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"ABSTRAKTheory of mind (ToM), yang didefinisikan sebagai kemampuan untuk memahami kondisi mental orang lain, adalah salah satu kemampuan yang berkembang pesat di kalangan anak-anak prasekolah. Kemampuan ini sangat penting untuk perkembangan sosial, kognitif, dan moral anak di kemudian hari. Pelajaran sebelumnya telah menunjukkan bahwa ada efek dari saudara kandung dan paparan televisi pada ToM anak-anak, walaupun hasilnya tidak konsisten. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh saudara kandung kepemilikan dan paparan media digital berbasis layar pada ToM anak-anak, yang melibatkan totaldari 89 anak prasekolah di Jakarta. Pengukuran ToM dilakukan menggunakan versi yang diadaptasi Skala ToM oleh Wellman dan Liu (2004) yang terdiri dari lima komponen, yaitu keinginan beragam, keyakinan beragam, akses pengetahuan, keyakinan salah, dan emosi tersembunyi. Sementara itu, informasi mengenai kepemilikan saudara kandung (diukur dengan jumlah saudara kandung dan jumlah saudara kandung usia anak-anak) dan paparan media digital berbasis layar(yang diukur dengan waktu layar harian anak-anak) diperoleh melalui kuesionerdiselesaikan oleh orang tua. Hasil analisis regresi menunjukkan bahwa jumlahwaktu layar kakak dan anak-anak tidak hanya terkait negatif dengan ToM anak-anak, tetapi juga secara negatif mempengaruhi ToM anak-anak, melebihi dan di atas usia dan jenis kelamin anak-anak. Sementara itu, tidak ada hubungan yang ditemukan antara jumlah saudara kandung dan anakToM anak-anak.

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ABSTRACTTheory of mind (ToM), which is defined as the ability to understand the mental state of others, is one of the abilities that develops rapidly among preschoolers. This ability is very important for the social, cognitive, and moral development of children in the future. Previous studies have shown that there are effects of siblings and television exposure on children's ToM, although the results are inconsistent. This study aims to look at the effect of sibling ownership and exposure to screen-based digital media on children's ToM, which involves a totalfrom 89 preschoolers in Jakarta. ToM measurements were carried out using an adapted version of the ToM Scale by Wellman and Liu (2004) consisting of five components, namely diverse desires, diverse beliefs, access to knowledge, false beliefs, and hidden emotions. Meanwhile, information about sibling ownership (measured by the number of siblings and the number of siblings the age of children) and screen-based digital media exposure (as measured by the children's daily screen time) was obtained through a questionnairesolved by parents. The results of the regression analysis show that the amountBrother and kids' screen time is not only negatively associated with children's ToM, but also negatively affects children's ToM, over and above the children's age and gender. Meanwhile, no relationship was found between the number of siblings and childrenChildren's ToM."

"Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh dari pengasuhan, latar belakang orangtua, dan saudara kandung terhadap perkembangan Theory of Mind (ToM) anak usia 4 hingga 6 tahun. Rumusan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakan pengaruh jumlah kakak, ukuran keluarga, pendidikan orangtua, pekerjaan orangtua, dan pengasuhan terhadap perkembangan ToM anak? Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis structural equation modelling (SEM) dengan pengasuhan sebagai variabel mediasi. Behavioral testing dari Wellman dan Liu (2004) yang merupakan skala kontinum, digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat perkembangan ToM. Sedangkan, pengasuhan diukur menggunakan Parenting Attitudes Inventory oleh Vinden (2001). Data untuk latar belakang orangtua, yakni pendidikan, dan pekerjaan orangtua juga ukuran keluarga dan kepemilikan saudara kandung, didapatkan melalui pengisian inventori orangtua. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 121 pasangan ibu dan anak dari dua Taman Kanak-Kanak Negeri di Jakarta dan Bogor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan ibu, pendidikan ayah dan ukuran keluarga berpengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan ToM, sedangkan pekerjaan ibu dan jumlah kakak berpengaruh negatif terhadap perkembangan ToM. Penelitian ini juga memaparkan beberapa analisis tambahan seperti urutan perkembangan ToM pada partisipan anak, analisis korelasi, dan analisis independent sample t-test untuk melihat pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap perkembangan ToM anak.

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This research discusses the effect of parenting attitudes, parental background, and sibling on Children’s ToM. The aim of this study is to examine the effect (direct and indirect) of number of older sibling, family size, parental education, parental occupation, and parenting on ToM. This research use the SEM analysis with parenting attitudes as mediation variable. ToM Task from Wellman and Liu (2004) used to measure children’s ToM, and parenting attitudes measured by PAI from Vinden (2001). Parental background and sibling data obtained by parenting inventory consist of parental education level, occupation, income also the number of sibling (older or younger). The participant of this research were 121 children age 4 to 6 and their mother from two State Kindergarten. The result showed that each independent variable have a significant effect to dependent variable: mother and father education also family size has a positive effect to TOM, mother occupation and number of older siblings has a negative effect to ToM. This research also showed additional analysis such as the order of children’s ToM development, correlation analysis, and independent sample t-test to compare the ToM development between boys and girls."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat pengaruh media naratif terhadap perolehan theory-of-mind (ToM) anak usia prasekolah (3 ? 5 tahun). Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan skala ToM oleh Wellman dan Liu (2004), dan keterpaparan pada media naratif buku cerita, acara TV, movie/DVD diukur dengan melakukan wawancara. Skala ToM diberikan pada 202 anak usia 3 ? 5 tahun, dan wawancara dilakukan pada pengasuh utama setiap anak. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa media naratif secara signifikan memengaruhi perolehan ToM, dengan R2 = .06; F(3, 198) = 4.192, p < 0.05. Selain itu juga diperoleh hasil mengenai pengaruh ketiga jenis media naratif terhadap perolehan setiap konsep ToM. Media naratif buku cerita berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan konsep knowledge access (KA) (β = .385, p < 0.05), sedangkan ketiga jenis media naratif tersebut tidak signifikan berpengaruh terhadap perolehan konsep diverse desires (DD), diverse beliefs (DB), false belief (FB), dan hidden emotion (HE).

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This study aimed to investigate the effect of exposure to narrative media on preschoolers‟ theory-of-mind (3 ? 5 year olds). Theory-of-mind (ToM) was assessed using a ToM scale by Wellman and Liu (2004), and exposure to narrative media (children's storybooks, television, and movies) was measured by conducting an interview. The ToM scale was given to 202 children ages 3 ? 5, and interview was conducted with their parents. The result of this study showed that exposure to narrative media significantly influenced children's ToM (R2 = .06; F(3, 198) = 4.192, p < 0.05). This study also demonstrated about the effect of the three forms of narrative media on the acquisition of each of ToM concepts. Exposure to storybooks was significantly influenced the acquisition of knowledge access (KA) (β = .385, p < 0.05), whereas three forms of narrative media did not significantly predict four other ToM concepts, namely diverse desires (DD), diverse beliefs (DB), false belief (FB), and hidden emotion (HE)."

"Theory of mind (ToM) adalah kemampuan individu memahami keadaan mental diri dan orang lain yang berkaitan dengan tingkah laku prososial anak. Penelitian mengenai ToM banyak dihubungkan dengan kemampuan bahasa sebab bahasa berperan sebagai kognisi sosial. Penelitian lainnya melihat faktor saudara kandung juga diduga dapat memengaruhi ToM anak. Saudara kandung dapat menjadi sosok sebaya dalam berinteraksi, memahami intensitas emosi satu sama lain, dan membantu dalam pemahaman sosial-kognitif. Penelitian sebelumnya telah mengaitkan bahasa dengan ToM (Bigelow et al., 2021) dan mengaitkan saudara kandung dengan ToM (Leblanc et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2022), tetapi hasil penelitian bervariasi. Penelitian-penelitian tersebut menduga saudara kandung dapat menjadi teman berinteraksi sosial anak dan dapat menguatkan atau justru melemahkan kemampuan bahasa anak yang nantinya memengaruhi ToM-nya. Penelitian ini pun dilakukan atas dasar tersebut. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian korelatif dengan pengujian analisis regresi linear sederhana untuk melihat hubungan antara kemampuan bahasa dan ToM dan simple moderation berbasis regresi dengan bootstrapping untuk melihat peran saudara kandung terhadap hubungan kemampuan bahasa dan ToM anak. Partisipan penelitian merupakan 117 anak berusia 4–7 tahun di Jabodetabek yang diperoleh melalui convenience sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kehadiran saudara kandung diketahui memoderasi (menguatkan pengaruh) kemampuan bahasa terhadap ToM secara signifikan (b = 0,19, SE = 0,07, t = 2,45, p = 0,01, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0,03, 0,35]). Penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk meninjau interaksi ketiga variabel ini dalam partisipan dari disadvantage family, melihat secara spesifik aspek saudara kandung, serta melihat bentuk kualitas interaksi saudara kandung dengan anak.

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Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability of an individual to understand the mental states of oneself and others, which is related to children's prosocial behavior. Research on ToM was often linked to language abilities, as language played a role in social cognition. Other studies explored the impact of sibling factors on children's ToM. Siblings could serve as peers in interaction, understanding each other's emotional intensity, and contributing to social-cognitive understanding. Previous research had associated language with ToM (Bigelow et al., 2021) and linked siblings to ToM (Leblanc et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2021; Hou et al., 2022), but research findings varied. These studies suggested that siblings could become social interaction companions for children and might either strengthen or weaken a child's language abilities, subsequently influencing their ToM. This research was conducted on this basis. This study was correlational, employing simple linear regression analysis to examine the relationship between language ability and ToM. Additionally, simple regression-based moderation with bootstrapping was performed to observe the role of siblings in the relationship between language ability and children's ToM. The research participants were 117 children aged 4–7 years in Jabodetabek obtained through convenience sampling. The results indicated that the presence of siblings significantly moderated (strengthened the influence of) language ability on ToM (b = 0,19, SE = 0,07, t = 2,45, p = 0,01, 95% confidence interval [CI] [0,03, 0,35]). Further research was needed to examine the interaction of these three variables in participants from disadvantaged families, specifically looking at aspects of siblings, and assessing the quality of sibling interactions with the child."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah pengasuhan individualis dan kolektivis memengaruhi perolehan ToM pada anak usia 3?5 tahun. Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan skala ToM yang dikembangkan oleh Wellman dan Liu (2004), dan pengasuhan individualis dan kolektivis diukur dengan skala yang dikembangkan dari skala individualis-kolektivis Triandis dan Gelfand. Skala ToM diberikan pada 202 anak (102 laki-laki, 100 perempuan), usia 3-5 tahun/36-71 bulan (M = 55, SD = 3.253), dan kuesioner diisi oleh orangtua masing-masing anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pengasuhan individualis dan pengasuhan kolektivis tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan ToM., dengan R2 = .012, p > 0.05. Pengasuhan individualis berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap perolehan konsep diverse beliefs (DB) (β = 0.017, p < 0.05), sedangkan pengasuhan kolektivis tidak berpengaruh terhadap perolehan kelima konsep ToM.

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This study aimed to investigate whether individualism and collectivism parenting affect theory of mind acquisition in children age 3-5 years. Theory of mind (ToM) acquisition was assessed using a ToM scale by Wellman and Liu (2004), and individualism and collectivism parenting was measured with a scale that was developed from Triandis and Gelfand's individualism collectivism scale. The ToM scale was given to 202 children ages 3 ? 5 years old/36-71 months (M = 55, SD = 3.253), and individualism and collectivism parenting scale was administered to their parents. The result of this study showed that individualism and collectivism parenting did not significantly influence children?s ToM (R2 = .012, p > 0.05.). Individualism parenting significantly influenced the acquisition of diverse beliefs (DB) (β = 0.017, p < 0.05), whereas collectivism parenting did not significantly predict the acquisition of the five concepts of ToM."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian dan pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis orangtua terhadap perkembangan first-order theory of mind (ToM) dan second-order theory of mind anak di kota Jakarta. Perolehan ToM diukur dengan menggunakan theory of mind scale, pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis diukur dengan Parents’ Attitude I dan pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian diukur dengan Parents’ Attitude II. Skala ToM diberikan pada 98 anak (46 laki-laki, 52 perempuan) dengan usia 4-7 tahun. Kuesioner pengasuhan diberikan kepada ibu. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengasuhan otoritatif-otoritarian dan pengasuhan kolektivis-individualis tidak memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan first-order ToM dan second-order ToM. Ditemukan bahwa orangtua di Jakarta cenderung memilih pengasuhan otoritatif dan pengasuhan kolektivis. Selain itu pola perkembangan ToM anak di Jakarta mengikuti pola western yaitu DD>DB>KA>FB>HE.

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This study aims to determine whether there is authoritative-authoritarian parenting and collectivist-individualist parenting influence to the children’s first-order theory of mind (ToM) and second-order theory of mind in Jakarta. ToM is measured by using theory of mind scale, collectivist-individualist parenting is measured by using Parents’ Attitude I and authoritative-authoritarian parenting is measured by using Parents’ Attitude II. ToM scale was given to 98 children (46 boys, 52 girls) aged 4-7 years. Parenting questionnaires are given to mother of children. The results of the study shows that there is no significant influence between authoritative-authoritarian parenting and collectivist-individualist parenting with first order ToM and second order ToM development. Parents in Jakarta are likely to choose authoritative parenting and collectivist parenting. In addition, the sequence of children’s ToM development in Jakarta follows the western pattern, namely >DB>KA>FB>HE."

"Penelitian ini melihat kontribusi penggunaan gaya pengasuhan autonomy dan conformity terhadap kemampuan anak memahami kondisi mental orang lain dalam situasi yang terkait dengan moralitas (morally-relevant theory of mind atau MoToM) dan melakukan penilaian moral. Pemahaman MoToM dan penilaian moral diukur dengan morally-relevant theory of mind task dan prototypic moral transgression scale (Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, Woodward, 2011) kepada 122 partisipan anak usia 4 hingga 6 tahun. Gaya pengasuhan orangtua diukur dengan Parenting Attitudes Inventory (PAI) (Vinden, 2001; O'Reilly & Peterson, 2014). Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa gaya pengasuhan orangtua dan theory of mind anak berkontribusi sebanyak 35% terhadap pemahaman morally-relevant theory of mind anak. Kemampuan theory of mind berkontribusi terhadap kemampuan anak dalam melakukan penilaian moral akan situasi pelanggaran moral yang terjadi secara intensional (prototypic transgression). Tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara gaya pegnasuhan orangtua dan penilaian moral anak.

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This study aims to explore autonomy and conformity parenting style contribution to children's understanding of others mental state in a moral situation (morally-relevant theory of mind or MoToM) and doing moral judgments. MoToM understanding and children's moral judgments were measured by morally-relevant theory of mind task and prototypic moral transgression scale (Killen, Mulvey, Richardson, Jampol, Woodward, 2011) to 122 children aged 4 - 6 years old. Parenting style was assessed by Parenting Attitudes Inventory (PAI) (Vinden, 2001; O'Reilly & Peterson, 2014).

The result of this study showed that parenting style and children's theory of mind contributed to children's morally-relevant theory of mind understanding by 35%. Theory of mind understanding also contributed to children's moral judgments in an intentional moral transgression situasion (prototypic transgression). However, there was null significant links between parenting style and children's moral judgments."

"Memiliki kemampuan untuk mengatakan kebohongan prososial pada anak usia sekolah merupakan bagian dari perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran ToM dan MoToM beserta komponennya dalam memprediksi kemampuan anak usia sekolah dalam mengatakan kebohongan prososial. Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 71 anak berusia 7-9 tahun, murid SD Negeri di Depok. Berdasarkan analisis binary logistic regression, didapatkan hasil bahwa terdapat peran ToM dan MoToM dalam memprediksi kebohongan prososial anak usia 7-9 tahun secara signifikan, yakni sebesar 30,1%. Pada komponen ToM, ditemukan adanya peran first-order hidden emotion yang signifikan negatif dalam memprediksi kebohongan prososial anak usia 7-9 tahun, tetapi first-order false belief ataupun second-order false belief tidak berperan terhadap kebohongan prososial. Penelitian ini juga membuktikan bahwa MoToM (termasuk MoToM false belief dan MoToM evaluasi moral) dapat memprediksi kebohongan prososial anak.

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Possessing the ability to tell prosocial lies to school-aged children is essential in children's developmental milestone. This study aims to determine the role of ToM and MoToM and their components in predicting the success of school-age children in telling prosocial lies. This study draws data from 71 children aged 7-9 years from public elementary schools in Depok. Based on the analysis conducted using binary logistic regression, a significant role of ToM and MoToM in predicting the probability of successful prosocial lying for children aged 7-9 years was found, which accounts for 30,1%. In the ToM component, there was a significant negative role of first-order hidden emotion in predicting prosocial lie-telling of children aged 7-9 years. On the other hand, first-order false beliefs or second-order false beliefs did not play a role in prosocial lies. This study also proves that MoToM (which includes MoToM false belief and MoToM moral evaluation) can predict prosocial lie-telling of children aged 7-9 years.

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"Pengaruh media terhadap kemampuan memahami mental state, yang dikenal sebagai theory of mind (ToM), telah menarik perhatian peneliti perkembangan dalam lima tahun terakhir. Salah satu bentuk media yang sering diteliti adalah fiksi sastra yang telah terbukti berpengaruh terhadap ToM karena mampu memunculkan respon emosi dan intelektual. Penelitian pengaruh fiksi sastra terhadap ToM di kalangan anak usia sekolah bernilai penting. Di masa sekolah, anak tengah menghadapi interaksi dan konteks sosial yang semakin luas, seiring semakin berkembangnya penalaran mental state dan kemampuan literasinya. Untuk membuktikan pengaruh fiksi sastra terhadap ToM anak usia sekolah, peneliti melakukan studi dengan tiga kelompok eksperimen yang masing-masing diberikan bacaan fiksi sastra, fiksi populer, non fiksi, dan satu kelompok kontrol. Perbandingan hasil tes keempat kelompok pada kemampuan first order dan second order ToM menunjukkan bahwa membaca fiksi sastra berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kemampuan first order dan pengaruhnya lebih baik dibandingkan membaca genre lainnya.

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Media influence on the ability to understand the mental state, known as the theory of mind (ToM), has attracted the attention of developmental researchers in the last five years. One of the media that is often studied were fiction. The type of fiction that has proven to give effect on ToM is the literary fiction in which considered able to bring emotional and intellectual response. The study of the effect of literary fiction on ToM conducted towards schoolage children is an important value. School-age children is facing wider interactions and social context, as their development of mental-state in reasoning ability and literacy skills.

Experimental study has done to prove the effect of literary fiction on ToM of school age with three experimental groups, they were groups of reading literary fiction, popular fiction, non-fiction, and one as a control group. Comparison of the results of ToM tests of four groups on the ability of first-order and second order indicate that reading literary fiction significantly affect the ability of first-order and the effect is better than reading the other genres."

"Interaksi orang tua adalah salah satu prediktor perkembangan Theory of Mind (ToM), yaitu sebuah kemampuan sosial kognitif yang penting bagi kehidupan sosial anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran interaksi ayah, khususnya Mental State Language (MSL), terhadap perkembangan ToM pada anak usia 5 – 7 tahun. MSL diukur dengan inventori Mental State Language Ayah yang diadaptasi dari Maternal Mental State Input Inventory milik Peterson dan Slaughter (2003), dan ToM anak diukur dengan ToM Scale milik Wellman dan Liu (2004), Peterson et al., (2012), serta Perner dan Wimmer (1985). 120 pasangan ayah dan anak dari SES menengah ke atas menjadi bagian dari penelitian ini. Kontras dengan penelitian sebelumnya, studi ini menemukan bahwa MSL Ayah tidak berperan terhadap perkembangan ToM anak usia 5-7 tahun. Studi ini juga menemukan urutan perkembangan ToM yang berbeda, berupa Diverse Desire, Hidden Emotion, Sarcasm, Diverse Belief, Knowledge Access, False Belief, dan 2nd Order ToM.

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Parental Interaction is one of the strong predictors of Children’s Theory of Mind Development, a social cognitive skill that affects children’s social life. This study invastigates whether father’s Mental State Language (MSL) has a role toward children’s ToM in age 5 to 7 years old. Father’s MSL measured by MSL Inventory which is adapted from Maternal Mental State Input Inventory (MMSI) (Peterson & Slaughter, 2003), and children’s ToM measured by ToM Scale (Wellman & Liu, 2004; Peterson et al., 2012; Perner & Wimmer 1985). 120 pairs of father and child from middle to high SES participated in this study. Contrast with the preliminary studies, this study suggests that fathers MSL have no role toward ToM in children 5 to 7 years old. This study also found that the childrens ToM developmental order differs from other studies, in the following order: Diverse Desire, Hidden Emotion, Sarcasm, Diverse Belief, Knowledge Access, False Belief, and 2nd Order ToM."