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"Idiom Barat populer seperti there is strength in numbers bersama prinsip dasar di psikologi sosial menyarankan bahwa manusia adalah mahluk sosial yang mudah terpengaruhi oleh kelompok-kelompok di lingkungannya. Penelitian ini menguji perspektif tersebut kepada intergroup sensitivity effect ISE, yang mengemukakan bahwa kritik dari seorang outgroup cenderung ditolak dibandingkan kritik yang datang dari seorang ingroup. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk mengetahui apakah jumlah orang yang memberi sebuah kritik dapat secara langsung mengurangi sikap defensif terhadap kritik yang timbul dari luar kelompok. Dengan menggunakan desain 2x3 between subject, 162 partisipan dari Australia diberikan wacana berisi kritik tentang masyarakat Australia. Kritik tersebut akan diberi oleh seorang individu, tiga individu atau satu kelompok orang Australia atau orang yang tidak berasal dari Australia. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa kritik yang diberi oleh orang non-Australia cenderung ditolak dibanding kritik yang diberi oleh orang Australia, walaupun isi dari kritik tersebut sama. Intergroup sensitivity effect nampaknya tidak terpengaruh oleh jumlah pemberi kritik, dimana kritik yang bersumber dari anggota outgroup memiliki kemungkinan kecil untuk diterima oleh sebuah kelompok.

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The popular idiom there is strength in numbers embodies the central idea in social psychology that groups are more powerful and more influential than a lone individual. The current study tested this perspective on the intergroup sensitivity effect ISE, which dictates that people are more resistant to criticism made by an outgroup than if it came from an ingroup, and aimed to assess whether the number of people making the criticism would reduce the defensiveness towards outgroup critics. In a 2x3 between groups design, 162 Australians were exposed to criticisms about Australians from either an individual, a group or from multiple individuals who were either Australian or non Australian. Results revealed that criticisms from non Australians aroused more defensiveness than if the same criticism was made by Australians and that the effect was not changed by whether the criticism was made by one person or multiple people. Perhaps the lure of social pressure and group influence do not apply to the ISE as criticism is distinct from other forms of persuasion. Theoretical implications and direction for future research are also discussed."

"Penelitian ini berfokus untuk mengetahui pengaruh sumber kritik dan jenis stereotipe dalam isi kritik terhadap sensitivitas isi kritik dan niat untuk bertindak target kritik. Target kritik adalah warga negara Indonesia. Isi kritik adalah gagalnya warga negara Indonesia untuk peduli lingkungan. Sumber kritik ingroup adalah sesama warga negara Indonesia, sedangkan sumber kritik outgroup adalah warga negara Malaysia. Jenis stereotipe isi kritik adalah stereotipe negatif dan positif dari target kritik. Sensitivitas isi kritik adalah respons emosi target kritik terhadap isi kritik. Niat untuk bertindak adalah niat target kritik untuk bertindak sesuai dengan isi kritik. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah kuesioner sensitivitas yang diadaptasi dari Hornsey, Oppes, Imani (2002) (α=0,957) dan kuesioner niat bertindak yang diadaptasi dari Rabinovich dan Morton (2010) (α=0,867). Penelitian ini juga bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara sensitivitas isi kritik dan niat untuk bertindak. Berdasarkan hasil perhitungan MANOVA pada pengaruh dari sumber kritik dan stereotipe terhadap sensitivitas isi kritik dan niat untuk bertindak (Wilks? Lambda) dengan F=(6, 398) = 4,764, p=0,00 Wilk's Λ = 0,870, partial η2 = 0,67. Hal ini menunjukkan efek perbedaan yang signifikan pada masing-masing kelompok yang menerima kritik dari sumber kritik (ingroup vs outgroup) dengan stereotipe (negatif vs positif) terhadap sensitivitas isi kritik dan niat untuk bertindak target kritik.

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This study focused to determine the effect of criticism source and stereotypes on sensitivity and the intention to behave of the criticism target. The target of criticism was a citizen of Indonesia. The critic was Indonesian failure to care for the environment. Sources of ingroup critic were Indonesian, while sources of outgroup critic were Malaysians. Stereotypes in the critic were is negative and positive stereotypes of the target of critic. Sensitivity is the emotional response of target critic when they receiving criticism. Intention to behave is the intention to behave of target of critic in after receiving criticism. Sensitivity was measured with questionaire and adapted from Hornsey, Oppes, Imani (2002) (α=0,957) and questionaire to measure intention to behave was adapted from Rabinovich dan Morton (2010) (α=0,867). This study also intended to determine the relationship between sensitivity and the intention to behave. The result analysis on MANOVA of groups on sensitivity and the intention to behave ( Wilks ' Lambda ) with F = ( 6 , 398 ) = 4.764 , p = 0.00 Wilk 's Λ = .870, partial η2 = 0, 67. This showed significant effect on differences in each group who received criticism from source of critic ( ingroup vs. outgroup ) and stereotypes in the critic ( positive vs. negative ) to sensitivity and intention to behave."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh status keanggotaan kelompok sumber kritik outgroup, ex-outgroup dan durasi tinggal lama, baru terhadap intergroup sensitivity effect ISE . ISE diukur melalui 3 dimensi, yaitu likeability, constructiveness, dan agreeableness. Penelitian ini merupakan sebuah quasi experiment terhadap 185 partisipan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kritik yang disampaikan oleh ex-outgroup dinilai lebih positif dibandingkan dengan kritik yang disampaikan oleh outgroup. Sedangkan durasi tinggal tidak menimbulkan intergroup sensitivity effect dalam ketiga dimensi. Status keanggotaan sumber kritik dan durasi tinggal secara bersama-sama mempengaruhi intergroup sensitivity effect hanya apabila sumber kritik merupakan orang yang baru tinggal bersama ingroup. Lebih lanjut, kritik dari ex-outgroup yang baru tinggal di Indonesia dinilai lebih positif dibandingkan kritik yang disampaikan outgroup.

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This study aims to determine the effect of the Source of Critics rsquo Group Status outgroup. ex outgroup and the duration of stay old, new of the intergroup sensitivity effect ISE . ISE si measured through three dimension, likeability, constructiveness, and agreeableness. This study is a quasi experiment to 185 participants. The results showed that the criticism delivered by ex outgroup rated more positively than criticism delivered by outgroup. While the duration of the stay does not cause intergroup sensitivity effect in all three dimensions. Membership status critic and duration of stay in Indonesia jointly affect intergroup sensitivity effect only if the source of criticism is the new people living with ingroup. Furthermore, critics of the ex outgroup recently living in Indonesia rated more positively than criticism from outgroup who recently staf with ingroup."

"Idiomaticity has so far been identified mainly with noncompositionality. According to Nunberg et al (1994), the work that has inspired me iu undertaking this study, an definition of idioms which relies solely on uoncompositionality criterion will fail to recognize some important dimensions of idiomaticity, including, among other, conventionality and figuration. The semantic characteristics of idioms introduced by Nunberg et al. are conventionality, which has something to do with transparency or opacity, and compositionality. Nurnberg et al. divide idioms into two groups: phrasal idioms and idiomatic combination (or idiomatic expressions). This study, however, shows that idioms in Minangkabau need to be divided into three groups: complex-word idioms (following Moeliono, 1980), phrasal idioms and idiomatic combination. Complex-word idioms in Minangkabau are formed either by means of affixation or by means of reduplication. Affixes used for this purposes are (1) prefixes ba-, ma-, and to-, (2) combining form Rasa-, and (3) contixes pa-...-an and ka-...-an. Reduplication of bases can be (1) complete and (2) partial. Phrasal idioms, the meanings of which are indicated by the whole phrase rather than distributed to their respective constituents, consist of verbal idioms and nominal idioms. On the basis of the data analysed in this study, verbal idioms in Minangkabau belong to verbs of state. Verbal idioms may occur in (1) the construction VERB + NOUN as exemplified by malapeh as (free + air) 'to obtain no benifit', barxinyak aia (have oil + water) 'to make ends meet' etc. and (2) the construction ADVERB + VERB as exemplified by alah Hang (already + lost) 'to die', sadang sarek (being + full) 'pregnant' etc. On the basis of their constructions, nominal idioms iii Minangkabau are of two types: (I) NOUN + NOUN as exemplified by kacang iuiang (nut + plant hair) 'fink', induak bareh (mother + rice) 'wife' etc. and (2) NOUN + NOUN as exemplified by kudo itarn (horse + black) 'unexpected winner', aia gadang (water + big) 'flood'. Idiomatic combinations refer to idioms whose constituents contain elements with identifiable idiomatic meanings. On the basis of their contents, idiomatic combinations in Minangkabau can be grouped into proverbs, aphorisms, maxims, slogans, similes, and satires. Idioms in Minangkabau are usually used to refine expressions, to sharpen intentions, to ridicule, to advise, to slander, to praise and to express feelings such as happiness, disappointment, impatience, reluctance, anger, etc."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji fenomena persepsi antar kelompok, khususnya fenomena bias antar kelompokpada pengguna jalan di Jakarta. Bias antar kelompok adalah kecenderungan untuk mempersepsi, mengutamakan dan memperlakukan kelompok sendiri (ingroup) secara lebih baik dibandingkan kelompok lain (outgroup). Partisipan penelitian ini adalah 360 pengguna jalan, terdiri dari pengemudi kendaraan pribadi (N= 45), pengemudi motor (N= 51),pengemudi kendaraan umum (N= 50), polisi lalu lintas (N= 54), pejalan kaki (N= 49), pedagang kaki lima (N= 58) dan satuan pengaman pasar atau satpol PP (N= 58). Pengambilan data dilakukan dengan menggunakan kuesioner (tujuh versi kuesioner), dan bias antar kelompok yang terjadi digali melalui tiga macam cara, yaitu bias persepsi antar kelompok, bias atribusi, danalokasi sumber daya antar kelompok. Temuanstudi menunjukkan adanya kecenderungan bias persepsi yang bervariasi antar kelompok pengguna jalan raya, baik dalam bentuk bias persepsi, bias atribusi maupun alokasi sumber daya. Bias yang sangat kuat untuk atribusi terhadap tingkah laku yang positif terlihat padapengendara motor, pengendara kendaraan umum, dan pedagang kaki lima. Untuk tingkah laku negatif terdapat biaspada semua kelompok penelitian. Bias persepsi juga terdapat pada semua kelompok penelitian, demikian pula denganalokasi sumber daya.

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Abstract

The goal of this study is to examine intergroup bias among people who use roads in Jakarta. Intergroup bias refers to the

tendency to prioritize, treat and perceive in-group members more favorable than out-groups. Three different groups of

road users participated in this study: private drivers, motor

riders, and public transportation drivers. Intergroup bias is

measured as perception bias and attributio

n bias. The findings show that both forms of bias occur among the road users. Intergroup attribution bias that is found among the three groups are more in-group than out-group attribution bias.

The private car drivers, motor riders, and public transportati

on drivers tend to attribute positive behavior of in-group to

internal factor and negative behavior of in-group to external factors. Index of effect size in perception bias indicates substantive levels and represents

large effect in the population. "