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"Designed to support the development of new, effective therapeutics, Topical and transdermal drug delivery : principles and practice explains the principles underlying the field and then demonstrates how these principles are put into practice in the design and development of new drug products. Drawing together and reviewing the latest research findings, the book focuses on practical, tested, and proven approaches that are backed by industry case studies and the authors' firsthand experience. Moreover, the book emphasizes the mechanistic information that is essential for successful drug product development."

""By understanding the mechanisms by which compounds cross the skin, it becomes possible to devise means for improving drug delivery. Providing an overview of the current science in drug and cosmetic application to and through the skin, Topical and Transdermal Drug Delivery includes treatment of skin conditions, skin permeation, and enhancement and measurement of skin permeation. The book provides pharmaceutical scientists, skin product development experts, and those in the cosmetic and personal care industry with practical knowledge and insight into future product development"--Provided by publisher."

"Minyak zaitun merupakan minyak yang termasuk ke dalam asam lemak rantai sedang (medium-chain triglycerides (MCT)). Minyak ini dapat digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroemulsi dan menghasilkan mikroemulsi yang lebih jernih, lebih stabil, dan ukuran partikel lebih kecil jika dibandingkan dengan asam lemak rantai panjang (long-chain triglyserides (LCT)). Tujuan dari ulasan ini adalah untuk melihat potensi minyak zaitun yang digunakan sebagai pembawa mikroemulsi dalam penghantaran obat transdermal. Terdapat data perbandingan evaluasi minyak zaitun terhadap beberapa minyak nabati lainnya dalam pembuatan mikroemulsi. Dari data tersebut minyak zaitun memiliki kelarutan yang lebih tinggi dibanding minyak yang lain, serta penetrasi dari mikroemulsi yang mengandung minyak zaitun lebih efektif untuk penghantaran obat secara transdermal.

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Olive oil is the oil that belongs to the medium-chain triglycerides (MCT). The oil can be used to make microemulsions and produce more transparent microemulsions, more stable and smaller particle size than long-chain triglycerides (LCT). The purpose of this review is to see the potential of olive oil as a microemulsion carrier in transdermal drug delivery. There was a comparative data evaluation of olive oil to several other vegetable oils in making microemulsions. From those data, olive oil has a higher solubility than other oils, and the penetration of microemulsions which contain olive oil is more effective for transdermal drug delivery."

"Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) adalah sistem penghantaran obat yang digunakan pada permukaan kulit dengan tujuan sistemik. Untuk itu, diperlukan suatu eksipien pembentuk matriks transdermal yang dapat menghantarkan obat masuk ke dalam kulit. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan eksipien koproses xanthan gum dan amilosa tersambungsilang-6 (Ko-CLA6-XG) sebagai matriks sediaan transdermal, kemudian dilakukan uji penetrasi secara in vitro dan in vivo. Ko-CLA6-XG diformulasikan dalam bentuk hidrogel dengan model obat natrium diklofenak. Uji penetrasi in vitro dilakukan menggunakan sel difusi Franz yang kemudian dianalisis dengan spektrofotometer UV. Uji in vivo dilakukan dengan cara mengaplikasikan satu gram hidrogel dengan luas aplikasi 1,13 cm2 di atas kulit tikus bagian abdomen, kemudian sampel darah dikumpulkan melalui sinus orbitalis mata dan dianalisis menggunakan kromatografi cair kinerja tinggi (KCKT). Hasil uji penetrasi in vitro menunjukkan jumlah kumulatif obat yang terpenetrasi ke dalam kulit hingga 12 jam sebanyak 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 dengan fluks total sebesar 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 jam-1 (r=0,0994) dan waktu tunda selama 48,6 ± 15,6 menit. Profil pelepasan natrium diklofenak selama 12 jam pada uji in vivo mencapai konsentrasi puncak plasma sebesar 2236 ± 398 ng/ml pada 0,86 ± 0,21 jam dengan AUC sebesar 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 jam. Kedua hasil uji memberikan gambaran bahwa hidrogel mengandung natrium diklofenak dengan Ko-CLA6-XG sebagai matriks dapat dikembangkan untuk sediaan transdermal.

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Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is the administration of therapeutic agents through the skin for systemic effect. Therefore, it requires an excipient for transdermal matrix-forming that can deliver drug across the skin. This present research was intended to develop the utilization of coprocessed excipient of xanthan gum and 6-cross-linked amylose (Co-CLA6-XG) as a matrix for transdermal and then evaluate the in vitro and in vivo penetration. Co-CLA6-XG was formulated as hydrogel with sodium diclofenac as a drug model. In vitro penetration study was evaluated using Franz diffusion cell analysed with spectrophotometre UV. The in vivo experiment was performed by applied one gram of hydrogel spread over 1,13 cm2 to the rat abdoment skin, then the blood samples were obtained from sinus orbitalis and analysed with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In vitro study records the cumulative drug permeated across the skin for 12 hours ranged 1435 ± 180 µg cm-2 and shows the transdermal flux 118,55 ± 23,01 µg cm-2 hours-1 (r = 0,994) with the lag time value ranged 48,6 ± 15,6 min. The release profile of sodium diclofenac for 12 hours in vivo reached a maximum peak of 2236 ± 398 ng/ml at 0,86 ± 0,21 hours with the AUC value was 25273 ± 4133 ng ml-1 hour. Thus diclofenaccontaining hydrogel using Co-CLA6-XG as a matrix could be developed as transdermal drug delivery."

"Pengiriman obat melalui transdermal telah menjadi metode yang menjanjikan dalam mengatasi keterbatasan pengiriman obat secara konvensional. Teknologi inovatif seperti microneedle (MN) menawarkan solusi untuk menghindari degradasi obat dalam saluran pencernaan, mengatasi efek first pass terkait dengan hati, serta mengurangi rasa sakit dan ketidaknyamanan yang terkait dengan injeksi intravena. Salah satu jenis MN yang potensial adalah Hydrogel-Forming Microneedle (HFMN). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sediaan Hydrogel Forming Microneedle (HFMN) dari poli(vinil alkohol)/poli(N-vinil kaprolaktam) untuk pengiriman obat kaptopril secara transdermal. Sediaan HFMN dioptimalkan dengan variasi waktu crosslinking, konsentrasi PNVCL, dan konsentrasi asam sitrat. Evaluasi dilakukan melalui uji fisik, kekuatan mekanik, dan uji insersi. Kemampuan HFMN dalam menghantarkan obat diuji melalui uji permeasi in vitro menggunakan alat sel difusi Franz, dan penentuan kadarnya diukur menggunakan metode KCKT. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa waktu crosslinking dan konsentrrasi asam sitrat yang tepat dapat meningkatkan kekuatan mekanik HFMN serta penambahan PNVCL meningkatkan penetrasi, swelling, Permeabilitas dan kekuatan mekanik.. Formula HFMN yang paling optimal dalam meningkatkan permeasi obat kaptopril secara transdermal adalah F3 dengan nilai permeasi 66,68 ± 2,78 %, yang menunjukkan kinerja terbaik dalam memfasilitasi penetrasi obat kaptopril. Dengan demikian, sediaan HFMN ini menawarkan potensi sebagai metode pengiriman obat kaptopril secara transdermal yang efektif.

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Transdermal drug delivery has become a promising method in overcoming the limitations of conventional drug delivery. Innovative technologies such as microneedle (MN) offer solutions to avoid drug degradation in the gastrointestinal tract, overcome first pass effects associated with the liver, and reduce pain and discomfort associated with intravenous injection. One potential type of MN is Hydrogel-Forming Microneedle (HFMN). This study aimed to develop a Hydrogel Forming Microneedle (HFMN) preparation of poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N-vinyl caprolactam) for transdermal delivery of captopril drug. The HFMN preparation was optimised by varying crosslinking time, PNVCL concentration, and citric acid concentration. Evaluation was conducted through physical tests, mechanical strength, and insertion tests. The ability of HFMN to deliver drugs was tested through in vitro permeation test using Franz diffusion cell apparatus, and the determination of their levels was measured using the KCKT method. The results showed that appropriate crosslinking time and citric acid concentration could increase the mechanical strength of HFMN and the addition of PNVCL increased penetration, swelling, permeability and mechanical strength. The most optimal HFMN formula in increasing captopril drug permeation transdermally is F3 with a permeation value of 66.68 ± 2.78%, which shows the best performance in facilitating captopril drug penetration. Thus, this HFMN preparation offers potential as an effective transdermal drug delivery method of captopril."