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"ABSTRAKJumlah pasokan dan kebutuhan gas bumi di Indonesia masih dalam kondisi defisit yang diakibatkan jumlah pasokan gas bumi semakin menurun dan kebutuhan akan gas bumi yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya. Namun, defisit antara pasokan dan kebutuhan dapat diperkecil seiring penemuan cadangan gas bumi konvensional yang baru atau dengan mengembangkan lapangan gas nonkonvensional seperti shale gas. Potensi shale gas Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 574 TCF yang tersebar di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa dan Papua. Formasi Naintupo yang berada di Cekungan Tarakan memiliki sumber daya shale gas yang bisa dihasilkan secara teknis sebesar 5 TCF darigas-in-place resiko sebesar 35 TCF. Penelitian ini akan membahas mengenai aspek teknoekonomi dari pengembangan lapangan shale gas di Formasi Naintupo, Cekungan Tarakan dengan menggunakan skema Kontrak Bagi Hasil (Production Sharing Contract) dan skema kontrak gross split.Tiga profil laju alir akan dikembangkan dengan menggunakan kurva penurunanhiperbolik Arps, yaitu profil produksi rendah dengan laju alir awal (qi) sebesar 150 mmcf/mo, profil produksi sedang (qi=250 mmcf/mo) dan profil produksi tinggi (qi=350 mmcf/mo) . Perkiraaan biaya investasi berdasarkan benchmarking biaya pengembangan lapangan shale gas di Amerika Serikat dan pengembangan lapangan migas di Cekungan Tarakan. Pada kondisi analisis kontrak bagi hasil dan kontrak gross split memiliki NPV>0, IRR>10% pada profil produksi sedang dan tinggi. Bagi kontraktor, kontrak bagi hasil akan lebih menguntungkan pada profil produksi rendah dan kontrak gross split lebihmenguntungkan pada profil produksi tinggi. Analisis sensitivitas menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan NPV dalam kontrak bagi hasil adalah harga gas dan dalam kontrak gross split adalah profil produksi. Untuk mendapatkan nilai NPV yang positif pada Kontrak Bagi Hasil, gas bumi harus dijual pada harga $12,05/MMBTU pada profil produksi rendah, $7,88/MMBTU pada profil produksi sedang dan $6,03 pada profil laju alir tinggi. Pada kontrak gross split, NPV yang positif dicapai ketika gas bumi dijual pada $8,42/MMBTU pada profil produksi sedang dan $6,52/MMBTU pada profil produksi tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe amount of supply and demand of natural gas in Indonesia is still in deficitcondition due to the decreasing supply with increasing demand each year. This deficit of supply and demand could be minimized by new reserve discovery of conventional natural gas or by developing unconventional gas field like shale gas. Shale gas potential in Indonesia was predicted reached 574 TCF which spread in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Papua. Naintupo Formation, located in Tarakan Basin has shale gas potential in which 5 TCF is technically recoverable with 35 TCF risked gas in place. This study will discuss technoeconomic aspect of shale gas field development in Naintupo Formation in Tarakan Basin by using production sharing contract scheme and gross split contract scheme.Three flow profiles would be developed by using Arps hyperbolic decline curves, consist of low production profile with initial production (qi) of 150 mmcf/mo, medium production profile (qi = 250 mmcf/mo) and high production profile (qi = 350 mmcf/mo). Costs estimation were based on benchmarking cost of developed shale gas field in United States and nearby oil/gas field development in Tarakan Basin. On the base case, production sharing contract and gross split contract gave NPV>0, IRR>10% on middle and high production profile. For contractor, production sharing contract was more profitable in low production profile and gross split contract was more profitable on highproduction profile. Sensitivity analysis showed that the NPV increase was more affected by gas price in production sharing contract and production profile was more influential in gross split contract. To develop positive NPV in production sharing contract, gas price should be $12.05/MMBTU in low production profile, $7.88/MMBTU in middle production profile and $6.03 in high production profile. In gross split contract, positive NPV was reached when gas price was $8.42/MMBTU in middle production profile and $6.52/MMBTU in high production profile."

"ABSTRAKSelisih antara jumlah pasokan dan kebutuhan gas bumi di Indonesia yang semakin meningkat setiap tahunnya diakibatkan jumlah pasokan gas bumi semakin menurun dan kebutuhan akan gas bumi yang semakin meningkat serta kurangnya penemuan cadangan gas terbaru. Hal ini mendorong pemerintah Indonesia untuk mengembangkan sumber daya gas lainnya seperti shale gas sehingga dapat diproduksi secara komersial. Potensi shale gas Indonesia diperkirakan mencapai 574 TCF yang tersebar di Sumatera, Kalimantan, Jawa dan Papua. Formasi Meliat yang berada di Cekungan Tarakan memiliki sumber daya shale gas yang bisa dihasilkan secara teknis sebesar 3.8 TCF dari gas-in-place resiko sebesar 25.1 TCF. Tujuan penelitian ini mengkaji skema kontrak gross split terhadap aspek keekonomian dari pengembangan lapangan shale gas di Formasi Meliat, Cekungan Tarakan.Skenario dasar dalam penelitian ini yaitu membuat tiga profil laju alir yang dikembangkan dengan menggunakan kurva penurunan hiperbolik Arps, antara lain profil produksi rendah dengan laju alir awal (qi) sebesar 50 mmcf/mo, profil produksi sedang qi=125 mmcf/mo dan profil produksi tinggi qi=200 mmcf/mo. Amerika Serikat dan lapangan migas terdekat menjadi benchmarking dalam membuat biaya investasi pengembangan lapangan shale gas di Cekungan Tarakan. Pada kondisi analisis kontrak gross split memiliki NPV>0, IRR>10% pada profil produksi sedang dan tinggi. Analisis sensitivitas dilakukan pada profil produksi, biaya pengeboran dan harga gas. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa faktor yang lebih berpengaruh terhadap peningkatan NPV dalam kontrak gross split adalah profil produksi. NPV positif dicapai ketika gas bumi dijual pada $9.24/MMBTU pada profil produksi sedang dan $6.43/MMBTU pada profil produksi tinggi.

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ABSTRACTThe difference between the amount of supply and demand of natural gas in Indonesia is increasing each year year due to the decreasing natural gas supply with increasing demand and the lack of discovery of the latest gas reserves. This encourages the Indonesian government to develop other gas resources such as shale gas so that it can be produced commercially. Shale gas potential in Indonesia was predicted reached 574 TCF which spread in Sumatra, Kalimantan, Java and Papua. Meliat Formation, located in Tarakan Basin has shale gas potential in which 3.8 TCF is technically recoverable with 25.1 TCF risked gas in place. The purpose of this study is to examine the gross split contract scheme on technoeconomic aspect of shale gas field development in Meliat Formation in Tarakan Basin.The basic scenario in this research is to create three flow rate profiles developed using the Arps hyperbolic decline curves, consist a low production profile with initial production (qi) of 50 mmcf / mo, medium production profile qi = 125 mmcf / mo and high production profile qi = 200 mmcf / mo. The The United States and the nearest oil and gas field in Tarakan Basin have become a benchmark in making investment costs for the development of this shale gas field. In the analysis condition, gross split contracts have NPV> 0, IRR> 10% on medium and high production profiles. Sensitivity analysis is carried out on the production profile, drilling costs and wellhead gas price. The analysis shows that the factor that has more affected on the increase in NPV in gross split contract is the production profile. A positive NPV is reached when gas price is $ 9.24 / MMBTU at medium production profile and $ 6.43 / MMBTU at high production profile."

"ABSTRAKKebutuhan energi di Indonesia semakin meningkat dan cadangan gas alamsemakin menipis. Indonesia memiliki potensi shale gas yang besar dan perlu dikembangkan. Pada tesis ini dibahas perbandingkan karakteristik shale gas diAmerika dan Indonesia. Perbandingan perkembangan shale gas antara lain dataeksplorasi, teknologi, infrastruktur dan sistem kontrak. Perbandingan karakteristikshale gas dari umur batuan, tipe endapan dan properti batuan menentukankesuksesan hydraulic fracturing. Studi shale gas dilakukan di Cekungan Bintuniyang memiliki potensi Risked GIP 114,3 TCF dan TRR 28,6 TCF. Profil produksishale gas menggunakan metode penurunan hiperbolik dan perkiraan biayainvestasi berdasarkan data di Amerika dan Indonesia.Analisa keekonomian shale gas di Cekungan Bintuni menunjukkan sistemkonsesi lebih menarik dibanding sistem PSC bagi perusahaan. Nilai IRRmaksimal sistem konsesi sebesar 16,57% sedangkan IRR maksimal sistem PSCdengan porsi bagi hasil 55%:45% sebesar 15,8%. Pemberian insentif Tax Holidayselama 5 tahun pada sistem PSC porsi bagi hasil 55%:45% pada tipe sumurpenurunan sedang memberikan IRR 14,04% dan pemasukan bagi negara $720juta selama 20 tahun masa produksi

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ABSTRACTIndonesia’s energy demand increases otherwise natural gas resourcesdiminish. Indonesia has big shale gas resources and need to be developed. Thisthesis compares shale gas in America and Indonesia. Comparation of shale gasdevelopment includes exploration data, technology, infrastructure and contractsystem. Comparation of shale gas characteristic such as source rock age,depositional type and property of rock determine hydraulic fracturing successes.Shale gas study performed in Bintuni basin with 114,3 TCF Risked GIP and TRR28,6 TCF. Production profile shale gas using hyperbolic decline curve method andinvestment cost based on America and Indonesia data.Economic analysis of shale gas in Bintuni basin shows that concessionsystem more attractive than PSC for company. The best IRR concession systemwas 16,57% and PSC system was 15,8% on 55%:45% profit split. The present oftax holiday incentive for 5 years using 55%:45% profit split on medium declinerate wells results IRR 14,04% and $720 million for Government of Indonesiaduring 20 year production lifetime."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan potensi shale oil di Formasi Anggota Banuwati Shale, Cekungan Asri, dengan melihat parameter Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Maturity, dan Brittleness Index. TOC dimodelkan dengan melakukan crossplot antara TOC measured dengan log gamma ray, log density, log neutron porosity, dan log P wave (multi linier regresi). Brittleness index dimodelkan dengan mengkombinasikan log Young’s modulus dan log Poisson’s ratio, serta dibandingkan dengan brittleness index yang dimodelkan dari beberapa data x ray diffraction. Maturity dijadikan sebagai salah satu parameter untuk menentukan kategori TOC, oil atau gas. Shale yang memiliki TOC > 1 wt.%, memiliki thickness > 50 ft, dan brittle merupakan zona potensi shale oil. Shale di Formasi Anggota Banuwati Shale didominasi oleh tipe kerogen I, lingkungan pengendapan lacustrine, dengan early mature di kedalaman 8132 ft (Delima-1). Berdasarkan inversi simultan, diketahui bahwa persebaran shale yang berpotensi menjadi shale oil berada di arah Timur Laut dari sumur Delima-1, pada depth > 9500 ft, dengan ketebalan 200 – 300 ft.

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The purpose of this research is to determine the potency of shale oil in Member Banuwati Shale Formations, Asri Basin, with use Total Organic Carbon (TOC), Maturity, and Brittleness Index parameter. TOC is modeled by multiple linear regresion method. This method is crossplot between TOC measured with gamma ray log, density log, neutron porosity log, and P wave log. Brittleness index is modeled by combining Young's modulus log and Poisson's ratio log, where this model called brittlenes index geomechanic model. After that this model compared with brittleness index model from mineralogy. Maturity is one of the parameters used to determine category of TOC, oil or gas. Shale which has TOC more than 1 wt.%, has a thickness more than 50 ft, and has brittle is potential to be shale oil. Shale in Member Banuwati Shale Formation is dominated by kerogen type I, lacustrine depositional environment, with early mature in depth 8132 ft (Delima-1). Based on simultaneous inversion, known that distribution of shale which is potentially into lying in the northeast of Delima-1 well, in depth > 9500 ft, with thickness 200 – 300 ft."

"Dekomposisi spektral dapat digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi zona prospektif pada pendekatan unconventional petroleum play. Dimana dibutuhkan studi kompherensif yang bertujuan mendapatkan area dengan dominasi batupasir. Penelitian ini menggunakan Metode dekomposisi spektral untuk melakukan pemetaan area prospektif secara kualitatif. Hasil dari dekomposisi spektral dapat dikorelasikan dengan amplitudo RMS. Dimana amplitudo RMS dapat membantu menemukan fasies prospektif dengan kehadiran bright spot. Objek penelitian ini ialah area Formasi Brown Shale yang berada di Cekungan Sumatera Tengah. Tujuan pemetaan ini ialah memetakan fasies batupasir dengan tingkat kemenerusan lateral yang tinggi. Penelitian ini juga membandingkan hasil dekomposisi spektral dengan pendekatan short time fourier transform dan continuous wavelet transform. Dimana dekomposisi spektral dengan pendekatan continuous wavelet transform juga dilakukan memakai variasi tipe wavelet seperti morlet, gaussian, dan mexican hat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dengan frekuensi dominan pada Formasi Brown Shale sebesar 17 Hz dapat terlihat area prospektif terdapat pada wilayah utara, tengah, dan selatan top Brown Shale. Hasil dari RGB Blending dan amplitudo RMS juga dapat mengidentifikasi batupasir dengan kemenerusan lateral secara baik. Dimana kemenerusan lateral terbaik ada pada area utara, tengah, dan selatan top Brown Shale. Dekomposisi spektral dan amplitudo RMS juga dapat mengidentifikasi lingkungan pengendapan seperti lakustrin, delta plain, alluvial plain, fluvial dan alluvial fan. Identifikasi lingkungan pengendapan dilakukan berdasarkan gambaran pada peta dekomposisi spektral, amplitudo RMS, dan informasi geologi pada Formasi Brown Shale.

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Spectral decomposition can be used to identify prospective zones in unconventional petroleum plays. A comprehensive study is needed to target areas dominated by sandstone. This research utilizes the spectral decomposition method to qualitatively map prospective areas. The results of spectral decomposition can be correlated with RMS amplitude, which can help identify prospective facies with bright spots. The study focuses on the Brown Shale Formation in the Central Sumatra Basin. The mapping goal is to identify sandstone facies with high lateral continuity. The study also compares the results of spectral decomposition with the short-time Fourier transform and continuous wavelet transform approaches. The continuous wavelet transform is applied using various wavelet types, such as Morlet, Gaussian, and Mexican hat. These studies show that the dominant frequency in the Brown Shale Formation is 17 Hz, which reveals prospective areas in the northern, central, and southern regions of the top Brown Shale. RGB Blending and RMS amplitude results are also effective in identifying sandstone with good lateral continuity, particularly in the northern, central, and southern areas of the top Brown Shale. Furthermore, spectral decomposition and RMS amplitude analysis can help identify depositional environments, such as lacustrine, delta plain, alluvial plain, fluvial, and alluvial fan. These depositional environments are identified based on the spectral decomposition map, RMS amplitude information, and geological data of the Brown Shale Formation."

"[ABSTRAKFormasi Baong bagian bawah bertanggung jawab sebagai batuan indukyang mengisi reservoar batupasir pada lapangan minyak dan gas di bagiantenggara Cekungan Sumatera Utara. Penelitian ini mengungkapkan data dan faktadari laboratorium, pengeboran, wireline well log dan seismik melalui studi analisapetrofisika, geokimia, geomekanika dan geofisika Formasi Baong bagian bawah.Pemahaman tentang geokimia, mineralogi dan geomekanika serpih sangat pentinguntuk memahami bagaimana reservoir serpih memiliki potensi untuk cadangandan produksi ketika dilakukan stimulasi. Analisis laboratorium geokimiadigunakan untuk menentukan kekayaan, kematangan dan kerogen tipe. Penelitianini mengklasifikasikan serpih berdasarkan kekayaan organik, kematangan, jenis,kekuatan serpih, kerapuhan serpih dan kandungan clay. Formasi Baong bagianbawah yang menjadi target pada studi ini terletak pada kedalaman 1778-2428 m(TVD), memiliki material organik yang kaya dengan TOC berkisar antara 1,88-3,85% wt, tingkat kematangan 12% sudah matang dan 88% belum matang, sertamenghasilkan 20% kerogen tipe III dan 80% kerogen tipe II/III sehingga dapatdijadikan sebagai batuan induk yang berpotensi menghasilkan gas dangas/minyak. Rigiditas Formasi Baong bagian bawah sangat sangat brittle denganmemiliki rata ? rata kandungan mineral kuarsa 33,7% dan mineral brittle sepertikalsit 8,8%, dolomit 1,8% dan siderit 0,9%, serta brittle 80% dan less brittle 20%,sehingga dapat dilakukan hyhraulic fracturing dengan baik. Nilai impedansiserpih Formasi Baong bagian bawah berkisar antara 20203 ? 24615 ((ft/s)*(g/cc)).

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ABSTRACTThe Lower Baong Formation is responsible for source rock filled upsandstones reservoir in the oil and gas field in the southeastern part of NorthSumatra Basin. This study reveals the data and facts from the laboratory, drilling,wireline well logs and seismic through the analysis study of petrophysics,geochemistry, geomechanics and geophysics of Lower Baong Formation. Anunderstanding of shale geochemistry, mineralogy and geomechanics is veryimportant to understand how the shale reservoir has the potential to reserve andproduce when carried out stimulation. Geochemical laboratory analysis is used todetermine the richness, maturity and kerogen type. This study classify shale basedon organic richness, maturity, type, shale strengthness, shale brittleness and claycontent. The Lower Baong Formation being targeted in this study lies at a depthof 1778-2428 m (TVD), has a rich organic material with TOC ranging from 1.88to 3.85 wt%, the maturity level of 12% is mature and immature 88%, and generate20% kerogen type III and 80% kerogen type II / III so it can be used as a sourcerock potential to produce gas and gas / oil. Lower Baong Formation rigidity arevery brittle by having the averages 33.7% quartz mineral content and brittleminerals such as 8.8% calcite, 1.8% dolomite and siderite 0.9%, and brittle 80%and less brittle 20%, so it can be done hyhraulic fracturing very well. Sahle valuesof Lower Baong Formation bottom ranges from 20203-24615 ((ft/s)*(g / cc))., The Lower Baong Formation is responsible for source rock filled upsandstones reservoir in the oil and gas field in the southeastern part of NorthSumatra Basin. This study reveals the data and facts from the laboratory, drilling,wireline well logs and seismic through the analysis study of petrophysics,geochemistry, geomechanics and geophysics of Lower Baong Formation. Anunderstanding of shale geochemistry, mineralogy and geomechanics is veryimportant to understand how the shale reservoir has the potential to reserve andproduce when carried out stimulation. Geochemical laboratory analysis is used todetermine the richness, maturity and kerogen type. This study classify shale basedon organic richness, maturity, type, shale strengthness, shale brittleness and claycontent. The Lower Baong Formation being targeted in this study lies at a depthof 1778-2428 m (TVD), has a rich organic material with TOC ranging from 1.88to 3.85 wt%, the maturity level of 12% is mature and immature 88%, and generate20% kerogen type III and 80% kerogen type II / III so it can be used as a sourcerock potential to produce gas and gas / oil. Lower Baong Formation rigidity arevery brittle by having the averages 33.7% quartz mineral content and brittleminerals such as 8.8% calcite, 1.8% dolomite and siderite 0.9%, and brittle 80%and less brittle 20%, so it can be done hyhraulic fracturing very well. Sahle valuesof Lower Baong Formation bottom ranges from 20203-24615 ((ft/s)*(g / cc)).]"

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Daerah penelitian merupakan suatu struktur penghasil hidrokarbon konvensional yang terletak di bagian tenggara Cekungan Sumatra Selatan dan di bagian baratlaut tinggian lampung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi  potensi  shale hidrokarbon  pada daerah tersebut. Evaluasi shale hidrokarbon dilakukan pada tiga sumur, sumur X-1, X-2 dan X-3 dengan target pada formasi Talang Akar Atas. Evaluasi berdasarkan analisis geokimia, petrofisika, dan interpretasi seismik. Analisis geokimia menghasilkan bahwa shale formasi target memiliki material organik yang cukup berpotensi dan juga matang. Hidrokarbon yang dihasilkan berupa minyak. Analisis petrofisika dilakukan untuk mendapatkan model TOC dan brittleness index. Pemodelan TOC dilakukan dengan 4 metode yaitu Schmoker, Passey, Multi Regresi Linier, dan Neural Network. Dari keempat metode tersebut,Neural Network yang menghasilkan data paling baik. Korelasi yang didapat pada sumur X-1 adalah 0.96 dan 0.84 untuk sumur X-3. Berdasarkan nilai brittleness index, Sumur X-1 memiliki shale yang bersifat less ductile – less brittle sementara sumur X-2 dan X-3 memiliki shale yang bersifat less brittle. Sumur X-1 memiliki potensi shale hidrokarbon berada pada kedalaman 2054 – 2081 m dengan ketebalan 27 m dengan rentang nilai brittleness 0.3 – 0.34 dan rentang TOC 2.0 – 4.4 wt% serta impedansi akustik 7200-9900 gr/cc*m/s. Sumur X-3 memiliki potensi shale hidrokarbon berada pada kedalaman 1461-1487 dengan ketebalan 26 m dengan rentang TOC 1.8 – 3.94 wt% dan brittleness index berkisar 0.35-0.44, dan impedansi akustik 9197 - 10964 gr/cc*m/s. Shale yang berpotensi menjadi shale hidrokarbon tersebar pada daerah sekitar sumur X-2 dengan nilai brittleness sekitar 0.38-0.4 yang termasuk sifat less brittle dan TOC dengan nilai sekitar 3 wt%.

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The research area is a structure that produce conventional hydrocarbon located in the southeastern part of the South Sumatra Basin and in the northwest part of the Lampung highlands. This study aims to evaluate the shale hydrocarbon potential in the area. Evaluation of shale hydrocarbons was carried out on three wells, X-1, X-2 and X-3 wells with target in the Upper Talang Akar formation. Evaluation based on geochemical analysis, petrophysics, and seismic interpretation. Geochemical analysis produces that the target shale formation has quite potential and mature organic material. The hydrocarbons produced are oil. Petrophysical analysis is performed to obtain the TOC model and brittleness index. TOC modeling is done with 4 methods, namely Schmoker, Passey, Multi Linear Regression, and Neural Network. Based on  the four methods, the Neural Network produces the best data. The correlation obtained in X-1 wells is 0.96 and 0.84 for X-3 wells. Based on the brittleness index value, X-1 wel has a shale that is less ductile - less brittle while X-2 and X-3 wells have less brittle shale. The X-1 well has a hydrocarbon shale potential at a depth of 2054 - 2081 m with a thickness of 27 m with a range of 0.3 - 0.34 brittleness and TOC 2.0 - 4.4 wt% and acoustic impedance 7200-9900 gr / cc * m / s. The X-3 well has shale hydrocarbon potential at a depth of 1461-1487 with a thickness of 26 m with a range of TOC 1.8 - 3.94 wt% and brittleness index ranging from 0.35-0.44, and acoustic impedance 9197 - 10964 gr / cc * m / s. The distribution of shale which has the potential to become shale hydrocarbons is around the X-2 well with the value of brittleness is around 0.38-0.4 (less brittle) and the value of TOC is around  3 wt%.  

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"[Saat ini, jumlah kandungan minyak dan gas konvensional yang tersedia semakin terbatas sedangkan cadangan semakin rendah. Oleh karena itu diperlukan eksplorasi akan sumber daya baru, salah satu solusinya adalah dengan memperluas eksplorasi hidrokarbon dengan cara konvensional maupun unconvensional, dan untuk mengurangi tingginya kegagalan dalam tahapan eksplorasi ini maka diperlukan pembelajaran petroleum system terutama source rock. Source rock yang memiliki potensi tinggi harus mempunyai kandungan kerogen yang cukup untuk dapat mengenerateminyak maupun gas ke perangkap-perangkap hidrokarbon disekitarnya.Dalam penelitian ini memaparkan aplikasi metode Passey dan untuk memetakan source rock dengan kandungan TOC yang berbeda-beda di setiap kedalaman dan responnya pada seismik inversi, kemudian dihitung potensinya sehingga didapat peta penyebaran source rock dan total hidrokarbon yang sudah tergenerate ke perangkap-perangkap struktur maupun yang masih tersisa di dalam source rock itu sendiri.Penelitian ini pun mengintegrasikan data geokimia, analisa petrofisika, dan teknik seismik inversi dalam mengkarakterisasi zona yang berpotensi. Tahapan awal eksplorasi dalam penentuan sweetspot adalah dengan menggunakan metode passey untuk menghasilkan data log pseudo TOC. Kedua, melakukan analisa petrofisika untuk mendapatkan parameter fisis yang sensitif pada formasi target.Ketiga adalah dengan mengaplikasikan seismik inversi Impedansi akustik (AI) untuk mengetahui persebaran batuserpih yang mengandung potensi gas berdasarkan nilai TOC dan parameter fisis yang sensitif pada formasi target.Keempat melakukan penghitungan sumber daya yang sudah tergenerate dan yang masih tersisa dalam tubuh shale sebagai source rock;Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock;Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock, Currently, the amount of available conventional gas and oil content are more limited while the amount of reserves has been decreased. Therefore we need an exploration of new resources, one solution is to expand the exploration of hydrocarbons by means of conventional or unconvensional, and to reduce the high failure in the exploration phase of the learning required for this petroleum system primarily source rock. Source rock that has high potential must have a sufficient content of kerogen to oil or gas can be generate to the hydrocarbon traps nearby. In this research exposes Passey Method and application method to map the source rock TOC content varies with each depth and seismic inversion, the response was then calculated its potential so obtained a map of the spread of source rock and hydrocarbon that already total generated to structures trap as well as those still remaining in the source rock itself. In this study integrates geochemical data, analysis of petrophysic, and seismic inversion technique to characterize potential zones. Early stages of exploration in the determination of sweetspot is using Passey Method to generate pseudo TOC. Second, petrophysical analysis to obtain physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Third is by applying accustic impedance seismic inversion to determine the distribution of shale rock that contain gas potential based on the value of TOC and physical parameters that are sensitive to the target formation. Fourth do calculating resources have generated and remaining in a shale as source rock]"

"A detailed combined geological and geophysical study in North Sumatra basin has shown that prospective formations for shale play containing gas sweet spots are found to be shales from Bampo, Belumai, and Baong Formations. Bampo Formations Exhibits low shale gas potential with very low to medium in organic material contents, maturity index of immature to mature, and moderate brittleness. Rocks within the formation tent to be reactive to highly reactive to water, with a moderate degree of swelling capacity. Porosity varies within 5.8-7.4% with permeability raging from 0.37 to 3.2 mD. Sweet spots in the formation found around Basilam-l and Securai-l wells occupy about 21% of the formation. On the other hand, Belumai Formation shows moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to high organic material contents, immature to mature levels of maturity, and moderately brittle to brittle. Sweet spots areas in the formation fpund around the two wells are about 29% of the formation. For Baong Formation, analysis reveals moderate to good shale gas potential, with low to medium contents of organic material, immature to mature in maturity index, moderately brittle to brittle in brittleness, and tendency of being reactive to highly reactive to water but with low degree of swelling capacity. Sweet spots in the formation found around two wells occupies are roughly 11% of the total formation volume in the area. Basin modeling leading to gas resources estimation for Baong, Belumai, and Bampo Formations has led to estimated volumes of 6, 379 TCF, 16, 994 TCF, and 25,024 TCF, respectively, with a total amount of 48, 397 TCF. The resources figures are speculative in nature and do not incorporate any certainty and efficiency factors."

"Penelitian yang dilakukan di lapangan Abiyoso pada formasi gumai bertujuan untuk memperkirakan daerah yang berpotensi sebagai shale reservoir berdasarkan parameter impendansi akustik dan analisa log. Log gamma ray, neutron (NPHI) dan density (RHOB) secara efektif dapat mengidentifikasi kandungan material organik pada batu serpih. Terdapat hubungan antara Vp pada porositas rendah terhadap kematangan kerogen. Vp meningkat dengan meningkatnya tingkat kematangan kerogen. Hasil inversi menunjukkan bahwa pada daerah Top Horizon 3, 4 dan 5 kerogen telah matang, dengan nilai AI (21000 - 25000) (ft/s)*(g/cc).

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Research conducted in the filed Abiyoso at gumai formation aims to estimate the potential area as a shale reservoir based on parameters acoustic impedance and log analysis. Gamma ray log, neutron (NPHI) and density (RHOB) is efective to organic matter identification of shale. The maturity of kerogen can be related to Vp at low-porosity.Vp increas with increasing maturity. Inversion result show that kerogen is mature on the area of Top Horizon 3, 4 and 5 with AI value (21000 - 25000) (ft/s)*(g/cc)."