekatan Paripurna Pasien Geriatri). Sejak implementasi sistem pembiayaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) pada Januari 2014 belum diketahui perbandingan luaran perbaikan status fungsional, rehospitalisasi, dan efektivitas biaya pasien geriatri di RSCM dengan P3G.Tujuan: Mengetahui perbandingan perbaikan status fungsional, kejadian rehospitalisasi, dan efektivitas biaya pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM pada era sebelum dan sesudah penerapan JKN.Metode: Kohort retrospektif dengan kontrol historis dilakukan pada pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM pada periode Januari-Juni 2014 sebagai kelompok JKN dan Juli-Desember 2013 sebagai kelompok pra-JKN. Pengumpulan data dilakukan secara total sampling dari rekam medis. Pasien meninggal dieksklusi. Status fungsional dinilai dengan indeks ADL (activity of daily living) Barthel. Kemudian dilakukan analisis perbedaan proporsi rehospitalisasi, perbaikan status fungsional, dan perhitungan efektivitas biaya menggunakan incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER).Hasil: Dari total 158 pasien, 72 subjek berada di kelompok pra-JKN dan 86 subjek di kelompok JKN dengan karakteristik yang relatif tidak berbeda. Tidak ada perbedaan median perbaikan status fungsional dan kejadian rehospitalisasi antara kelompok pra-JKN dan JKN (1 [-5 to 13] vs 2 [-2 to 15], p=0,715 dan 21,7,1% vs 18,1%, p=0,603). Telaah efektivitas biaya menunjukkan dengan menginvestasikan 3,7 juta rupiah pada implementasi JKN menyebabkan peningkatan 1 skor ADL Barthel dan penghematan 600 ribu rupiah pada implementasi JKN menyebabkan penurunan rehopitalisasi 3,6%; namun secara klinis dan statistik perbedaan tersebut tidak bermakna.Simpulan: Tidak ada perbedaan perbaikan ADL, kejadian rehospitalisasi, dan efektivitas biaya pasien geriatri yang dirawat di RSCM pada era JKN dan pra-JKN.

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Background: Geriatric patients have unique characteristics with high burden of care and cost. Functional status improvement and reduction of rehospitalization are the outcome of health care that can be achieved better by implementation of CGA (Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment). Since January 2014, National Health Insurance Program (NHIP) has been implemented and there are no data that explain the comparison of fuctional status improvement, rehospitalization, and cost-effectiveness ratio in geriatric patients receiving CGA at RSCM.

Objectives: to determine the comparison of functional status improvement, rehospitalization, and cost-effectiveness ratio in patients admitted to RSCM acute geriatric ward before and after implementation of NHIP.

Method: Retrospective cohort with historical control was done toward geriatric patients in periode of January-June 2014 as NHIP group and periode of July-December 2013 as pra-NHIP group. Data was collected from medical record and enrolled by total sampling. Death cases were excluded. Functional status was measured using activity of daily living (ADL) Barthel index. Analysis the difference of activity of daily living score, rehospitalization, and incremental cost effectiveness ratio (ICER) were done to compare both groups.

Result : From 158 patients, 72 subjects are in pra-NHIP group and 86 subject in NHIP groups. Both group have similar characteristics. There are no difference of functional status improvement and rates of rehospitalization between pra-NHIP and NHIP group (1 [-5 to 13] vs 2 [-2 to 15], p=0,715 and 21,7% vs 18,1%, p=0,603). ICER shows that by investing 3,7 million rupiah on implementation of NHIP cause 1 score improvement of ADL Barthel index and by saving 600 thousand rupiah on NHIP cause 3,6% declining rehopitalization rates. Statistically and clinically both ICER are not significant.

Conclusion: There are no difference of functional status improvement, rates of rehospitalization, and cost-effectiveness ratio in geriatric patients between NHIP and pra-NHIP groups."

"Clinical Pathway di rumah sakit merupakan pedoman yang mencakup semua aktivitas dari pasien masuk hingga keluar rumah sakit. Tesis ini membahas mengenai pengaruh clinical pathway terhadap lama hari rawat dan biaya resep pasien di RS IMC. Penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dan kuantitatif dengan desain studi kasus analisis deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menggambarkan tahapan proses implementasi clinical pathway di RS IMC dimulai dengan perencanaan, pembentukan tim, penyusunan draft formulir clinical pathway, sosialisasi, uji coba hingga implementasi; serta terjadi penurunan lama hari rawat dan biaya resep pasien hernia inguinalis akibat pengaruh implementasi clinical pathway di RS IMC Bintaro.

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Clinical Pathway in the hospital is a guideline which includes all activities from admission until hospital discharge. This thesis discusses the effect of clinical pathways towards length of stay and cost of prescription patient in IMC hospital. This study is a qualitative and quantitative, analysis of a descriptive case study design. Results of the study illustrate the stages of the process of implementing clinical pathways in IMC Hospital that begins with planning, team building, clinical pathways form drafting, dissemination, trial and implementation; as well as a decline in length of stay and cost of prescription inguinal hernia patients due to the effect of the implementation of clinical pathways in IMC Hospital."

"Clinical pathway merupakan sebuah alat untuk menjaga kualitas pelayanan dan efisiensi biaya dengan cara menstandarkan pelayanan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak dari implementasi clinical pathway terhadap peningkatan kualitas pelayanan dan pengeluaran biaya yang lebih efisien. Analisis dampak dari implementasi clinical pathway dilakukan dengan cara membandingkan lama hari rawat, pelayanan, dan tagihan antara kelompok sebelum dan setelah implementasi clinical pathway dengan standar pelayanan. Tidak ada perbedaan rata-rata yang signifikan antara sebelum dan setelah clinical pathway pada lama hari rawat yaitu sebesar 5,9 hari, namun pada setelah clinical pathway terjadi penurunan variasi dan lebih mengikuti standar dalam clinical pathway. Variasi laboratorium dan radiologi mengalami penurunan pada kelompok setelah clinical pathway namun pada obat terjadi peningkatan jumlah variasi. Tagihan pasien mengalami kenaikan yang signifikan yaitu sebesar 19,66%. Peningkatan tagihan disebabkan oleh lama hari rawat yang cenderung lebih panjang pada kelompok setelah clinical pathway sehingga meningkatkan biaya akomodasi dan tindakan. Rumah sakit perlu melibatkan seluruh tenaga kesehatan terkait mulai dari proses pembuatan clinical pathway hingga implementasinya agar proses implementasi menjadi lebih maksimal. Selain itu, diperlukan peninjauan dan sosialisasi perihal peraturan terkait Pedoman Nasional Pelayanan Kesehatan, Panduan Praktik Klinis, dan clinical pathway oleh Kementerian Kesehatan, serta diperlukan kerja sama antara rumah sakit, Kementerian Kesehatan, dan BPJS dalam penyusunan hospital base rate untuk perbaikan tarif INACBG.

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Clinical pathway is a tool to maintain service quality and cost efficiency by standardizing services. This study aims to determine the variations of medical services and costs by comparing before and after clinical pathway implementation. Medical services that were compared with service standard were length of stay and medical services including laboratory, radiology, and drugs. In this study, costs were the calculation of patients bills. There was no significant difference between the average length of stay before and after the clinical pathway, which was 5.9 days, but after clinical pathway group followed standard more precise with a decrease in variation. Laboratory and radiological variations decreased in the group after clinical pathway but for the drugs, there was an increase in the number of variations. Patient bills experienced a significant increase of 19.66%. The increase of patient bills was caused by length of stay which tend to be longer in groups after clinical pathway, thereby increasing accommodation and medical service costs. Hospitals need to involve all related medical practitioner starting from clinical pathway planning process to the implementation, so then the implementation become better. In addition, it is necessary to review and socialize regulation regarding National Health Service Guidelines, Clinical Practice Guidelines, and clinical pathway by the Ministry of Health, and cooperation between hospitals, Ministry of Health, and Social Insurance Administration Organization is required in preparation of base rate hospitals to improve INA-CBG tariffs."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis perbedaan antara biaya rawat inap berdasarkan tarif INA-CBGs dengan biaya rawat inap berdasarkan tarif rumah sakit pada pasien Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN) dengan diagnosis infeksi HIV di Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa secara keseluruhan perbedaan biaya rawat inap antara BPJS Kesehatan dengan rumah sakit disebabkan oleh adanya perbedaan tarif dan perbedaan metode pembebanan biaya. Akibat perbedaan tersebut, rumah sakit mengalami kerugian. Rumah sakit dapat menekan kerugian dengan meningkatkan cost effectiveness proses bisnis rawat inap, menetapkan harga target, menyusun biaya standar serta melakukan monitoring dan evaluasi penyelenggaraan Program JKN.

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This study's objective is to analyze the difference between inpatient cost based on INA-CBGs rates with the one based on hospital rates on JKN patient with HIV infection in Rumah Sakit Ketergantungan Obat Jakarta. This study uses a descriptive-qualitative methods. The study shows for overall the difference casuses loss to the hospital. It because of the rate and the charging method differences between BPJS Kesehatan and the hospital. The hospital reduces the loss by improving the cost effectiveness of business processes, planning and controlling the inpatient cost through target pricing and standard costing as well as monitoring and evaluating the programs."