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"Usaha-usaha yang dilakukan oleh aparat penegak hukum belum berhasil memberantas peredaran jamu berbahan Kimia Obat (BKO). Salah satu penyebabnya adalah penindakan yang bersifat reaktif sporadis, membuka kesempatan pelanggar hukum untuk beradaptasi dan terus berinovasi dalam melaksanakan modus operandinya demi menghindari tekanan dari penegak hukum. Untuk mengatasi hal ini diperlukan kewaspadaan nasional terhadap ancaman peredaran jamu BKO sebagai dasar penyusunan dan pelaksanaan suatu sistem peringatan dini. Yaitu serangkaian teknologi, kebijakan dan prosedur yang disusun khusus untuk pemprediksi dan memitigasi dampak peredaran jamu BKO. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode collection and analysis dalam pengolahan data. Teknik triangulasi digunakan untuk memastikan validitas data baik primer maupun sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pelibatan komponen intelijen negara dan partisipasi aktif masyarakat menjadi hal yang mutlak dibutuhkan demi keberhasilan sistem peringatan dini atau early warning terkait peredaran jamu BKO. Badan intelijen negara selaku coordinator dari seluruh intelijen yang ada di instansi negara wajib menjalankan fungsi sebagai komite intelijen pusat (kominpus). Dalam satu system yang dibangun seharusnya Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) seharusnya didapat kerjasama kontrol antar lembaga yaitu BPOM, BIN, Bea dan Cukai, Kepolisian dan masyarakat. Early warning system menghadirkan 4 komponen utama sistem peringatan dini yaitu pengetahuan resiko, layanan pemantauan dan peringatan, diseminasi dan komunikasi serta kemampuan respons. Saran untuk melakukan pemberantasan dan pencegahan peredaran jamu BKO adalah melakukan studi untuk menilai potensi kerugian negara akibat peredaran BKO. Hasil studi tersebut dijadikan dasar untuk membangun kewaspadaan nasional dan ditindak lanjuti dengan penyusunan sistem peringatan dini yang melibatkan berbagai instansi terkait dan dukungan masyarakat.

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Efforts by law enforcement officers have not succeeded in eradicating the circulation of medicinal chemicals-contained herbal medicine or also known as Jamu Berbahan Kimia Obat (BKO). One of the causes is sporadic reactive action, which gives opportunities for law offenders to adapt and continue to innovate in carrying out their operational mode to avoid pressure from law enforcement. In order to overcome this issue, national awareness as an early warning system regarding the threat of BKO herbal medicine distribution is required. Such early warning system comprises a series of technologies, policies and procedures devised specifically for predicting and mitigating the impact of BKO herbal medicine circulation. This research uses the qualitative approach with collection and analysis method in data processing. Triangulation techniques are used to ensure the validity of both primary and secondary data. The results showed that the involvement of state intelligence components and the active participation of the community becomes absolutely necessary for the success of early warning system or early warning related to the circulation of BKO herbal medicine. National Intelligence Agencies (BIN) as the coordinator of all intelligences in state institutions must perform the function as central intelligence committee (Kominpus). The one-stop integrated system namely Indonesia National Single Window (INSW) should maintain cooperation between institutions such as BPOM, BIN, Customs and Excise, Police and society. Early warning system presents 4 main components, such as risk knowledge, monitoring and warning service, dissemination and communication, as well as response capability. As a suggestion, in eradicating and preventing the circulation of BKO herbal medicine, a study to assess the potential loss of the state due to the circulation of BKO herbal medicine should be conducted. The results of these studies serve as a basis for building national awareness and are followed up by the preparation of an early warning system involving various relevant agencies and community support."

"Latar Belakang: Penggunaan jangka panjang steroid sebagai kontrol inflamasi pada uveitis non-infeksi dan idiopatik dapat menyebabkan efek samping, dan hal tersebut memicu kebutuhan untuk agen imunomodulator lainnya. Penggunaan herbal dan obat tradisional saat ini sedang meningkat. Beberapa herbal memiliki efek imunomodulator dan diduga memiliki peran dalam uveitis. Akan tetapi, bukti penggunaan herbal pada uveitis belum diketahui secara pasti.Tujuan: Untuk meninjau bukti-bukti ilmiah mengenai efikasi, keamanan, dan mekanisme penggunaan herbal pada uveitis dan model uveitis.Metode: Tinjauan sistematis berdasarkan panduan Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis. Kata kunci uveitis dan herbal serta sinonim terkait digunakan pada database PubMed, CENTRAL, dan ScienceDirect. Penelitian herbal sebagai terapi ajuvan uveitis pada manusia dan penelitian herbal pada model uveitis dipilih. Penelitian kemudian ditelaah dan dinilai validitasnya.Hasil: Dua uji klinis, satu laporan kasus, dan 32 penelitian hewan mengenai penggunaan herbal pada uveitis ditelaah secara kualitatif. Intervensi ekstrak Echinacea purpurae (pada uveitis anterior) dan kurkuma menghasilkan proporsi kasus inaktif yang tinggi: 85.70% dan 81.48%. Durasi bebas steroid pada kelompok ajuvan Echinacea lebih lama secara signifikan dibandingkan kelompok steroid saja (p<0.05). Intervensi herbal pada model uveitis mencakup 8 preparat herbal, 14 ekstrak herbal, dan 18 komponen herbal. Flare akuos dan skor klinis menurun secara signifikan. Penelitian yang didapat menunjukkan tak adanya efek samping atau kematian.Kesimpulan: Echinacea dan kurkuma menunjukkan potensi yang baik, sementara Gardeniae fructus, Scutellariae radix, Berberis aristata, dan Yanyankang potensial untuk dilanjutkan menjadi penelitian klinis. Penelitian dengan level of evidence yang lebih tinggi dan risiko bias yang lebih rendah masih dibutuhkan. Data keamanan masih minimal. Mekanisme yang didapat dapat menjadi landasan untuk penelitian lanjutan.

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Background: In non-infectious and idiopathic uveitis, long-term corticosteroid use can lead to undesirable side effects, and it warrants the need for other immunomodulatory agents. Use of herbal or traditional medicine is currently on rise. Some herbs displayed immunomodulatory features and are expected to have a role in managing uveitis. However, herbal roles in uveitis have not been established yet.

Objective: To review the human and animal evidence of herbal efficacy, safety, and mechanisms in uveitis.

Method: A systematic review was performed using standardised Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analysis guideline. Uveitis and herbal-related keywords were entered in PubMed, CENTRAL, and ScienceDirect databases to obtain evidences regarding herbal therapy in clinical (as adjuvant) and pre-clinical trials. The selected studies were reviewed, extracted, and assessed for their validities.

Result: Two clinical trials, one case report, and thirty-two animal studies were qualitatively reviewed. Echinacea purpurae extract (in anterior uveitis) and curcuma displayed high efficacy in inactive case proportion: 85.70% and 81.48%, respectively. Steroid-free duration in Echinacea adjuvant group was significantly longer than steroid group (p<0.05). Herbal intervention in experimental model consisted of eight herbal preparation, fourteen herbal extracts, and eighteen herbal components, with decreased aqueous flare measurement and clinical scoring, and no mortality. Review on animal models proposed an involvement of both innate and adaptive immunity in herbs mechanisms.

Conclusion: Echinacea and curcumin showed good potencies, while Gardeniae fructus, Scutellariae radix, Berberis aristata, and Yanyankang were potential to be continued as clinical trial. Studies with higher level of evidence and lower risk of bias are still needed. There were still lack of safety data. The proposed mechanisms were a good foundation to design further research."

"Pemakaian obat herbal dimasyarakat diiringi dengan berkembangnya industri obat tradisional. Khusus untuk Industri Kecil Obat Tradisional (IKOT) setiap tahun pertumbuhannya semakin meningkat. IKOT turut berkontribusi sebesar 20% dari omset nasional produk herbal. Permasalahan utama yang dihadapi oleh IKOT adalah ketersediaan bahan baku dan kualitas produksi yang belum terstandar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis ketersediaan bahan baku untuk produk IKOT dan kontribusi dari kualitas produk IKOT terhadap pemakaian produk herbal masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan adalah survey dan wawancara kepada 4 IKOT di kota Depok dan responden yang menggunakan produk herbal sebanyak 84 orang. Berdasarkan analisa hasil penelitian diperoleh Y = 0,549 X atau pemakaian produk = 0,549 kualitas produk. Artinya apabila kualitas produk ditingkatkan satu kali maka pemakaian produk akan meningkat 1/0,549 atau sekitar dua kali. Kualitas produk berkaitan secara bermakna dengan kualitas bahan baku herbal. Kontinuitas produksi di IKOT tergantung pada bahan baku yang berasal dari bukan hasil budidaya. Kemitraan dengan petani penyedia bahan baku melalui pola penanaman sistem Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). Pembinaan petani diarahkan pada cara budidaya, pengelolaan panen dan pasca panen serta cara penyimpanan bahan baku yang sesuai dengan Cara Pembuatan Obat Tradisional yang Baik (CPOTB). Kerjasama dengan pihak perguruan tinggi dalam hal pengujian bahan baku herbal harus dilakukan oleh IKOT agar kualitas bahan terstandar.

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The use of herbs remedies in industrial growth accompanied by traditional medicine. Specifically for Small traditional medicine Industry (IKOT) increasing its growth each year. IKOT contribute 20% of the national turnover of herbs products. The main problems faced by IKOT is the availability of raw materials and production quality that has not been standardized. This research aims to analyze the availability of raw materials for the product and IKOT contributions from IKOT product quality to the use of herbs products community. The method used was a survey and interviews to 4 IKOT in Depok and respondents who use herbs products as much as 84 people. Based on an analysis of the research results obtained Y = 0.549 X or product usage = 0.549 product quality. It means that, when the quality of products improved once and then use the product to rise 1/0.549 or about twice. The quality of the product concerned significantly to the quality of raw herbs. Continuity of production at IKOT depending on the raw material comes from is not the result of cultivation. Partnership with farmers providing raw materials through a system of planting pattern of Good Agriculture Practice (GAP). The construction of the farmers directed at how the cultivation, harvest and post harvest management and storage of the raw materials according to the way of making a good traditional medicine (CPOTB). Cooperation with the College in terms of raw herbs material testing must be carried out by the quality of the ingredients, standardized so that the IKOT."

"Jamu sebagai warisan budaya Indonesia telah tercoreng oleh jamu berbahan kimia obat. Pencampuran jamu dengan bahan kimia obat sekilas nampak sebagai kejahatan yang ‘biasa-biasa’ saja. Namun secara ilmiah diketahui bahwa kimia obat sangat membahayakan jika dikonsumsi tanpa dosis dan aturan yang tepat. Beberapa literatur menunjukkan bahan kimia obat dalam jamu menyebabkan gangguan jantung, gagal ginjal, perforasi lambung, osteoporosis hingga menimbulkan kematian. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap bagaimana proses viktimisasi yang terjadi pada konsumen. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif dengan wawancara tidak terstruktur. Data diambil dengan teknik purposive sampling kepada pengguna jamu berbahan kimia obat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan proses viktimisasi berawal ketika korban memiliki kebutuhan untuk menyembuhkan penyakitnya. Adanya perasaan puas terhadap khasiat jamu berbahan kimia obat tersebut menyebabkan penggunaan secara kontinu. Hingga akhirnya pada satu titik korban merasakan efek negatifnya dan tersadar bahwa itu disebabkan oleh jamu yang ia konsumsi. Proses viktimisasi terhadap korban bisa berlangsung secara singkat, namun bisa pula berlangsung lama. Dampak terhadap kesehatan pun berbeda-beda tergantung pada frekuensi penggunaannya. Kerugian fisik yang dialami antara lain gangguan tidur, badan terasa lemas, batuk-batuk, gangguan jantung hingga mengakibatkan kematian.

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Jamu as Indonesia's cultural heritage has been tarnished by herbal medicine mixed with active pharmaceutical substances. Mixing herbs with active pharmaceutical substances seems not a serious crime. However, it is scientifically known that active pharmaceutical substances are very dangerous if consumed without proper dosage and its rules of use. Some literature shows that active pharmaceutical substances in herbal medicine can cause heart disease, kidney failure, gastric perforation, osteoporosis and even death. This study aims to reveal how the victimization process happened to consumers. The method used in this research is qualitative with unstructured interviews. Data were taken using purposive sampling technique. The results show that the victimization process begins when victim has a need to heal their illness without going to a doctor. The satisfaction feeling with the efficacy of herbal medicine mixed with active pharmaceutical substances then causes continuous his consumption. Until finally the victim felt the negative effects and realized that it was caused by the herbs he has consumed. The victimization process can be last in short or in a long time. The impact on health also varies depending on the frequency of use. Physical impact includes sleep disorder, body feels very weak, coughs, heart problems and death."

"[Penelitian ini membahas mengenai perilaku demedikalisasi dari pasien pengguna obat herbal. Penelitian ini menggunakan konsep demedikalisasi oleh Peter Conrad dan penggunaan obat herbal oleh Calixto. Menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik survei terhadap 100 responden dan menggunakan teknik accidental sampling. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tingkat perilaku demedikalisasi diantara pasien pengguna obat herbal adalah rendah, namun tingkat penggunaan obat herbal tinggi. Selain itu, terdapat hubungan antara persepsi penggunaan obat herbal dengan perilaku demedikalisasi. Hal ini disebabkan oleh adanya ketakutan yang dirasakan oleh pasien Klinik Sehat terhadap efek samping yang akan ditimbulkan oleh obat-obatan medis. Selain itu, faktor yang berpengaruh adalah obat herbal dirasa menjadi suatu solusi kesehatan yang aman dan bebas dari efek samping. Saran berupa perlu adanya penguatan peran pemerintah dalam mengatur kegiatan medis. Hal ini dilakukan agar kegiatan medis lebih teratur dan lebih aman bagi masyarakat.;This study discuss the demedicalization behavior among herbal medicine patients. This study uses the concept of demedicalization by Peter Conrad and the use of herbal medicine by Calixto. Using quantitative approach with survey technique to 100 respondents and using accidental sampling technique. The results shows that the level of demedicalization behavior among herbal medicine patients are low, however the level of the use of herbal medicine are high. However, there?s a relationship between the use of herbal medicine perception and demedicalization behavior. This is caused by the fear felt by the patient Clinic of side effects that would be caused by medical drugs. In addition, factors that influence is felt to be a herbal medicine health solutions that are safe and free from side effects. Suggestions such as the need for strengthening the role of government in regulating medical activity. This is done so that medical activities more organized and safer for the public., This study discuss the demedicalization behavior among herbal medicine patients. This study uses the concept of demedicalization by Peter Conrad and the use of herbal medicine by Calixto. Using quantitative approach with survey technique to 100 respondents and using accidental sampling technique. The results shows that the level of demedicalization behavior among herbal medicine patients are low, however the level of the use of herbal medicine are high. However, there’s a relationship between the use of herbal medicine perception and demedicalization behavior. This is caused by the fear felt by the patient Clinic of side effects that would be caused by medical drugs. In addition, factors that influence is felt to be a herbal medicine health solutions that are safe and free from side effects. Suggestions such as the need for strengthening the role of government in regulating medical activity. This is done so that medical activities more organized and safer for the public.]"