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"Latar belakang: Epilepsi merupakan salah satu penyakit kronik dan memiliki risikotinggi untuk mengalami gangguan kognitif yang dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup.Pemeriksaan Intelligence quotient (IQ) memerlukan waktu pemeriksaan yang lama danbiaya yang mahal, diperlukan alat skrining untuk mendeteksi gangguan kognitif padapasien epilepsi anak yaitu School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of MentalStatus-Revised (SYSTEMS-R)Tujuan: Mengetahui seberapa besar nilai diagnostik dari School Years Screening TestFor Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R) dalam mendeteksi gangguankognitif pada anak epilepsi usia 6-15 tahun.Metode: Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Rumah Sakit Cipto MangunkusumoJakarta terhadap subjek berusia 6-15 tahun dengan epilepsi. Pada sampel dilakukananamnesis dan pemeriksaan fisik, dilanjutkan pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif denganSchool Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R)dan kemudian dilakukan pemeriksaan baku emas IQ oleh psikolog.Hasil: Prevalensi gangguan kognitif pada pasien epilepsi usia 6-15 tahun sebesar86,3%. School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised(SYSTEMS-R) memiliki sensitivitas 84%, spesifisitas 91%, nilai prediksi positif 98%,nilai prediksi negatif 47%, rasio kemungkinan positif 10,11, rasio kemungkinan negatif0,17 dan akurasi 85%.Simpulan: School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised(SYSTEMS-R) memiliki nilai diagnostik yang baik dan dapat menjadi pilihan dalamdeteksi dini gangguan kognitif pada pasien epilepsi anak.

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Background: Epilepsy is a chronic disease and children with epilepsy are at high risk

of cognitive disorders which can affect the quality of life. Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

examination requires a long examination time and expensive costs, a screening tool for

cognitive clearance is needed in pediatric epilepsy patients, which is School Years

Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R)

Objective: To know the diagnostic value of School Years Screening Test For

Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R) detecting cognitive impairment in

children aged 6-15 years with epilepsy.

Methods: This is a cross sectional study done in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta

was conducted on subjects aged 6-15 years with epilepsy. We evaluated history of

illness, physical examination, and cognitive function using School Years Screening Test

For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised (SYSTEMS-R) and then a standard gold IQ

examination was carried out by a psychologist.

Results: The Prevalence of cognitive impairment in 6-15 years epilepsy patients is

86,3%. School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised

(SYSTEMS-R) has a sensitivity of 84%, specificity 91%, positive predictive value 98%,

negative predictive value 47%, positive likelihood ratio 10,11, negative likelihood 0,17

and accuracy 85%.

Conclusion: School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status-Revised

(SYSTEMS-R) has good diagnostic value and it can be an option in early detection of

cognitive impairment in paediatric epilepsy patients"

"Latar belakang: Perkembangan kognitif anak berkaitan erat dengan pertambahan usia dan tingkat pendidikan. Anak rentan dalam mengalami gangguan kognitif. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan suatu pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif pada anak yang dapat berfungsi sebagai alat skrining bagi tenaga medis. SYSTEMS-R merupakan salah satu intrumen skrining fungsi kognitif anak berusia 4 hingga 15 tahun di Australia. Sensitifitas dari instrumen ini adalah 83% dan 92% dengan nilai spesitifitas sebesar 76% dan 95%. Tujuan dari penelitian ini guna mendapatkan nilai normal fungsi kognitif anak menggunakan SYSTEMS-R di Indonesia.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan disain potong lintang menggunakan data primer dengan jumlah total 631 subjek penelitian dari 6 sekolah sejak Januari hingga April 2019. Penelitian dilakukan setelah mendapatkan izin etik dan diolah menggunakan SPSS 20.Hasil: Subjek penelitian terdiri dari 298 anak laki-laki (47,2%) dan 333 anak perempuan (52,8%). Skor terendah ditemukan pada usia 4 (12; 5-22) dan tertinggi adalah usia 15 (35; 28-40). Berdasarkan tingkat pendidikan, skor terendah 14; 5-26 ditemukan di siswa TK dan tertinggi 35; 28-40 ditemukan di kelas 3 SMP. Waktu rata-rata dalam pelaksanaan membutuhkan 06,23 ± 01,32 menit. Skor SYSTEMS-R meningkat berdasarkan pertambahan usia dan tingkat pendidikan (p <0,05). Cut-off score untuk setiap kelompok umur dan tingkat pendidikan meningkat (p <0,05).Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna secara klinis dan statistik antara skor SYSTEMS-R dengan pertambahan usia dan tingkat pendidikan (p < 0,05). Cut-off score yang rendah dapat mengindikasikan adanya gangguan kognitif sehingga diperlukan suatu pemeriksaan neurologis lebih lanjut.

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Background: Cognitive development of children is closely related to age and education levels. Children has risk of cognitive impairment so that cognitive function screening tool will be needed. SYSTEMS-R is one of the cognitive function screening tools that used in children aged 4 to 15 years old in Australia. It has a sensitivity value of 83% and 92% and specificity of 76% and 95%. The purpose of the study is to get a normal value and cut off score based on age and education levels in Indonesia.

Methods: A cross-sectional design and observational study with primary data from 631 children from 6 schools in Jakarta had been performed from January to April 2019.

This research has been approved by an ethical committee and processed using SPSS 20.

Results: The subjects consisted of 298 boys (47.2%) and 333 girls (52.8%). The lowest score was found in age 4 (12;5-22) and the highest was in age 15 (35;28-40). Based on education levels, the lowest score of 14;5-26 was found in kindergartens and the highest ​​of 35;28-40 was found in 3rd grade of the junior high school. The average time in sampling requires 06.23±01.32 minutes. The SYSTEMS-R scores increase with age and education levels (p<0.05). The cut off score of each age group and education levels increases (p<0.05).

Conclusions: The relationship was statistically and clinically significant between SYSTEMS-R score with age and education levels (p<0.05). A lower score of cut off score can indicate a cognitive impairment that further neurological examination may be needed.

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Latar belakang: Perkembangan kognitif anak dipengaruhi oleh status gizi yang merupakan masalah di Indonesia (17,7%). SYSTEMS-R adalah salah satu pemeriksaan fungsi kognitif dengan waktu pengerjaan singkat, serta sensitivitas (83%) dan spesifisitas (76%) tinggi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan status gizi dengan fungsi kognitif anak usia 6-15 tahun dengan pemeriksaan SYSTEMS-R.

Metode: Penelitian ini memiliki desain kasus kontrol yang dilakukan pada anak usia 6-15 tahun di SDN dan SMPN dengan teknik consecutive sampling.

Hasil: Penelitian ini terdiri dari 105 subyek, yaitu 60 subyek kelompok kasus (kognitif kurang berdasarkan usia dan tingkat pendidikan) dan 45 subyek kelompok kontrol (kognitif baik). Subyek penelitian dengan pendapatan orang tua di bawah UMR berisiko 2,4 kali memiliki kognitif kurang (63,6%) dengan p <0,05. Penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara status gizi dan fungsi kognitif. Subyek dengan gizi baik dan tinggi badan normal cenderung memiliki kognitif baik berdasarkan usia dan tingkat pendidikan.

Kesimpulan: Pendapatan orang tua memiliki hubungan dengan fungsi kognitif. Penelitian ini tidak menunjukkan hubungan bermakna antara status gizi dan fungsi kognitif. Subyek penelitian dengan gizi baik dan tinggi badan normal cenderung memiliki kognitif baik.

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Background: Children’s cognitive development is influenced by nutritional status which is a problem in Indonesia (17,7%). SYSTEMS-R is an cognitive examination with a short processing time, high sensitivity (83%) and specificity (76%). This study aims to see the relationship of nutritional status and cognitive function of 6-15 years old child with The School Years Screening Test For Evaluation Of Mental Status Revised (SYSTEMS-R).

Methods: This case control study was carried out in children aged 6-15 years at Elementary and Junior High School with consecutive sampling techniques.

Results: This study consists of 105 subjects, which is 60 subjects in case group (cognitive dysfunction) and 45 subjects in control group (normal cognitive function). Subject with low parental income had 2,4 times the risk of having cognitive dysfunction (63,6%) with p <0,05. This study did not show a significant relationship between nutritional status and cognitive function. Subjects with normal nutritional status and height tend to have normal cognitive function based on age and education level.

Conclusions: Parental income has a relationship with cognitive function. This study did not show a significant relationship between nutritional status and cognitive function. Subjects with normal nutritional status and height tend to have normal cognitive function.

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"Studi PISA di tahun 2018 menunjukkan rendah dan lambatnya perkembangan kognitif literasi dari peserta didik di Indonesia, di mana Indonesia menempati peringkat 10 terbawah di ketiga bidang literasi. Isu tersebut menjadi salah satu agenda pembangunan ekonomi nasional dalam RPJMN tahun 2020-2024 terkait kualitas sumber daya manusia. Menurut teori fungsi produksi kognitif oleh Leibowitz (1974) dan Todd & Wolpin (2007), rumah tangga memiliki peran dalam perkembangan kognitif anak, yaitu melalui pemberian input investasi rumah tangga berupa kuantitas dan kualitas waktu. Selain itu, kognitif juga dipengaruhi oleh kecerdasan genetik dan input sekolah. Namun, isu tingginya jam kerja dan tingkat prevalensi depresi di Indonesia dapat menghambat orang tua memberikan waktu yang berkualitas kepada anak. Jam kerja dapat menjadi proksi dari kuantitas waktu dan gejala depresi sebagai proksi dari kualitas waktu (Becker, 1965; Saptarini et al., 2020). Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis hubungan jam kerja dan kesehatan mental orang tua terhadap kognitif anak dalam konteks investasi rumah tangga. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) gelombang kelima di tahun 2014/2015 dengan metode regresi ordinary least square. Unit analisis dalam penelitian ini adalah anak usia 7-14 tahun yang memiliki orang tua lengkap dan hidup bersama. Penelitian ini mengambil sampel sebanyak 1.894 anak usia 7-14 tahun yang memiliki data kontrol lengkap, antara lain karakteristik anak, ayah, ibu, sosial ekonomi rumah tangga, dan sekolah. Penelitian ini menemukan hubungan positif signifikan di tingkat 1% antara jam kerja ayah dan kognitif anak. Namun, hasil tidak menunjukkan hubungan signifikan antara jam kerja ibu dan kognitif anak. Peneliti memodifikasi jam kerja ibu dari numerik menjadi dummy overtime dan menemukan hubungan negatif signifikan di tingkat 10%. Hal ini menunjukkan peran bereda dari ayah dan ibu terhadap kognitif anak. Selain itu, regresi menunjukkan tidak adanya hubungan signifikan antara orang tua depresi dengan kognitif anak. Di luar konteks investasi rumah tangga, peneliti menemukan mayoritas variabel-variabel terkait kecerdasan genetik dan input sekolah signifikan terhadap kognitif anak. Dengan demikian, isu rendahnya kognitif anak dapat diatasi melalui peran orang tua dan rumah tangga, serta peran pemerintah dalam kebijakan terkait input sekolah.

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In 2018, the PISA survey revealed that Indonesian students' cognitive literacy development is poor and slow, with the country ranking in the bottom ten in all three literacy domains. This is one of the national economic development agendas related to human resource quality in the 2020-2024 RPJMN. According to Leibowitz (1974) and Todd & Wolpin (2007)'s cognitive production function theory, households play an important role in children's cognitive development by giving home investment in the form of quantity and quality of time. In addition, inherited intelligence and school inputs have an effect on cognitive abilities. High working hours and the prevalence of depression in Indonesia, on the other hand, can impede parents from spending quality time with their children. Working hours can be used as a proxy for time quantity, while depressive symptoms can be used as a proxy for time quality (Becker, 1965; Saptarini et al., 2020). As a result, this study aimed to investigate the impact of working hours and parents' mental health on children's cognitive development in the context of household investment. The ordinary least square regression approach was used to analyze data from the Indonesian family life survey's fifth wave in 2014/2015. This study's unit of analysis includes children aged 7 to 14 who have both parents and live together. This study included 1,894 children aged 7 to 14 with complete control data on their parents, mothers, family socioeconomics, and schools. The father's working hours and the child's cognitive abilities were found to have a significant positive relationship at the 1% level in this study. However, there was no evidence of a relationship between the mother's working hours and the child's cognitive abilities. Researchers modified maternal working hours from numeric to dummy over time and found a significant negative relationship at the 10% level. This illustrates how fathers and mothers play various roles in their children's cognitive development. Furthermore, regressions revealed no significant relationship between depressed parents and their children's cognitive abilities. Outside the context of home investment, the researchers found that most variables related to genetic intelligence and school input were significant to children`s cognitive. Thus, the issue of children's low cognitive abilities can be overcome through the role of parents and households and the government's role in school input policies

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"Ibu bekerja pada umumnya memiliki waktu yang terbatas untuk berinteraksi dengan anaknya padahal anak usia prasekolah sedang mengalami puncak perkembangan kognitif. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi kekuatan dan arah hubungan antara pola asuh ibu bekerja dengan perkembangan kognitif anak usia prasekolah. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah Cross Sectional yang melibatkan 45 responden ibu bekerja beserta anaknya di dua TK di Kelurahan Cipayung Jakarta Timur dengan teknik Cluster Sampling. Hasil uji Korelasi Rank Spearman menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang lemah dan negatif antara pola asuh otoriter (r= -0,071) dan permisif (r= -0,164) dengan perkembangan kognitif anak usia prasekolah, namun terdapat hubungan yang lemah dan positif antara pola asuh demokratis (r= 0,036) dengan perkembangan kognitif anak usia prasekolah. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada praktisi kesehatan untuk memberikan informasi kepada ibu yang bekerja tentang jenis pola asuh yang dapat mendukung perkembangan kognitif anak.

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Most of working mothers have limited time to interact with their children while preschool-aged children reach their peak cognitive development. This research is aimed to identify the power and the linear relationship between parenting styles and cognitive development of preschool-aged children. Design used in this research is Cross Sectional which took 45 respondents of working mothers and their children in kindergartens at administrative village of Cipayung East Jakarta as the sample of the study who were chosen by using Cluster Sampling technique.

The result of Spearman’s Rank Correlation test showed there were weak and negative correlation between authoritarian parenting (r= -0,071) and permissive parenting (r= -0,164) with the cognitive development of preschool-aged children, however there were weak and positive correlation between authoritative parenting (r= 0,036) and the cognitive development of preschool-aged children. This research is recommended to the health practitioner to give information to working mothers about the type of parenting styles that can support children’s cognitive development."

"[ABSTRAKLatar belakang : Hiperglikemia kronik pada pasien Diabetes melitus tipe 1 (DMT1) dihubungkan dengan kerusakan jangka panjang, gangguan fungsi dan kerusakan berbagai organ tubuh lain seperti mata, ginjal, saraf, jantung dan pembuluh kapiler. Salah satu gangguan fungsi organ yang sering diabaikan sebagai akibat hiperglikemia adalah faal paru. Uji fungsi paru dapat membedakan kelainan paru obstruktif, restriktif atau campuran antara obstruktif dn restriktif. Uji fungsi paru dengan spirometri tidak dapat dilakukan dengan baik pada anak dibawah usia 7 atau 8 tahun karena memerlukan koordinasi yang cukup sulit. Penelitian tentang dampak DMT1 terhadap paru di Indonesia belum ada sampai saat ini.Tujuan : Mengetahui gambaran uji fungsi paru pada pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun.Metode : Penelitian potong lintang dilakukan di Poliklinik Endokrinologi dan Respirologi Rumah Sakit Cipto Mangunkusumo (RSCM), serta Laboratorium Prodia Salemba pada bulan Januari 2015. Wawancara orangtua dilakukan dan data kadar HbA1c dalam rentang satu tahun terakhir diambil dari rekam medis subjek atau berdasarkan hasil pemeriksaan sebelumnya. Uji fungsi paru dilakukan sebanyak tiga kali dan diambil salah satu hasil yang terbaik. Kemudian subjek menjalani pengambilan darah untuk pemeriksaan kadar HbA1c dengan metode cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) di Laboratorium Prodia.Hasil : Tiga puluh lima subjek berpartisipasi dalam penelitian, terdiri dari 68,6% perempuan. Rerata usia 14 ± 2,7 tahun dan median durasi DM adalah 4 tahun (1,3-10,2 tahun). Rerata parameter FEV1 adalah 86,8 ± 14%, FVC 82,7 ± 12% dan V25 83,1 ± 26,2%. Median FEV1/FVC adalah 92,4 % (77,6-100) dan V50 91,5 % (41,1-204). Fungsi paru normal didapatkan pada 19 subjek (54,3%) dan fungsi paru terganggu sebanyak 16 subjek (45,7%), terdiri dari 10 subjek (28,6%) gangguan restriktif, 2 subjek (5,7%) gangguan obstruktif dan 4 subjek (11,4%) gangguan campuran. Rerata HbA1c dalam 1 tahun terakhir pada subjek dengan gangguan restriktif adalah 10,3%. Simpulan : Nilai parameter uji fungsi paru pasien DMT1 usia 8-18 tahun masih dalam batas normal. Gangguan fungsi paru didapatkan pada 16 subjek (45,7%) dengan gangguan restriksi terbanyak yaitu 10 subjek (28,6%).

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ABSTRACTBackground: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia.Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old.Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory.Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%.Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.;Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder., Background: Chronic hyperglycemia in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is associated with long term functional impairment and damage of several parts of the body, such as eyes, kidneys, nerves, heart, and capillary blood vessels. Among all systems, disorder of pulmonary function due to hyperglycemia is often neglected by physicians. Pulmonary function test could determine whether the lung impairment is obstructive, restrictive, or mixed. Pulmonary function test using spirometry could not be applied to children below 7 or 8 years old because they are not capable to do the test. Until now, research about the effect of T1DM to pulmonary function has never been done in Indonesia. Objective: To obtain pulmonary function test profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old. Methods: This cross sectional study took place at Endocrinology and Respirology Outpatient Department of Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital (RSCM) and Prodia Laboratory Service in Salemba in January 2015. Parents of subjects were interviewed for history disease. HbA1c level of recent year was collected from medical records or from previous test results. Pulmonary function test were conducted three times to each subjects and among those three results, the best was chosen as data. Blood samples were collected for HbA1c level measurement. The HbA1c level was measured by cation-exchange high pressure liquod chromatography (HPLC) method in Prodia Laboratory. Results: Thirty five subjects participated in the research, 68.6% of them were female. The average age was 14 ± 2.7 years and the median duration of diabetes melitus was 4 years (1.3-10.2 years). FEV1, FVC, and V25 average was 86.8 ± 14%, 82.7 ± 12%, and 83.1 ± 26.2%, respectively. The median of FEV1/FVC and V50 was 92.4 % (77.6-100) and 91.5% (41.1-204) respectively. Nineteen subjects (54.3%) had normal pulmonary function and among 16 (45.7%) abnormal subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restrictive disorder, 2 (5.7%) had obstructive disorder, and 4 (11.4%) had mixed disorder. Average of HbA1c level of restrictive group was 10.3%. Conclusions: Pulmonary function test parameter profile in type 1 diabetes mellitus patients aged 8 to 18 years old lies in normal range. Pulmonary function disorder was found in 16 subjects (45.7%). Among those 16 subjects, 10 (28.6%) had restriction disorder.]"

"Latar Belakang: Asupan makanan merupakan salah satu faktor penyebab karies gigi dengan prevalensi yang sangat tinggi di Indonesia terutama pada anak usia sekolah. Tingkat konsumsi sayur dan buah pada anak di Indonesia masih cukup rendah, padahal jenis makanan ini dikenal dapat merangsang aliran dan meningkatkan kemampuan makan anak. self-cleansing saliva yang penting dalam pencegahan karies. Tujuan: Menganalisis hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan kejadian karies pada gigi geraham pertama permanen pada anak usia 8 sampai 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian potong lintang dengan menggunakan kuesioner frekuensi makanan dan pemeriksaan klinis anak usia 8 sampai 9 tahun di Jakarta Pusat. 109 anak di Jakarta Pusat diperiksa karies dengan klasifikasi ICDAS. Hasil: Penelitian ini menemukan nilai median frekuensi konsumsi sayur per hari pada anak adalah 1,6 (0-8,14) dan 1,4 (0-5). Sebanyak 98,2% anak mengalami karies gigi dan 63,3% anak mengalami karies terbatas pada email. Hubungan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan karies ditemukan sangat lemah dan tidak signifikan. Kesimpulan: Tingkat frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah pada anak di Jakarta Pusat masih rendah, dan prevalensi karies cukup tinggi. Hubungan yang lemah dan tidak signifikan antara frekuensi konsumsi sayur dan buah dengan karies menunjukkan bahwa ada faktor lain penyebab karies yang harus dikendalikan.

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Background: Food intake is one of the factors causing dental caries with a very high prevalence in Indonesia, especially in school-age children. The level of consumption of vegetables and fruit in children in Indonesia is still quite low, even though this type of food is known to stimulate flow and improve children's eating abilities. self-cleansing saliva which is important in caries prevention. Objective: To analyze the relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruit with the incidence of caries in the permanent first molars in children aged 8 to 9 years in Central Jakarta. Methods: This study was a cross-sectional study using a food frequency questionnaire and clinical examination of children aged 8 to 9 years in Central Jakarta. 109 children in Central Jakarta were examined for caries with the ICDAS classification. Results: This study found the median frequency of vegetable consumption per day in children was 1.6 (0-8.14) and 1.4 (0-5). A total of 98.2% of children had dental caries and 63.3% of children had caries limited to enamel. The relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits with caries was found to be very weak and insignificant. Conclusion: The frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruit in children in Central Jakarta is still low, and the prevalence of caries is quite high. The weak and insignificant relationship between the frequency of consumption of vegetables and fruits with caries indicates that there are other factors that cause caries that must be controlled."

"Mental-state yang dipergunakan oleh ibu merupakan faktor yang penting dalam perkembangan theory of mind pada anak. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya mengenai mental-state dan theory of mind, hanya berfokus pada komponen false belief. Padahal dalam theory of mind, false belief hanyalah salah satu dari enam komponen yang ada. Selain itu, komunikasi tidak hanya terjadi antara ibu dan anak, melainkan juga komunikasi juga terjadi dalam sistem keluarga. Sejauh ini, masih sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pola komunikasi keluarga dan penggunaan mental-state term ibu secara bersamaan dalam kaitan pemahaman theory of mind anak usia 5-6 tahun. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menginvestigasi kontribusi mental-state term dan pola komunikasi keluarga terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak usia 5-6 tahun. Sebanyak 104 ibu dan anak mengikutikegiatan penelitian ini. Kemampuan theory of mind anak diukur melalui 6 komponen theory of mind dengan metode tanya jawab, sedangkan penggunaan mental state term ibu dan pola komunikasi keluarga diukur menggunakan kuesioner. Mental-state term ibu dan pola komunikasi keluarga conversation orientation memprediksi pemahaman theory of mind anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak dan interval pendidikan ibu. Di sisi lain pola komunikasi keluarga conformity orientation tidak memberikan kontribusi yang signifikan terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting mengenai pentingnya penggunaan mental-state term dan menerapkan pola komunikasi keluarga yang tepat terhadap pemahaman theory of mind anak di periode usia 5-6 tahun.

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Mother rsquo s mental state is one of crucial factors in the children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. Nonetheless, numerous research related to children rsquo s theory of mind understanding, had focused only on the false belief domain. Whereas in theory of mind, false belief is one of six component. Other than that communication not only between mother and children interaction, but also in family system. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the up rearing of both family communication pattern and mother rsquo s mental state term in relation to the children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. The current study investigated the contribution of mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern to theory of mind understanding among 5 6 years old children. 104 mothers and children are participated in this study. Children rsquo s theory of mind understanding were measuring using 6 component of theory of mind, while mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern was measuring by questionnaire. It was revealed that mother rsquo s mental state term and family communication pattern conversation orientation could predict children rsquo s theory of mind understanding, taking into account their age and mother rsquo s interval of education. On the other hand, family communication pattern conformity orientation had no significant contribution to children rsquo s theory of mind understanding. This study gave new insight regarding the importance of using mental state term and applying an appropriate pattern to theory of mind understanding at 5 6 years old children."

"ABSTRAKDisertasi ini bertujuan untuk menguji perbedaan antara kondisi kongruen dan inkongruen ketika konsumen melihat model iklan yang sebaya dan lebih tua. Ketika konsumen mempersepsikan usianya kongruen ketika melihat model iklan, maka dapat lebih mempengaruhi persepsi produk untuk saya, persepsi evaluasi dan persepsi referensi yang akhirnya mempengaruhi sikap terhadap produk.  Untuk menjawab pertanyaan itu, maka pada penelitian ini diadakan dua studi. Setudi satu membuktikan bahwa kondisi kongruen terjadi pada saat konsumen melihat model iklan yang usianya lebih tua, sedangkan kondisi inkongruen terjadi ketika konsumen melihat model yang sebaya. Study 2 menjawab pertanyaan yang mucul pada studi 1, yaitu persepsi inkongruen anak usia tween yang melihat model iklan sebaya dapat dipengaruhi dengan memperlihatkan model iklan sebaya.

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ABSTRACTThis dissertation aims to examine the differences between the conditions congruent and incongruent when consumers see the advertising model of the same age and older. When consumers perceive congruent age when seeing the advertising model, it may be affecting the perception of the product for me, perceptual evaluation and perception of reference which ultimately affect attitudes toward the product. To answer that question, so in this study conducted two studies. One of the studies prove that the congruent condition occurs when consumers see the advertising model who is older, while the incongruous condition occurs when consumers see a model of the same age. Study 2 answer the questions that appear on the first study, the perception incongruous tween -age children who saw the ad model peer can be influenced by peer advertising model show

"

"Latar belakang: Epilepsi Rolandik adalah salah satu sindrom epilepsi terbanyak pada anak dan umumnya dianggap benign dan self-limited. Tetapi komorbiditas kognitif dan perilaku dapat ditemukan pada anak-anak dengan epilepsi yang bernama lainnya benign Rolandic epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) ini. Pasien epilepsi Rolandik harus dievaluasi adanya komorbiditas kognitif dan perilaku. Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan antara usia awitan kejang dan jumlah hemisfer yang menjadi fokus kejang dengan kemampuan kognitif dan gangguan perilaku pada anak-anak dengan epilepsi Rolandik. Metode: Penelitian potong-lintang di sembilan RS/klinik dengan konsultan neurologi anak di Jakarta dan Banten, terhadap anak-anak berusia 6 – 12 tahun dengan epilepsi Rolandik. Penelitian meliputi anamnesis semiologi kejang, interpretasi hasil elektroensefalografi (EEG) oleh dua orang konsultan neurologi anak, dan pemeriksaan intelligence quotient (IQ) oleh psikolog.Hasil: Nilai verbal IQ sebagai parameter kognitif berbicara/berbahasa lebih banyak bernilai  average pada subjek dengan usia awitan kejang yang lebih muda (< 6 tahun). Nilai verbal IQ < average lebih banyak didapatkan pada subjek dengan fokus gelombang kejang pada salah satu sisi hemisfer. Jumlah subjek yang mengalami gangguan perilaku berupa gangguan pemusatan perhatian dan hiperaktivitas (GPPH) dan gangguan spektrum autism (GSA) lebih banyak pada kelompok usia awitan kejang < 6 tahun dan fokus kejang hemisfer bilateral. Tidak ada hubungan yang bermakna secara statistik antara usia awitan kejang dan jumlah hemisfer yang menjadi fokus kejang dengan komorbiditas kognitif dan perilaku. Simpulan: Anak-anak dengan epilepsi Rolandik dapat memiliki komorbiditas kognitif berupa gangguan berbicara/berbahasa dan komorbiditas perilaku berupa GPPH/GSA, dan dapat dipengaruhi oleh usia awitan kejang dan jumlah hemisfer yang menjadi fokus kejang, meskipun hubungannya tidak bermakna secara statistik.

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Background: Rolandic epilepsy is one of the most common epilepsy syndromes in children and is generally considered benign and self-limited. But cognitive and behavioral comorbidities can be found in children with this epilepsy, which has another name: benign Rolandic epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS). Rolandic epileptic patients should be evaluated for cognitive and behavioral comorbidities.

Objective: To determine the relationship between age at onset of seizures and the number of hemispheres that are the focus of seizures with cognitive abilities and behavioral disorders in children with Rolandic epilepsy.

Methods: Cross-sectional study in nine hospitals/clinics with pediatric neurology consultants in Jakarta and Banten, on children aged 6-12 years with Rolandic epilepsy. The research includes interviews on seizure semiology history, interpretation of electroencephalographic (EEG) results by two child neurology consultants, and intelligence quotient (IQ) tests performed by psychologists.

Results: The verbal IQ score as a cognitive speaking/language parameter  average was found more in subjects with younger seizure onset (<6 years). Verbal IQ < average scores were greater in subjects with seizure focus on one side of the hemisphere. The number of subjects who experienced behavioral disorders in the form of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) was more in the age group of seizure onset < 6 years and bilateral hemispheric seizure focus. There was no statistically significant relationship between age at onset of seizures and the number of hemispheres that were the focus of seizures with cognitive and behavioral comorbidities.

Conclusion: Children with Rolandic epilepsy may have cognitive comorbidities in the form of speech/language disorders and behavioral comorbidities in the form of ADHD/ASD, and may be affected by the age of seizure onset and the number of hemispheres that are the focus of seizures, although the relationship is not statistically significant."