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"Pendahuluan : Indonesia menduduki posisi ketiga dengan jumlah kasus tuberkulosis terbanyak. Rata-rata 90 % dari yang terinfeksi M.tuberkulosis menimbulkan kekebalan karena imunitas yang baik akan tetapi 10 % berkembang menjadi tuberkulosis aktif dalam hitungan beberapa bulan atau tahun setelah terjadi infeksi (WHO, 2018). Diabetes menyerang 382 juta pada tahun 2013 dan diproyeksikan akan meningkat menjadi 592 juta pada tahun 2035. Ketika diabetes menyebar, itu akan menyebabkan semakin banyak penduduk yang terinfeksi tuberkulosis (Lonnroth, 2014). Prevalensi diabetes mellitus meningkat berdasarkan umur terutama pada populasi di atas 40 tahun yang dikarenakan perkembangan intoleransi glukosa. Oleh karena itu perlu dilakukan penelitian untuk mengetahui besar risiko diabetes mellitus terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis paru pada penduduk 40-65 tahun dengan mempertimbangkan faktor-faktor contributory (potential confounder) yang juga berhubungan terhadap kejadian tuberkulosis maupun diabetes mellitus.Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan disain cross-sectional. Sebanyak 26.301 Penduduk 40-65 tahun menjadi sampel pada penelitian ini. Data diperoleh dari Mandat Litbangkes RI dan dianalisis menggunakan uji Regresi Logistik.Hasil : Risiko TB Paru 4,8 kali lebih besar pada penduduk 40-65 tahun yang memiliki riwayat diabetes mellitus dibandingkan dengan tidak memiliki riwyat diabetes mellitus (POR = 4,8 : 95% CI 2,2-10,6).Kesimpulan : Kolaborasi antar layanan termasuk didalamnya skrining (Diabetes Mellitus dan TB Paru) diperlukan untuk mengurangi prevalensi dari kedua penyakit dengan didukung penyusunan peraturan/pedoman standard antar layanan di FKTP serta pertimbangan pemberian profilaksis PP INH pada penderita diabetes mellitus perlu dipertimbangkan

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ABSTRACT Introduction : Indonesia is the third rank of the highest number cases of tuberculosis. On average 90% of those infected with M and only 10% develop active tuberculosis after infection (WHO, 2018). Diabetes attacked 382 million in 2013 and will be predicted increase to 592 million by 2035. When diabetes spreads, it will cause more people infected tuberculosis (Lonnroth, 2014). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus increases with age, especially in populations over 40 years due to the development of glucose intolerance. Therefore, it is necessary to do research to determine the risk of diabetes mellitus against pulmonary tuberculosis in the population of 40-65 years by considering the contributory factors (potential confounder) which are also related to the prevalence of tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus.Method: This study used cross-sectional design. Sample were 26,301 respondents of 40-65 years. Data was obtained from the Indonesian Litbangkes and analyzed using the Logistic Regression.Result : The risk of pulmonary TB was 4,8 times greater in the population of 40-65 years who had a history of diabetes mellitus compared to not having a diabetes mellitus (POR = 4,8 : 95% CI 2,2-10,6).Conclusion : Collaboration both health services including screening (Diabetes Mellitus and Pulmonary TB) is needed to reduce the prevalence of both diseases and profilaxis program of PP INH need to be considered."

"ABSTRAKPrediabetes merupakan golden period dalam menunda terjadinya diabetes melitus tipe 2karena pada periode ini perjalanan penyakit masih bisa dihentikan.Penelitian inibertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak stres pada konversi prediabetes menjadi diabetesmelitus tipe 2 pada orang dewasa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain kohortretrospektif. Data yang digunakan adalah data sekunder dari Studi Kohort Faktor Risikountuk Penyakit Tidak Menular di Bogor, Indonesia. Pengumpulan data pada penelitianini dilakukan sejak 2011 hingga 2015 dengan total populasi 5.890. Berdasarkan kriteriaeksklusi dan inklusi, total subjek penelitian adalah 1059. Selama 5 tahun pengamatan, diantara subjek usia dewasa prediabetik ada 169 subjek yang dikategorikan sebagaiT2DM dan 219 subjek dikategorikan sebagai stres. Analisis bivariat menunjukkanbahwa stres dan usia pada awal merupakan faktor risiko pada konversi pradiabetesmenjadi T2DM (p <0,05). Model akhir pada analisis multivariat, menunjukkan hazardrasio stres sebesar 1,815 (95% CI: 1,307 - 2,520) dengan p <0,05. Temuan ini,diharapkan dapat digunakan sebagai informasi dan motivasi dalam upaya melakukanpencegahan dan pengendalian T2DM. Terutama pada individu dengan prediabetes yangmenderita stres karena memiliki pengaruh terhadap konversi prediabetes menjadiT2DM.

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ABSTRACTPrediabetes is a golden period in delaying the occurrence of type 2 diabetes mellitusbecause in this period the course of the disease can still be stopped. The study aim wasto knowing the impact of stress on the conversion of prediabetes to type 2 diabetesmellitus in adults. This study used retrospective cohort design. The data used aresecondary data from the Cohort Study of Risk Factors for Non-Communicable Diseasesin Bogor, Indonesia. Data collection in this study was carried out since 2011 until 2015with a total population of 5890. Based on the exclusion and inclusion criteria, the totalof study participants were 1059. During 5 years of follow-up, among prediabetic adultsthere were 169 subjects categorized as T2DM and 219 subjects categorized as stressed.Bivariate analysis shows that stress and age at baseline is a risk factor on the conversionof prediabetes to T2DM (p < 0,05). Final model on multivariate analysis, shows thehazard ratio of stress was 1.815 (95% CI: 1.307 - 2.520) with p < 0.05. This findings,expected to be used as information and motivation in an effort to make prevention andcontrol of T2DM. Especially in individuals with prediabetes who suffer from stressbecause it has an impact with conversion of prediabetes to T2DM."

"Diabetes melitus (DM) merupakan penyakit tidak menular yang menyebabkan kematian dini di dunia. Salah satu faktor risikonya adalah hipertensi, keduanya merupakan komponen dari sindrom metabolik yang saling mempengaruhi. Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kejadian DM tipe 2 pada penduduk usia >15 tahun dikaitkan dengan hipertensi. Studi memanfaatkan data IFLS ke-4 dan ke-5 yang dianalisis dengan desain kohort retrospektif. Pengukuran variabel independen dan kovariat yang berubah didasarkan IFLS ke-4 dan ke-5, sedangkan variabel yang tidak berubah didasarkan IFLS ke-4. Pemilihan sampel dipastikan terbebas dari DM dan tidak memiliki status hipertensi terkontrol. Hasil studi menunjukkan tetap hipertensi dan menjadi hipertensi terbukti dapat meningkatkan risiko kejadian DM. Pada kelompok tetap hipertensi risiko DM 2,30 kali lipat, sedangkan pada kelompok menjadi hipertensi risiko DM 2,14 kali lipat dibandingkan kelompok tetap tidak hipertensi setelah dikontrol usia, perubahan aktivitas fisik, dan perubahan indeks masa tubuh, sedangkan pada kelompok hipertensi terkendali tidak didapatkan hubungan yang signifikan. Studi ini juga menyimpulkan 41,5% kasus DM dapat dicegah pada populasi umum dan 68% kasus DM dapat dicegah pada penderita hipertensi dengan mengendalikan hipertensi menjadi terkontrol atau mengeliminasinya. Pengendalian hipertensi dan DM memerlukan komitmen bersama dari pemerintah dan masyarakat untuk menjalankan gaya hidup sehat sesuai pesan CERDIK dan PATUH.

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Diabetes mellitus is a non-communicable disease which was the main cause of early death at the global level. One of the known risk factors for diabetes mellitus is hypertension, both are known as the components of the metabolic syndrome in interplay system. This study aims to determine the risk of Diabetes Mellitus in people aged >15 years that associate with hypertension in Indonesia. The study was using data from the 4th IFLS and 5th IFLS which analyzed using a retrospective cohort design. The measurements of the independent and covariate variables that potentially changes are based on the 4th IFLS and 5th IFLS data, whereas the variables that constant are based on the4th IFLS data. The sampling method was excluding the diabetes mellitus and hypertension controlled criteria. The multivariable adjusted RR for incident diabetes melitus for baseline hypertension 2,30, and progression hypertension 2,14 after controlling for age, changes in physical activity, and body mass index changes. This study also concluded that PAR % 41.5%  and AR% 68%. The hypertension control is an integrated strategy of diabetes mellitus control which requires a joint commitment from the government and society to live a healthy lifestyle according to the CERDIK and PATUH health messages."

"Diabetes mellitus merupakan penyakit yang mempengaruhi kehidupan dan kesejahteraab orang di seluruh dunia. Ada kurang lebih 463 juta orang dewasa di seluruh dunia tahun 2019 yang menderita diabetes mellitus, serta mengakibatkan 4,2 juta orang meninggal (IDF, 2020). Prevalensi diabetes mellitus di Indonesia selalu mengalami kenaikan setiap tahunnya. Provinsi DKI Jakarta merupakan daerah dengan prevalensi tertingi yaitu sekitar 3,4%. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus pada penduduk usia >25 tahun di Provinsi DKI Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder dari Riskesdas tahun 2018 dengan desain penelitian potong lintang (cross sectional). Hasil penelitian berdasarkan analisis bivariat didapatkan umur (p-value=0,000), pola konsumsi makanan manis (p-value=0,010), pola konsumsi mie instan/makanan instan (p-value=0,022), dan stres (p-value=0,006), memiliki hubungan secara statistik dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus. Sedangkan jenis kelamin (p-value=0,671), obesitas (p-value=0,987), aktivitas fisik (p-value=1), merokok (p-value=0,407), dan hipertensi (p-value=0,986), tidak memiliki hubungan dengan kejadian diabetes mellitus. Peneliti menyarankan untuk memberikan edukasi mengenai faktor risiko diabetes mellitus, mempromosikan gaya hidup sehat, dan memfokuskan program pencegahan dan pengendalian penyakit diabetes mellitus pada kelompok umur 50-74 tahun. 

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Diabetes mellitus is a disease that affects the lives and well-being of people around the world. There were approximately 463 million adults worldwide in 2019 who suffered from diabetes mellitus, and 4,2 million people died (IDF, 2020). The prevalence of diabetes mellitus in Indonesia always increases every year. DKI Jakarta Province is the area with the higest prevalence, which is around 3,4%. This study aims to determine the factors associated with the incidence of diabetes mellitus in the population aged 25 years in DKI Jakarta Province. The study uses secondary data from Riskesdas in 2018 with a cross-sectional research design. The results of the study based on bivariate analysis obtained age (p-value=0,000), consumption patterns of sweet food (p-value=0,010), consumption patterns of instan noodles/instant food (p-value=0,022), and stress (p-value=0,006), has a statistical relationship with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Meanwhile, gender (p-value=0,671), obesity (p-value=0,987), physical activity (p-value=1), smoking (p-value=0,407), and hypertension (p-value=0,986), has no relationship with the incidence of diabetes mellitus. Researchers suggest providing education about risk factors for diabetes mellitus, promoting a healthy lifestyle, and focusing on diabetes mellitus prevention and control programs in the 50-74 years age group."

"Pendahuluan: Dalam 2 dekade terakhir ini, berbagai penelitian epidemiologi menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan peningkatan angka insidens dan prevalensi diabetes mellitus (DM) tipe-2 di berbagai penjuru dunia. Selain itu, DM tipe 2 kini juga diketahui menjadi salah satu faktor risiko penyakit tuberkulosis (TB) paru. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap prevalensi TB paru pada pasien DM tipe 2. Metode: Dengan desain cross-sectional, pengambilan sampel dilakukan terhadap seluruh pasien DM tipe 2 yang menderita infeksi paru (TB dan bukan TB) di Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo tahun 2010. Hasil: Hasil menunjukkan dari 125 pasien DM tipe 2 yang menderita TB paru, 82 berjenis kelamin laki-laki (67%) dan 43 berjenis kelamin perempuan (33%). Kesimpulan: Dapat disimpulkan bahwa jenis kelamin mempengaruhi prevalensi TB pada penderita DM tipe 2 secara bermakna.

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Background: In the last 2 decades, many epidemiological studies showed increment tendency of incidence and prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) in many regions of the world. Besides, type 2 DM has also known as a risk factor for lung tuberculosis (TB). The study purpose is to find out the effect of gender to lung TB prevalence in type 2 DM patients.

Method: With cross-sectional design, sampling was taken from all type 2 DM patients with lung infection (TB and non-TB) in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in year 2010.

Result: Result show that amongst 125 type 2 DM patients who had lung TB, 82 of them are males (66%) and the 43 are females (33%).

Conclusion: From this study, we can conclude that gender affect the TB lung prevalence in type 2 DM patients."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"Indonesia adalah negara ke-4 dengan jumlah kasus tuberkulosis terbanyak di dunia. Masalah tuberkulosis menjadi lebih berat karena keterkaitannya dengan diabetes melitus. Laporan penelitian ini membahas mengenai faktor yang menyebabkan adanya keterkaitan antara penyakit tuberkulosis dan diabetes mellitus di Jakarta. Faktor yang menjadi fokus utama dalam penelitian ini adalah status gizi, dengan menggunakan perhitungan indeks massa tubuh (IMT). Penelitian kualitatif ini menggunakan desain deskriptif analitik cross-sectional. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan di antara 236 responden ditemukan laki-laki lebih mendominasi, karakteristik usia responden yang paling dominan adalah rentang 21-44 tahun, dan status gizi yang paling mendominasi adalah status gizi normal. Dari 236 responden ditemukan 65 kasus diabetes melitus (27,5%) yang setelah analisis menggunakan SPSS versi 20 ditemukan beda proporsi bermakna pada kejadian diabetes melitus antara pasien tuberkulosis dengan status gizi normal dan status gizi kurang dibandingkan dengan kategori status gizi lainnya. Hal ini diperkirakan karena perjalanan penyakit pasien yang pada umumnya status gizi kurang karena adanya infeksi yang menyebabkan penurunan nafsu makan dan setelah pengobatan status gizi menjadi baik. Penelitian ini menyarankan agar dilakukan penelitian kembali untuk membahas keterkaitan antara kedua penyakit dengan lebih dalam dan dilakukan pemeriksaan rutin baik pada pasien tuberkulosis atau diabetes melitus karena keterkaitan yang ada.

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Indonesia is the fourth country with highest tuberculosis cases among other countries all over the world. This problem become more serious because of strong relationship between tuberculosis and diabetes mellitus. The focus of this study is to look for the factor which can make the relationship happen. The main factor focused in this research was nutritional status using body mass index calculation. This qualitative research used analytical descriptive cross-sectional design. Among 236 tuberculosis patients, it was found that male was dominant, age of 21-44 was leading, and normal nutritional status was dominant. Result of this research showed that 65 (27.5%) of 236 tuberculosis patients were also diagnosed as a diabetes mellitus patients. After the data was analyzed using SPSS 20th version, the result showed a significant proportion difference in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among tuberculosis patients with normal nutritional status and lower nutritional status as compared to other categories of nutritional status. This result might be caused of course of the disease. The researcher suggests the next research about this problem to be explored deeper and also the screening of patients either the patient?s diagnosed as a tuberculosis or diabetes mellitus patient should be done because of strong relationship between these diseases."

"Indonesia merupakan negara berkembang dengan risiko DM dan tuberkulosis yang tinggi. Penelitian cross sectional ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan perilaku pengendalian DM dengan tuberkulosis. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada 291 pasien DM melalui kuesioner, pemeriksaan sputum BTA dan pemeriksaan radiologi didapatkan sebesar 35,7% pasien DM dengan tuberkulosis. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa proporsi TB positif pada pasien DM yang telah didiagnosis DM <2 tahun, tidak memiliki riwayat hipertensi, mengalami gejala DM mudah lapar, berat badan turun dan lemah badan, tidak menerima edukasi dan tidak menggunakan obat antidiabetes berhubungan dengan kejadian tuberkulosis.

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Indonesia is a development country with high risk of DM and tuberculosis. This research has design of cross sectional study to know association between behavior control of DM with prevalence of tuberculosis. It was applied to 291 patients with DM by using questionnaire instrument, BTA sputum, and radiology examination. 35.7% patients were diagnosed as TB. In this research, it can be concluded that proportion of positive TB in patients with DM who was diagnosed as DM <2 years, had no hypertension, had symptoms of DM (feeling very hungry, weight loss, fatigue), not accepted education and did not use oral antidiabetic have association with prevalence of tuberculosis in patients with DM."

"Diabetes melitus dan gizi kurang secara terpisah dikatakan dapat meningkatkan kejadian tuberkulosis. Studi potong lintang analitik ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara gizi kurang dengan prevalensi tuberkulosis paru (TBP) pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2). Dari keseluruhan 462 pasien DMT2, 125 pasien (27.1%) di antaranya menderita TBP. Total pasien DMT2 yang menderita gizi kurang sebesar 125 pasien (27.1%). Sementara itu, dari keseluruhan pasien DMT2 yang menderita TBP, 78 pasien (62.4%) juga menderita gizi kurang. Hasil uji chi-square menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara gizi kurang dengan prevalensi TBP yang bermakna secara statistik (p <0.000).

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Diabetes mellitus and undernutrition separately were proved as risk factors of tuberculosis incidence. This analytical cross sectional study aimed to measure the prevalence of lung tuberculosis (TBP) among type 2 diabetes mellitus (DMT2) patients and its association with undernutrition. A total of 462 DMT2 patients were analyzed and the results showed that 125 patients (27.1%) had TBP and 125 patients (27.1%) were undernourished. Within DMT2 patients who had TBP, there were 78 undernourished patients (62.4%). We concluded there is a highly significant statistical association between undernutrition and prevalence of TBP among DMT2 patients (p <0.000)."

"Pendahuluan : Tuberkulosis merupakan permasalahan kesehatan global yang telah menjadi perhatian dunia selama 2 dekade terakhir (WHO, 2015). Indonesia merupakan penyumbang TB nomor dua sedunia dengan estimasi insiden 1.020.000 dan estimasi kematian 110.000 (WHO, 2017). Penyakit menular ini menginfeksi hampir seluruh dunia dan menyerang seluruh kelompok umur baik anak-anak, dewasa, maupun lansia. Proporsi kasus pada kelompok umur ≥15 tahun sebesar 90% selebihnyanya 10% kasusnya pada anak-anak (Kemenkes RI 2013). Determinan penyakit TB paru adalah kependudukan dan faktor lingkungan. Kependudukan meliputi jenis kelamin, umur, status gizi, kondisi sosial ekonomi. Sedangkan faktor lingkungan meliputi kepadatan hunian, lantai rumah, ventilasi, pencahayaan, kelembaban (Achmadi UF, 2008). Berdasarkan data secara nasional menunjukkan sebesar 24,9% rumah penduduk di Indonesia yang tergolong rumah sehat (RISKESDAS 2010). Tingginya beban penyakit TB paru masih menjadi masalah kesehatan dunia terutama Indonesia. Namun faktor risiko penularan dari segi lingkungan belum banyak diperhatikan. Hal ini di indikasi dengan kurangnya keberadaan rumah sehat (Mahmuda, 2010). Prevalensi TB ditemukan menjadi yang tertinggi di antara orang tua, tidak ada pendidikan dan anggota keluarga yang secara teratur terpapar asap rokok di dalam rumah lebih rentan terkena TB dibandingkan dengan rumah tangga di mana orang tidak merokok di dalam rumah. Ada beberapa faktor risiko yang sangat terkait dengan TB : asap di dalam rumah, jenis memasak bahan bakar, dapur terpisah, lantai, atap dan bahan dinding, jumlah orang yang tidur di kamar, berbagi toilet dan minum air dengan rumah tangga lain; dan karakteristik individu seperti usia, jenis kelamin, pencapaian pendidikan, status perkawinan, tempat tinggal dan indeks kekayaan. Inilah mengapa lingkungan yang bersih harus dipromosikan untuk menghilangkan TB (Singh, Kashyap, and Puri 2018). maka peneliti merasa perlu mengkaji hubungan lingkungan rumah terhadap kejadian TB paru pada individu usia ≥15 tahun dengan mempertimbangkan peranan faktor risiko lain yang tidak dapat dikesampingkan yang juga berhubungan terhadap kejadian TB paru. Metode : Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional. Sebanyak 56.198 individu usia ≥15 tahun menjadi sampel pada penelitian ini. Data diperoleh dari Mandat Litbangkes RI dan dianalisis menggunakan uji Regresi Logistik. Hasil : Risiko lingkungan rumah tidak sehat 1,3 kali lebih besar terhadap kejadian TB paru pada individu Usia ≥15 tahun dibandingkan dengan individu yang memiliki lingkungan rumah sehat (POR=1,3 : 95% CI 1,010-1,560). Kesimpulan : Kolaborasi jangka panjang (Subdit TB dengan Dinas PUPNR) mengenai kebijakan dan pemberian (IMB) diperlukan untuk mengurangi pembangunan tanpa didahului studi kelayakan berwawasan lingkungan rumah sehat seperti penerapan (AMDAL), rancangan Plan Of Action/framework dan Kolaborasi layanan di tingkat kader TB yang selanjutnya ke tingkat FKTP semakin diperkuat, serta perlu dipertimbangkan kembali untuk melaksanakan program penemuan active case finding khususnya pada individu yang memiliki lingkungan rumah tidak sehat.

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Introduction : Tuberculosis is a global health problem that has become a worldwide concern for the past 2 decades (WHO, 2015). Indonesia is the number two contributor to TB worldwide with an estimated incidence of 1,020,000 and estimated deaths of 110,000 (WHO, 2017). This infectious disease infects almost the entire world and attacks all age groups both children, adults, and the elderly. The proportion of cases in the ≥15 year age group is 90%, the remaining 10% of cases are in children (Ministry of Health RI, 2013). Determinants of pulmonary TB disease are population and environmental factors. Population includes gender, age, nutritional status, socio-economic conditions. While environmental factors include occupancy density, house floors, ventilation, lighting, humidity (Achmadi UF, 2008). Based on national data, 24.9% of the houses in Indonesia are classified as healthy houses (RISKESDAS 2010). The high burden of pulmonary TB disease is still a global health problem, especially in Indonesia. However, the risk factors for transmission in the environment have not been much noticed. This is indicated by the lack of a healthy home (Mahmuda, 2010). The prevalence of TB is found to be the highest among parents, there is no education and family members who are regularly exposed to cigarette smoke in homes are more susceptible to TB than households where people do not smoke inside the house. There are several risk factors that are strongly associated with TB: smoke in the house, type of cooking fuel, separate kitchens, floors, roofs and wallmaterials, the number of people sleeping in rooms, sharing toilets and drinking water with other households; and individual characteristics such as age, gender, educational attainment, marital status, place of residence and wealth index. This is why a clean environment must be promoted to eliminate TB (Singh, Kashyap, and Puri 2018). the researchers felt that it was necessary to examine the relationship of the home environment to the incidence of pulmonary TB in individuals aged ≥15 years taking into account the role of other risk factors that cannot be excluded which also relate to the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis. Method : This study used cross-sectional design. Sample were 56,198 Individuals ≥15 Years Old. Data was obtained from the Indonesian Litbangkes and analyzed using the Logistic Regression. Result : The risk of unhealthy home environment is 1.3 times greater for the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in individuals ≥15 years of age compared to individuals who have a Long-term collaboration (TB Sub district with Public Works Agency) on policies and grants (IMB) is needed to reduce development without preceding healthy environment-oriented feasibility studies such as implementation (AMDAL), Plan Of Action/framework and collaborative services at TB cadre Levels. FKTP levels are increasingly strengthened, and need to be reconsidered to implement a program to find active case finding especially for individuals who have an unhealthy home environment.healthy home environment (POR=1,3 : 95% CI 1,010-1,560). "