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"Skripsi ini membahas tentang respon negara tetangga yang terkena dampak kabut asap akibat kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang terjadi di Indonesia pada tahun 1997-1998. Pada penelitian sebelumnya, banyaknya kasus kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang terjadi pada masa Orde Baru disebabkan oleh pengelolaan hutan yang mengedepankan pembangunan ekonomi. Untuk kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang terjadi pada tahun 1997-1998 hanya dijelaskan mengenai dampak berupa kerugian ekonomi dan ekologis. Sementara dalam penelitian ini, akan berfokus pada dampak kebakaran hutan dan lahan yang terjadi pada tahun 1997-1998 berupa pencemaran kabut asap lintas batas mengganggu aktivitas negara tetangga, yaitu Malaysia dan Singapura. Hasil dari penelitian ini didapat bahwa permasalahan kebakaran hutan dan lahan Indonesia tahun 1997-1998 menjadi satu bencana nasional yang sulit dituntaskan oleh Indonesia sendiri. Singapura dan Malaysia sebagai negara tetangga yang terkena dampak dari kabut asap memberikan respon agar masalah ini dapat ditangani dalam skala regional, sehingga kebakaran hutan dan lahan tahun 1997-1998 menjadi salah satu awal mula kesadaran Asia Tenggara untuk menetapkan regulasi baru atas satu permasalahan pencemaran lingkungan lintas batas, khususnya pada pencemaran udara. Pada penulisan artikel ini, penulis menggunakan metode sejarah. Artikel ini menggunakan data yang diperoleh melalui studi literatur berupa dokumen pemerintah, koran, buku, dan publikasi jurnal.

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This paper discusses the response of neighboring countries affected by haze due to forest and land fires that occurred Indonesia in 1997-1998. In previous studies, the number of cases of forest and land fires that occurred during the New Order was caused by forest management which prioritized economic development. For forest and land fires 1997-1998 only explained the impact of economic and ecological losses. While in this study will focus on the impact of forest and land fires 1997-1998 in the form of cross-border smoke pollution disrupting the activities of neighboring countries, such as Singapore and Malaysia. The results of this study found that the problems of Indonesian forest and land fires in 1997-1998 became a national disaster that was difficult to solve by Indonesia itself. Singapore and Malaysia as neighboring countries affected by the haze responded to this problem in a regional scale, so that forest and land fires in 1997-1998 became one of the beginnings of Southeast Asian awareness to establish new regulations on a cross-environmental pollution problem, especially on air pollution. This article uses historical methods and data obtained through literature studies from newspapers, books, and journal publications. "

"Kabut asap telah menjadi momok yang sangat merugikan banyak pihak. Kerugian materiil maupun immateriil yang diderita begitu masif dan timbul dalam waktu yang cukup lama. Menariknya belum pernah ada gugatan terhadap kerugian akibat kabut asap di pengadilan Indonesia. Alasannya sederhana, karena kausalitas kabut asap dengan kerugian yang dialami korban sulit dibuktikan apabila merujuk pada ketentuan hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia saat ini, termasuk dengan teori kausalitas yang dianut. Skripsi ini hendak menjawab pertanyaan sederhana, dengan perkembangan teori kausalitas dalam ilmu hukum apakah kerugian akibat kabut asap dapat dibuktikan di pengadilan? Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian yuridis normatif dengan pendekatan konseptual dan pendekatan perbandingan. Penelitian ini menuai hasil yang cukup positif di mana terdapat doktrin market share liability yang dapat mengakomodir pembuktian kausalitas kabut asap, baik dari segi hukum materiil maupun segi hukum formil di Indonesia. Namun pada akhirnya tetap diperlukan keterbukaan dari hakim untuk membangun logika hukum berdasarkan nilai-nilai kebenaran dan keadilan, yang dalam pandangan penulis dapat diakomodir melalui penerapan doktrin market share liability untuk membuktikan kausalitas terhadap kerugian akibat kabut asap.

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Haze has become very detrimental scourge to many parties. Both material dan immaterial losses suffered are massive and arise in a long period of time. Interestingly, there has never been a lawsuit against haze in Indonesian courts. The reason is simply because proof of causation based on losses suffered by the victim from haze is very difficult to prove if one refer to laws recognized in Indonesia, including the embraced theory of causation. This undergraduate thesis wants to answer a simple question, with the development of theory of causation in jurisprudence, is it possible to prove causation based on losses from haze in courts The research method used in this thesis is a normative juridical research with conceptual approach and comparative approach. This research reaping positive results in which theory of market share liability could accommodate the proof of causation of haze, both in terms of material law and procedural law aspects recognized in Indonesia. In the end it still takes the open minded judge to build legal logic based on the value of justice and fairness, which in my point of view could be accomodated by applying market share liability doctrine as a proof of causation of loss from haze."

"[ABSTRAKKebakaran lahan dan hutan merupakan ancaman terhadap lingkungan hidup.Kebakaran lahan dan hutan dipengaruhi oleh pola penggunaan lahan untukbudidaya. Karakteristik wilayah rawan kebakaran di Kabupaten Pelalawan adalahwilayah yang memiliki kawasan hutan dengan fungsi hutan produksi konversi danhutan produksi terbatas; memiliki tutupan lahan dengan jenis hutan lahan keringsekunder, semak belukar, semak belukar rawa dan tanah terbuka; serta memilikijenis tanah dan sistem lahan berupa endapan aluvial dan tanah mineral perbukitanrendah, serta jenis tanah gambut dengan kedalaman rendah sampai sedang.Kemunculan hotspot sebagai indikator kebakaran lahan dan hutan memilikihubungan dengan pola curah hujan rendah yang terjadi dua kali selama setahun diPelalawan, yaitu antara Januari─Februari dan yang paling ekstrim padaJuli─Agustus. Langkah mitigasi kebakaran yang dilakukan pemerintah belumdiikuti dengan alternatif solusi budidaya tanam tanpa api. Perubahan budidayajenis tanaman semusim ke tanaman keras adalah bentuk adaptasi yang dilakukanmasyarakat. Laju pertumbuhan penduduk berpengaruh nyata terhadap peluangterjadinya kebakaran lahan dan hutan. Tekanan terhadap penguasaan ruangsebagai dampak dari pembangunan mempengaruhi kearifan lokal penggunaan apidalam pengelolaan lahan. Terbatasnya akses terhadap modal perekonomianmenjadi salah satu faktor penghambat trasformasi sosial ekonomi dan budaya daripertanian subsisten menjadi agraris, sehingga penggunaan api masih menjadibagian dari budaya pengelolaan lahan.

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ABSTRACTLand and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.;Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture., Land and forest fires threatening the environment. The occuring of fires influenceby land use for cultivation system. Characteristics of fires vulnerable zone inPelalawan district Riau province indicated by the present of forest area withfunction for convertion and limited production; land cover type from secondarydryland forest, scrub, swampy scrub and open area; and alluvial to plain hillymineral soil and land system, and shallow to moderate depth of peat swamp. Thepresent of hotspots as indicator of fires occuring in land or forest area correspondwith the lowest amount of rainfall which happend twice per annum within thestudy area, it is happend between January to February and extremly happend inJuly to August. The mitigation action proposed by government poorly associatewith alternative solution for zero firest cultivation. The shifting from short periodto parennials agriculture commodity was the adaptation effort taken by thecommunity. The growth of population influence the opportunity of fires mayoccur. The present of land tenure management due to development impact hasinfluencing the local wisdom in using fires for land management. The limitedacces to capital of economic being a barrier to the succes of social culturaltransformation from subsisten to agrarian cultivation, thus the use of fires stillbeing part of land development culture.]"

"Peristiwa kebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) merupakan salah satu bencana yang terjadi secara berulang di Indonesia, khususnya saat musim kemarau. Peristiwa ini tentunya menimbulkan banyak kerugian baik secara ekonomi, ekologi, maupun sosial. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan prakiraan di wilayah yang berpotensi mengalami karhutla. Salah satu provinsi yang rawan mengalami karhutla adalah Provinsi Sumatera Selatan. Peristiwa karhutla dapat dipantau oleh satelit yang diindikasikan sebagai titik panas. Penelitian ini menggunakan data hotspot (titik panas) dengan parameter tanggal, tingkat kepercayaan, dan kabupaten-kabupaten di Sumatera Selatan yang tertangkap satelit pada periode tahun 2015-2019. Prediksi potensi karhutla dilakukan di wilayah kabupaten dengan jumlah titik panas tertinggi yaitu Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir, Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin, dan Kabupaten Banyuasin. Untuk mencapai tujuan penelitian, penelitian ini menggunakan Prophet Forecasting Model (PFM) yang didasarkan pada model aditif dengan memperhatikan tiga komponen utama yaitu trend, seasonality, dan holiday effects. PFM merupakan metode yang menggunakan pendekatan machine learning dalam melakukan prediksi terhadap deret waktu dimana permasalahan forecasting dilihat sebagai curve-fitting exercise. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa PFM dapat diimplementasikan pada data titik panas dengan penilaian forecast accuracy termasuk dalam kategori baik di Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir dengan nilai MAPE 0,1753; kategori layak di Kabupaten Musi Banyuasin dengan nilai MAPE 0,2588; dan kategori baik di Kabupaten Banyuasin dengan nilai MAPE 0,1833.

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Forest and land fires are one of the recurring disasters in Indonesia, especially during the dry season. This incident certainly caused many losses economically, ecologically, and socially. Therefore, it is necessary to make predictions in high potential areas for forest and land fires to occur. One province that is prone to forest and land fires is South Sumatra Province. Forest and land fires events can be monitored by satellites which are indicated as hotspots. This research uses hotspot data with parameters of date, level of confidence, and regencies in South Sumatra that are caught by satellites in the period 2015-2019. The prediction of the potential for forest and land fires was carried out in districts with the highest number of hotspots, namely Ogan Komering Ilir Regency, Musi Banyuasin Regency, and Banyuasin Regency. To achieve the research objectives, this study uses the Prophet Forecasting Model (PFM) which is based on additive model by taking into account three main components, namely trend, seasonality, and holiday effects. PFM is a method that uses a machine learning approach to predict time series where forecasting problems are seen as curve-fitting exercises. The results show that PFM can be implemented in hotspot data with forecast accuracy in the good category for Ogan Komering Ilir Regency with MAPE value of 0.1753; reasonable category in Musi Banyuasin Regency with MAPE value of 0.2588; and good category in Banyuasin Regency with MAPE value of 0.1833."

"Kebakaran hutan dan lahan merupakan bencana alam yang terjadi berulang hampir setiap tahun di Indonesia, dan mengakibatkan kerugian ekonomi yang besar maupun bagi lingkungan. Penggunaan data satelit penginderaan jauh dalam menurunkan informasi fire hotspot dapat digunakan untuk melakukan pemantauan kebakaran lahan gambut (peat) dan tanah mineral (non-peat) di Indonesia. Sistem pemantauan harian sangat diperlukan untuk membantu pemangku kepentingan di lapangan dalam mengambil tindakan mitigasi bencana. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membangun sebuah model filtering dan clustering untuk deteksi dini kebakaran hutan dan lahan di Indonesia dengan data sensor Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) dari satelit Suomi NPP dan NOAA-20 menggunakan metode Euclidean distance. Model filtering dan clustering digunakan untuk menyederhanakan jumlah fire hotspot yang sangat bermanfaat bagi kepentingan di lapangan ketika terjadi kebakaran hutan dan lahan. Model filtering dilakukan dengan cara membangun peta hotspot per tahun dengan kejadian pengulangan melebihi suatu ambang batas, dan peta tersebut akan digunakan sebagai filter dari data fire hotspot yang dihasilkan. Model clustering dilakukan dengan menggunakan menghitung jarak Euclidean antar titik fire hotspot yang dihasilkan, jika jaraknya memenuhi 1,5 kali ukuran piksel maka titik fire hotspot tersebut akan dikelompokkan menjadi satu cluster. Nilai akurasi dievaluasi berdasarkan estimasi luas kebakaran, peta burned area, dan peta lahan gambut dari setiap kejadian kebakaran yang dilaporkan petugas lapangan. Hasil pengolahan dan analisis menunjukkan bahwa akurasi efektif pada data VIIRS yaitu pada jarak 1,5 km atau empat kali ukuran pikselnya dari pusat kebakaran. Akurasi deteksi secara umum untuk cluster hotspot (cluster-HS) dan titik hotspot (titik-HS) masing-masing sebesar 52% dan 53%. Untuk wilayah yang luasnya lebih dari 14 ha, akurasinya menjadi sangat baik yaitu sampai dengan sebesar 83%. Analisis dengan pemilahan lahan gambut dan tanah mineral menunjukkan cluster-HS berkinerja lebih baik di lahan gambut dengan akurasi sebesar 62% dibandingkan di lahan tanah mineral sebesar 57%. Tanpa mengurangi ketepatan pengamatan titik api, penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa model dapat diandalkan untuk membantu pemangku kepentingan di lapangan dalam mengambil tindakan. Oleh karena itu, model ini dapat diimplementasikan ke dalam pemantauan hotspot harian di Indonesia.

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In Indonesia, forest and land fires are frequent natural catastrophes that do significant damage to the environment and economy. The use of remote sensing satellite data to derive fire hotspot information can be used to monitor peat and non-peat land fires in Indonesia. A daily monitoring system is very necessary to assist stakeholders in the field in taking disaster mitigation actions. The aim of this research is to build a filtering and clustering model for early detection of forest and land fires in Indonesia using Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) sensor data from the Suomi NPP and NOAA-20 satellites using the Euclidean distance method. The filtering and clustering model is used to simplify the number of fire hotspots which is very useful for interests in the field when forest and land fires occur. The filtering model is carried out by building a persistent hotspot map per year with repeated events exceeding a threshold, and this map will be used as a filter for the resulting fire hotspot data. The clustering model is carried out by calculating the Euclidean distance between the resulting fire hotspot points. If the distance is 1.5 times the pixel size, the fire hotspot points will be grouped into one cluster. Accuracy values ​​are evaluated based on estimates of fire area, burned area maps, and peatland maps for each fire incident reported by field officers. The results of processing and analysis show that the effective accuracy of VIIRS data is at a distance of 1.5 km or four times the pixel size from the center of the fire. The general detection accuracy for hotspot clusters (cluster-HS) and hotspot points (point-HS) is 52% and 53%, respectively. For areas larger than 14 ha, the accuracy is very good, namely up to 83%. Analysis by separating peat and non-peat land shows that the HS-cluster performs better on peat land with an accuracy of 62% compared to 57% on non-peat land. Without reducing the accuracy of hotspot observations, this research shows that the model can be relied on to assist stakeholders in the field in taking action. Therefore, this model can be implemented into daily hotspot monitoring in Indonesia."

"Masalah kebakaran hutan dan lahan telah menjadi isu nasional yang patut mendapat perhatian serius dari pemerintah. Kejadian ini terjadi setiap tahun secara berulang, khususnya pada lahan gambut. Perlu dipahami bahwa, instansi pemerintah dan masyarakat, termasuk petani, perusahaan-perusahaan perkebunan dan HTI, merupakan mata rantai yang tidak terputus yang terkait langsung dengan kebakaran hutan dan lahan ini. Pada penelitian ini dibuat sebuah hubungan antara kebakaran hutan yang dilihat dari parameter hotspot terhadap nilai parameter pencemar udara (ISPU) dan tingkat kesehatan masyarakat kota Pekanbaru. Parameter hotspot yang diteliti adalah semua lokasi yang terdapat di provinsi Riau dari tahun 2005 sampai tahun 2009. Sedangkan resiko pencemaran kualitas udara dan kesehatan masyarakat yang diteliti adalah di kota Pekanbaru pada tahun 2009. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah analisa data sekunder. Penelitian ini menghasilkan hubungan yang erat antara jumlah hotspot yang terdapat di berbagai daerah di provinsi Riau terhadap peningkatan nilai ISPU di kota Pekanbaru. Peningkatan nilai ISPU di kota Pekanbaru seiring dengan peningkatan jumlah hotspot yang terdapat di provinsi Riau. Peningkatan nilai ISPU ini juga berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan masyarakat kota Pekanbaru. Jumlah penderita penyakit meningkat 1 bulan sampai 2 bulan setelah kenaikan nilai ISPU di kota Pekanbaru.

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Problem of land and forest fires have become national issues that deserve serious attention from the government. This event happens every year, especially on peatlands. It should be understood that, government agencies and communities, including farmers, companies and timber plantations, is an unbroken chain which is directly related to this land and forest fires. This study is to learn a relationship between forest fire from the hotspots parameters against the value of air pollutant parameters (ISPU) and the level of public health in Pekanbaru city. Hotspot parameters studied are all the locations contained in Riau province from 2005 until the year 2009. While the risk of pollution of air quality and public health research is in the Pekanbaru city in the year 2009. The method used in this research is secondary data analysis. This research produced a strong correlation between the number of hotspots in the various regions in the Riau province on the increase of the value of ISPU in the Pekanbaru city. Increasing the value of ISPU in the Pekanabaru city along with the increasing number of hotspots located in Riau province. Increasing the value of ISPU is also an effect on people's health in Pekanbaru city. The number of patients increased by one month until two months after the increase in value of ISPU in the Pekanbaru city."

"[;;;, ABSTRAKKebakaran hutan dan lahan (karhutla) di Riau mulai marak seiring denganmeningkatnya laju penebangan hutan, pembersihan lahan dan iklim kering. Karhutlamenyebabkan pencemaran udara bahkan hingga ke Singapura sehinggamempengaruhi ketegangan politik diantara kedua negara. Karhutla kerap terjadi tiaptahunnya, padahal sudah banyak regulasi dan institusi yang menangani pencegahankarhutla serta pengendalian bencana asap. Ketika proses pembakaran biomassaterjadi, pencemar aerosol terlepas ke udara. Tingginya konsentrasi aerosolmenurunkan kualitas udara setempat dan mengurangi jarak pandang. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk menganalisis kaitan karhutla di Provinsi Riau pada Juni 2013 denganpencemaran udara di Riau dan Singapura, karakteristik aerosol di Singapura pada saatperiode karhutla di Riau dan menganalisis implementasi kebijakan pencegahan danpengendalian bencana asap akibat karhutla. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalahcampuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif dengan data sekunder dan primer yang berasaldari wawancara. Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui bahwa kebakaran di Riau pada Juni2013 mengakibatkan kenaikan ISPU hingga 1084 (berbahaya) di Riau, kenaikankonsentrasi PM 2,5, dan menurunkan visibilitas di Singapura. Hasil karakterisasimelalui parameter aerosol optical depth (AOD), parameter Ångstrom, dan distribusiukuran partikel menunjukkan keberadaan aerosol berukuran kecil dengan jumlahlebih banyak di Singapura yang merupakan ciri aerosol dari karhutla.Lemahnya kepemimpinan dan penegakan hukum, kurangnya koordinasi antar institusi di tingkat pemerinrah daerah, dan belum optimalnya pemanfaatan informasi peringatan dini adalah sejumlah faktor penghambat implementasi kebijakan pengendalian bencanaasap akibat karhutla.

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ABSTRACTForest and land fire in Riau increase along with the rapid deforestation, land clearing, and fueled by dry climate. Forest and land fire causes trans-boundary air pollution up to Singapore and creates tensions among neighboring countries. Fires in Riau routinely occur every year, although there are a lot of regulations and institutions dealing with fire prevention and smoke haze management. When biomass burns, certain aerosol pollutant is emitted to the atmosphere. High concentration of aerosol could degrade the local air quality and reduce visibility. This study aimed to analyze the relation of forest and land fire in Riau in June 2013 with the air pollution in Riau and Singapore, the characteristics of aerosol in Singapore during the fire period in Riau and the implementation of fire prevention and smoke haze management policies.Research method that being used are a mixture of quantitative and qualitative with secondary and primary data from interview. The research found that Riau fires in June 2013 resulted the increase of Pollutant Standard Index (PSI) until 1084 (hazardous) in Riau, increase the concentration of PM 2,5, and reduce visibility in Singapore. Aerosol characterization through aerosol optical depth (AOD), Ångstrom parameter and particle size distribution indicates the existence of a small-sized aerosol in a great number in Singapore which is characteristic of aerosol from forest and land fire. Weak leadership and law enforcement, lack of coordination among institutions in local level as well as low utilization of early warning information are a number of factors inhibiting the implementation of smoke haze management policies.]"

"ABSTRAKKebakaran hutan dan lahan merupakan masalah yang hampir setiap tahunnyaterjadi di provinsi Riau. Berdasarkan data AQMS kota Pekanbaru, konsentrasi PM10mengalami peningkatan hingga level berbahaya pada saat terjadinya bencana kebakaranhutan tersebut. Sementara SO2 masih berada pada level ISPU sedang. Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah ada hubungan kenaikan pajanan PM10 akibatkebakaran hutan dan lahan dengan kejadian hipertensi. Desain penelitian yang digunakanadalah cross sectional study dan dilakukan pada bulan Februari 2016 ? Juni 2016. Sampelpenelitian sebanyak 97 orang pasien rawat jalan Puskesmas Melur dan Puskesmas Rejosariperiode kebakaran hutan tahun 2015 (September ? Oktober 2015). Hasil penelitian pajananPM10 selama 4 hari tidak signifikan secara statistik terhadap kejadian hipertensi di KotaPekanbaru tahun 2015. Berdasarkan tingkatan ordinal, kategori pajanan PM10 pada tingkattidak sehat memiliki OR terbesar yaitu 2,65 (CI 95% 0,48 ? 14,56), kategori sangat tidaksehat OR sebesar 2,22 (CI 95% 0,34 ? 14,5) dan kategori berbahaya OR 1,69 (CI 95% 0,05? 50,83). setelah di kontrol variabel konfounding yaitu indeks masa tubuh (IMT),pendidikan, jenis kelamin, usia, dan riwayat keluarga yang menderita hipertensi.

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ABSTRACTLand and forest fires was a problem that almost occur in the Riau Province everyyear. Based on Air Quality Monitoring Sytem (AQMS) data in Pekanbaru, theconcentration of PM10 increased to dangerous level during fire forest episode. While SO2still at the moderate level. This objective of this study was to determine the relationshipPM10 exposure during land and forest fires in 2015 with hypertension. This design study ofresearch was cross sectional study and was conducted in February 2016 - June 2016. Thesample was 97 outpatient Rejosari health centers and Melur health centers during fire forestperiod in 2015 (September-October 2015). Results of research PM10 exposure for 1 to 8days was not statistically significant with hypertension in Pekanbaru city in 2015. Underthe ordinal level, exposure category PM10 at unhealthy levels that have the greatest riskwith OR 2.65 (95% CI 0,48 ? 14,56), the category very unhealthy OR of 2.22 (CI 95%0,34 ? 14,5) and hazardous category OR 1.69 (CI 95% 0,34 ? 14,5), after being controlledby the variables of body mass index (BMI), education, gender, age, and family history ofhypertension."

"Karhutla di Provinsi Riau selalu menjadi sorotan karena ulah manusia yang menyebabkan kerusakan ekosistem hingga kestabilan politik dengan negara tetangga. Untuk menyikapinya, Presiden memprioritaskan upaya pencegahan melalui kolaborasi multisektor antara pemerintah, swasta, hingga masyarakat. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis proses serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi dalam kolaborasi pencegahan karhutla dengan model collaborative governance. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa proses collaborative governance secara keseluruhan sudah diterapkan meskipun diperlukan penyempurnaan pada proses dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kolaborasi. Intensitas dialog tatap muka masih rendah dan agenda pembahasan para aktor masih umum terhadap pengendalian kerhutla. Hasil sementara kolaborasi pencegahan belum terukur dengan baik sehingga egosektoral terlihat melalui berbagai program para aktor yang sifatnya mirip. Faktor-faktor yang menghambat kolaborasi adalah desain kelembagaan belum mengalokasi tugas pencegahan para aktor dengan jelas yang beresiko pada tumpang tindih kegiatan dan menurunnya transparansi kolaborasi. Anggaran pencegahan belum memadai karena Provinsi Riau belum memiliki dana alokasi khusus untuk pencegahan dan hanya bergantung pada anggaran aktor yang terlibat.

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Karhutla in Riau Province has always been in the spotlight because of human activities that have caused damage to the ecosystem and political stability with neighboring countries. The President prioritizes prevention efforts through multi-sector collaboration between government, private sector, and community. This study aims to analyze the process and the factors that influence collaboration in preventing ‘karhutla’ with the collaborative governance model. The study indicates that collaborative governance process as a whole has been implemented although improvements are needed in the process and the factors that affect collaboration. Intensity of face-to-face dialogue is still low and the discussion is still on controlling ‘karhutla’. The interim results of prevention collaboration haven’t been well measured so that ego sector can be seen through various programs of actors that are similar in nature. The factors that hinder collaboration are the institutional design hasn’t allocated the task of preventing clearly so it’s risky to overlapping activities and decreasing collaboration transparency. The budget of prevention is not sufficient because Riau Province doesn’t have yet a special allocation fund for prevention and depends on the budget of the actors involved."