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"Low birth weight (LBW) is defined as a birth weight of a liveborn infant of <2,500 gram. In developed countries, LBW is commonly caused by preterm birth; while in developing countries, it is mostly due to intrauterine growth retardation. The concept of developmental origins of adult diseases, particularly on late-onset diseases such as hypertension and kidney disease, implies that there is a correlation between intrauterine milieu, intrauterine growth retardation, premature birth and infant feeding. The ‘fetal origin hypothesis’ suggests that metabolic diseases are directly related to poor nutritional status in early life.There is an inverse association between LBW and later risk of hypertension. The pathomechanism that links LBW and hypertension is multifactorial including delayed nephrogenesis, genetic factors, sympathetic hyperactivity, endothel dysfunction, elastin deficiencies, insulin resistance and activation of renin-angiotension system.

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ayi berat lahir rendah (BBLR) didefinisikan sebagai bayi yang lahir dengan berat <2500 gram. Penyebab BBLR di negara maju umumnya adalah prematuritas, sedangkan di negara berkembang sebagian besar oleh karena gangguan pertumbuhan intra-uterin. Konsep perkembangan penyakit pada usia dewasa khususnya hipertensi dan penyakit ginjal dihubungkan dengan lingkungan intrauterin, gangguan pertumbuhan intrauterin, kelahiran prematur dan nutrisi janin. Hipotesis “The Fetal Origin” menyatakan bahwa penyakit metabolik secara langsung berhubungan dengan status nutrisi yang buruk pada fase awal kehidupan. Terdapat hubungan terbalik antara BBLR dengan risiko kejadian hipertensi di masa mendatang. Patomekanisme hubungan antara BBLR dan hipertensi bersifat multifaktorial yaitu hambatan nefrogenesis, faktor gen, hiperaktiifitas saraf simpatik, disfungsi endotel, defisiensi elastin, resistensi insulin dan aktivasi sistem renin angiotensin."

"Intrauterine growth retardation is still a problem in the world, and the cause are complex and multiple. Deficiency in vitamin A has been associated to low birth weight and intrauterine growth retardation. Nevertheless, the study about transfer of vitamin A from mother to fetus in intruterine growth retarded newborns is scarceThe study report is described in three parts.Part 1. Includes the background of the study, problem statement, rationale of the study, literature reviews, hypothesis, objectives, and variable-indicator matrix. The literature review is focusing on intrauterine growth retardation, and vitamin A in general and in pregnancy, nutrient transfer throug the placenta, as well as nutrition during pregnancy.Part 2. Is the manuscript for publication, which was prepared to be submitted to the Journal of Nutrtion. This study found thaht in a population where the mother do not have vitamin A deficiency, the condition of inadequate vitamin A status in intrauterine growth retarded newborns caused by problem in the transfer of the nutrient.Part 3. contains questionnaire used in data collection, form used in the placental abnormalities assessment, detailed methodology and result that have not been presented in the manuscript, references and curriculum vitae.With this preliminary research in the transfer of vitamin A, hopefully there will be more further research which can come to a recommendation as how to manage inadequate status of vitamin A in IUGR newborns."

"ABSTRAKKetepatan pemilihan kontrasepsi Intra Uterine Device (IUD) merupakan faktor penting dalam keberlangsungan penggunaan kontrasepsi IUD. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain korelatif dengan pendekatan cross-sectional dengan melibatkan 93 responden, yang bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya hubungan antara karakteristik, tingkat pengetahuan, dukungan suami dan dukungan petugas kesehatan dengan ketepatan pemilihan kontrasepsi IUD. Pengambilan sampel dengan menggunakan teknik concecutive sampling. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat hubungan antara dukungan petugas kesehatan dengan ketepatan pemilihan kontrasepsi IUD dengan nilai p value 0,003 (p<0.05). Namun tidak ditemukan hubungan antara karakteristik responden (usia, tingkat pendidikan dan jumlah anak hidup), tingkat pengetahuan dan dukungan suami dengan ketepatan pemilihan kontrasepsi IUD (p>0,05). Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menjadi bahan evaluasi dan motivasi bagi petugas kesehatan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan dalam memberikan saran dan nasihat kepada akseptor KB dalam pemilihan kontrasepsi IUD sebagai upaya peningkatan jumlah akseptor KB IUD.

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ABSTRACTThe accuracy in choosing the contraceptive Intra Uterine Device (IUD) is an important factor for sustainability of its usage. This study uses acorrelational design with cross-sectional approach, involving 93 respondents, which aims to determine the relationship between characteristics, the level of knowledge, partner?s and health provider?s support with the accuracy of choosing contraceptive IUD with concecutive sampling. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between health provider?s support with the accuracy of choosing IUD with p value 0,003 (p<0.05). However, there are no relationship between the characteristics of respondents (age, education and parity), knowledge level and partner?s support with the accuracy of choosing IUD (p>0,05). This study was expected to be recomendation for health providers in providing advice and counsel to the acceptors in choosing the contraceptive IUD to increase the number of the acceptors of IUD."

"This paper investigates the relationship between the rate of profit and technical change using a two-commodity model of growth in which the economy-wide profit assumed to be constant...."

"This study examines the link of trade liberalization policy with Philippine economic growth covering the period from 1974 to 2003. Using the arguments of the new endogenous growth theory (Romer, 1986, 1997; Lucas 1988, 1999; Srinivasan,2001), the paper tests the effects of trade liberalization policy on Philippine growth...."

"The purpose of the research is to predict some factor influencing dividend policy of companies. Factors that are predicted influencing dividend policy in this research are focused on 4 factors: cash position, leverage, growth, current ratio. The research examines financial statement of 254 public companies that are listed on Jakarta Stock Exchange from December 31, 2003 until December 31, 2005. The results of this research are in the year of 2003 independent variable current ratio gives significant in influence on dividend payout ratio , and in the year of 2004 - 2005 independent variable gives significant to dividend payout ratio is cash position. For year 2003 - 2005 only cash position that gives significant influence on dividend payout ratio."