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"Magister Ilmu Keperawatan Peminatan Komunitas Fakultas Ilmu Keperawatan Universitas IndonesiaJudul Tesis Pembimbing: :Hubungan antara Komunikasi Orang Tua dan Anak dengan Self Efficacy Anak Usia Sekolah di SD Negeri Kreo 5 TangerangAgus Setiawan, S.Kp., M.N., D.N.Ns. Poppy Fitriyani, S.Kep., M.Kep., Sp.Kep.Kom. Self efficacy anak usia sekolah merupakan keyakinan kemampuan diri dalam hal akademik, sosial, dan emosional yang dimiliki oleh anak usia sekolah serta berpengaruh terhadap perilaku anak usia sekolah. Self efficacy merupakan faktor penting dalam perkembangan psikologis anak. Pembentukan dan perkembangan self efficacy anak usia sekolah didukung oleh peran orang tua melalui komunikasi antara orang tua dan anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara komunikasi orang tua dan anak dengan self efficacy pada anak usia sekolah. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian cross sectional. Pengambilan sampel dengan teknik cluster sampling. Responden penelitian ini adalah 152 siswa kelas 4,5, dan 6 SD Negeri Kreo 5 Tangerang yang berumur 10 - 12 tahun. Instrumen yang digunakan kuesioner komunikasi orang tua dan anak dan kuesioner self efficacy anak usia sekolah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan ada hubungan antara komunikasi orang tua dan anak dengan self efficacy anak usia sekolah p value < 0,001, ? 0,05 . Penelitian ini merekomendasikan pemberian promosi kesehatan dan intervensi keperawatan pada anak usia sekolah dan keluarga untuk meningkatkan self efficacy dan komunikasi antara orang tua dan anak.

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Counselor The Relationship between Parent Child Communication and Self Efficacy of School Age Children in SDN Kreo 5 TangerangAgus Setiawan, S.Kp., M.N., D.N.Ns. Poppy Fitriyani, S.Kep., M.Kep., Sp.Kep.Kom. Self efficacy of school aged children is self confidence in the academic, social, and emotional aspects of school aged children and influences the behavior of school aged children. Self efficacy is an important factor in the child 39 s psychological development. The establishment and development of self efficacy of school age children is supported by the role of parents through parent child communication.

This study aimed to determine the relationship between parent child communication and self efficacy in school aged children. This research used cross sectional research design. Sampling with cluster sampling technique. The respondents of this research were 152 students of Kreo 5 State Elementary School grade 4.5, and 6, aged 10 to 12 years old. Instrument used parent child communication questionnaire and self efficacy of school age children questionnaire.

The result of the research showed that there was a relationship between parent child communication and self efficacy of school age children p value "

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendapatkan gambaran mengenai hubungan antara caregiver strain dan caregiving self-efficacy pada ibu selaku caregiver dari anak dengan retardasi mental. Pengukuran caregiver strain menggunakan alat ukur modified caregiver strain index (Thornton & Travis, 2003) dan pengukuran caregiving self-efficacy menggunakan caregiver self-efficacy scale (Boothroyd, 1993). Partisipan berjumlah 40 orang ibu yang memiliki anak yang mengalami retardasi mental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapat hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara caregiver strain dan caregiving self-efficacy pada ibu selaku caregiver dari anak dengan retardasi mental (r = - 0,360; p = 0,023, signifikan pada L.o.S 0,05). Artinya, semakin tinggi caregiver strain yang dimiliki oleh ibu selaku caregiver dari anak dengan retardasi mental, maka semakin rendah caregiving self-efficacy yang dimilikinya. Untuk itu, disarankan agar ibu sebagai caregiver dari anak dengan retardasi mental mendapatkan intervensi untuk meningkatkan caregiving self-efficacy-nya.

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This study was conducted to find the correlation between caregiver strain and caregiving self-efficacy among mothers as caregivers of mentally retarded child. Caregiver strain was measured using modified caregiver strain index (Thornton & Travis, 2003) and caregiving self-efficacy was measured using caregiver selfefficacy scale (Boothroyd, 1993). The participants of this study are 40 mothers who have mentally retarded child. The result of this study shows that there is a significant negative correlation between caregiver strain and caregiving selfefficacy (r = - 0,360; p = 0,023, significant at L.o.S 0,05). That is, the higher caregiver strain owned by mothers as caregivers of mentally retarded child, the lower caregiving self-efficacy of their. Therefore, the mothers as caregivers for mentally retarded child need to get intervention to increase their caregiving selfefficacy. "

"Implementasi integrasi teknologi khususnya di bidang pendidikan di Indonesia penting untuk dilaksanakan, namun masih ditemukan guru-guru yang belum terbuka terhadap perubahan dan tidak yakin akan kemampuannya untuk mengintegrasikan teknologi di dalam kelas. Penelitian korelasional ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara keterbukaan terhadap perubahan dan self-efficacy for technology integration pada guru sekolah dasar (SD). Sebanyak 88 guru SD yang berasal dari empat SD Negeri di Jakarta dan empat SD Negeri di Bogor berpartisipasi pada penelitian ini. Alat ukur yang digunakan adalah Computer Technology Integration Survey (CTIS) yang diadaptasi dari Wang, Ertmer, dan Newby (2004) untuk mengukur self-efficacy for technology integration dan The Innovativeness Scale (TIS) yang diadaptasi dari Van Braak (2001) untuk mengukur keterbukaan terhadap perubahan, yang terdiri dari faktor technological innovativeness dan faktor general innovativeness. Hasil Pearson Correlation menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan positif yang signifikan antara technological innovativeness (r = 0,366, p < 0,01) maupun general innovativeness (r = 0,406, p < 0,01) dan self-efficacy for technology integration pada guru SD di Jakarta dan Bogor. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian ini, peneliti menyarankan kepada sekolah dan pemerintah untuk memberikan pelatihan yang dapat meningkatkan keterbukaan terhadap perubahan dan keyakinan untuk mengintegrasikan teknologi pada guru sekolah dasar.

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Implementation of the technology integration especially in the field of education in Indonesia is important to be implemented, but still found the teachers were not yet open to change and are not confident in their ability to integrate technology in the classroom. This correlational study aims to seek the relationship between openness to change and self-efficacy for technology integration among elementary teacher.

Computer Technology Integration Survey (CTIS) was used to assess self-efficacy for technology integration (Wang, Ertmer, & Newby, 2004) and The Innovativeness Scale (TIS) was used to assess openness to change that consists of technological innovativeness factor and general innovativeness factor (Van Braak, 2001). 88 elementary teachers from four public elementary schools in Jakarta and four public elementary schools in Bogor participated in this study.

The result of this study showed a positive and significant correlation between technological innovativeness and self-efficacy for technology integration (r = 0,366, p < 0,01) and also between general innovativeness and self-efficacy for technology integration (0,406, p < 0,01) among elementary teacher in Jakarta and Bogor area. Based on this result, it is suggested for school and government to provide technology training for elementary teacher in order to improve their openness to change and self efficacy to integrate technology."

"Konflik orangtua yang terjadi dipersepsikan oleh anak sebagai sesuatu yang mengancam bagi dirinya dan juga orangtuanya. Pengalaman dengan konflik orangtua dapat membentuk skema relasional yang maladaptif yang menyebabkan individu secara tidak proporsional lebih peka pada diskusi dan argumen yang negatif dan agresif, lebih mungkin mengharapkan permusuhan dan eskalasi konflik selama bertengkar dengan pasangan romantis, melakukan atribusi negatif terhadap tingkah laku pasangan, dan adanya distorsi kognitif yang membenarkan penggunaan tingkah laku agresif (Nelson, 2004). Kemudian, persepsi anak terhadap konflik orangtua juga mempengaruhi keyakinan dan ekspektasinya terkait dengan hubungan di masa depan, sehingga menurunkan self-efficacy in romantic relationship individu. Self-efficacy in romantic relationship ditemukan berhubungan dengan aspek – aspek yang termasuk ke dalam romantic competence (Fincham & Bradbury, 1987; Riggio et al., 2011, 2013; Weiser & Weigel, 2016). Dengan demikian, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran mediasi self-efficacy in romantic relationship dalam hubungan antara persepsi anak terhadap konflik orangtua dengan romantic competence. Partisipan pada penelitian ini merupakan 162 laki-laki dan 262 perempuan dewasa awal yang sedang menjalani hubungan romantis dan tinggal bersama dengan kedua orangtua. Hasil analisis statistika regresi menunjukkan bahwa self-efficacy in romantic relationship memediasi secara parsial hubungan antara persepsi anak terhadap konflik orangtua dengan romantic competence dewasa awal (F(2,421) = 114,98, p = <0,01, LLCI= -0,228, ULCI= -0,117 R2 = 0,3533). Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengaruh persepsi anak terhadap konflik orangtua pada romantic competence dapat melalui self-efficacy in romantic relationship terlebih dahulu, namun kedua variabel dapat juga berhubungan secara langsung.

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The interparental conflict was perceived by children as a threat for them and also parents. Experiences with interparental conflict have been found to shape a maladaptive relational scheme that leads people to be more disproportionately attended to negative and aggressive discussion or argument, more likely to expect hostility and escalation of conflict during a quarrel with a romantic partner, negative attribution toward partner’s behaviours, and cognitive distortion that justify the use of aggressive behaviour (Nelson, 2004). Also, children’s perception of interparental conflict impacts their belief and expectation about their own relationship in the future, so that reduce their self-efficacy in romantic relationship. Self-efficacy in romantic relationship has been proved related to the aspects included in romantic competence (e.g. Fincham & Bradbury, 1987; Riggio et al., 2011, 2013; Weiser & Weigel, 2016). Therefore, this research aims to see the mediating role of self-efficacy in romantic relationship within the association between children’s perception of interparental conflict and romantic competence. Participant of this study consist of 162 men and 262 women who are currently in a romantic relationship and living together with both parents. The result of this study indicates that self-efficacy in romantic relationship mediates partially the relationship between children’s perception of interparental conflict and romantic competence of emerging adulthood (F(2,421) = 114,98, p = <0,01, LLCI= -0,228, ULCI= -0,117. R2 = 0,3533). This result shows that children’s perception of interparental conflict can either affect romantic competence through self-efficacy in romantic relationship or directly."

"Orang tua merupakan salah satu faktor lingkungan yang penting bagi perkembangan kreativitas anak usia prasekolah. Keyakinan diri akan kemampuan kreatifnya (efikasi diri kreatif) orang tua berperan penting dalam menciptakan lingkungan yang mendukung perkembangan kreativitas anak usia prasekolah. Tesis ini merupakan suatu penelitian tentang program intervensi berupa Program Pelatihan “Menjadi Orang Tua Kreatif” yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan efikasi diri kreatif orang tua anak usia prasekolah. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan desain uji beda satu kelompok sebelum dan sesudah intervensi atau one group pre-test post-test design. Terdapat 10 partisipan dalam penelitian ini. Berdasarkan Uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank, hasil penelitian memperlihatkan peningkatan yang signifikan pada efikasi diri kreatif orang tua sebelum dan setelah program intervensi (p-value 0.004, p < 0.05). Berdasarkan Uji Friedman, hasil penelitian juga memperlihatkan bahwa efikasi diri kreatif orang tua tetap berbeda signifikan 2 minggu setelah program intervensi (p-value 0.001, p < 0.05). Hal ini membuktikan bahwa program Program Pelatihan “Menjadi Orang Tua Kreatif” efektif dalam meningkatkan efikasi diri kreatif orang tua anak usia prasekolah.

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Parent is one of the most important environmental factors for pre-schoolers’ creativity development. Parents’ self-belief in their creative abilities (creative self-efficacy) has significant role in creating an environment that supports pre-schoolers’ creativity development. This thesis is research on an intervention program named “Being Creative Parents” Training Program which aims to increase the creative self-efficacy of preschoolers’ parents. This study is a quantitative study with one-group pre-test post-test design. There were 10 participants in this study. Based on the Wilcoxon Signed Rank test, the results showed a significant increase in parents' creative self-efficacy before and after the intervention program (p-value 0.004, p < 0.05). Based on the Friedman test, the results also showed that the creative self-efficacy of parents remained significantly different 2 weeks after the intervention program (p-value 0.001, p < 0.05). This proves that the “Becoming Creative Parent” Training Program is effective in increasing the creative self-efficacy of preschoolers’ parents."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara traits dan creative selfefficacy (CSE) pada guru TK. Traits adalah dimensi dari perbedaan kecenderungan individu untuk menunjukan pola pemikiran, perasaan dan tindakan yang konsisten (McCrae dan Costa, 2003). Sementara itu, CSE merupakan keyakinan yang sementara pada individu mengenai kemampuan dirinya untuk melakukan tugas spesifik tertentu yang membutuhkan produksi solusi-solusi baru, orisinal, atau sesuai. Pengukuran traits menggunakan alat ukur IPIP (Goldberg, 1999) dan pengukuran CSE menggunakan alat ukur Revised Model Creative Thinking Self-Efficacy (CTSE) II & Creative Performance Self-Efficacy (CPSE) II Inventories (Abbott, 2010) yang telah diadaptasi oleh peneliti. Partisipan berjumlah 112 orang guru TK yang berusia 20-60 tahun. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan terdapat hubungan negatif signifikan antara trait neuroticism dan CTSE, serta terdapat hubungan positif signifikan antara trait extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, dan conscientiousness dengan CTSE dan CPSE. Namun demikian, pada trait neuroticism tidak ditemukan adanya hubungan yang signifikan dengan CPSE. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, perlu dilakukan screening kepribadian ketika perekrutan guru TK. Selain itu, guru TK juga dapat diberi intervensi sejak dini untuk meningkatkan CSE.

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This research was conducted to find the correlation between nature traits and creative self-efficacy (CSE) in kindergarten teachers. Traits is dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings and actions (McCrae & Costa, 2003). Meanwhile CSE is an individual's state-like belief in his or her own ability to perform the specific tasks required to produce novel original, or appropiate solutions (Abbott, 2010).

Traits was measured using an adaptation instrumen named IPIP (Goldberg, 1999) and CSE was measured using an adaptation instrument named Revised Model Creative Thinking Self-Efficacy (CTSE) II & Creative Performance Self-Efficacy (CPSE) II Inventories (Abbott, 2010). The respondent of this research are 112 kindergarten teachers.

The results of this research show that trait neuroticism negative correlated significantly with CTSE and the trait extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness positive correlated significantly with CTSE and CPSE. But there is no significant correlation between trait neuroticism and CPSE. Based on these results, kindergarten ought to held a personality screening in teacher's recruitment and give intervention, such as training or seminar to teachers that can increase creative self-efficacy."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara coping self-efficacy dan burnout pada perawat. Pengukuran coping self-efficacy menggunakan alat ukur Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (Chesney dkk., 2006) yang memiliki tiga subskala, yaitu use problem focused coping, stop unpleasant thoughts and emotions, dan get support from family and friends dengan total 26 item. Pengukuran terhadap burnout menggunakan alat ukur Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (Maslach & Jackson, 1981) yang memiliki tiga dimensi, yaitu emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, dan menurunnya sense of personal accomplishment dengan total 22 item. Jumlah partisipan yang diperoleh sebanyak 131 perawat. Hasil utama penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang negatif dan signifikan antara coping self-efficacy dan burnout pada perawat, yang berarti semakin tinggi coping self-efficacy perawat, semakin rendah burnout yang dirasakan.

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The aim of this study is to investigate whether any relationship between coping self-efficacy and burnout among nurses. Coping self-efficacy was measured by Coping Self-Efficacy Scale (Chesney et al., 2006) which has three subscales, namely use problem focused coping, stop unpleasant thoughts and emotions, and get support from family and friends with a total of 26 items. Burnout was measured by Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Service Survey (Maslach & Jackson, 1981) which has three dimensions, namely emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced sense of personal accomplihsment with a total of 22 items. Participants of this study were 131 nurses. The main result of the study shows that there is a significant negative relationship between coping self-efficacy and burnout among nurses, in conclusion, the higher score of coping self-efficacy obtained by nurses, the lower they perceived burnout."

"Kompetensi sosial emosional merupakan salah satu kemampuan yang dibutuhkan oleh guru dalam menyiapkan siswa yang kompeten secara sosial emosional untuk menghadapi berbagai tantangan di abad 21. Dalam mengembangkan kompetensi sosial emosional pada guru, persepsi guru terhadap iklim sekolah dan tingkat efikasi diri guru menjadi faktor yang mendukung hal tersebut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mencari efek mediasi yang dimiliki oleh efikasi diri guru terhadap hubungan antara persepsi iklim sekolah dan kompetensi sosial emosional guru. Partisipan pada penelitian ini berjumlah 493 guru sekolah dasar di Indonesia. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan alat ukur Social Emotional Competencies-Teacher Rating Scale untuk mengukur kompetensi sosial emosional guru, Revised-School Level Enviromental Questionnaire untuk mengukur persepsi iklim sekolah, dan Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale versi bahasa Indonesia untuk mengukur efikasi diri guru. Analisis regresi Hayes dilakukan terhadap penelitian ini dan ditemukan bahwa terdapat mediasi parsial untuk variabel efikasi diri guru terhadap hubungan persepsi iklim sekolah dan kompetensi sosial emosional guru pada dimensi teacher-student relationships dan emotion regulation. Hasil temuan ini membuktikan bahwa persepsi positif guru terhadap iklim sekolah dan efikasi diri guru berperan dalam meningkatkan kompetensi sosial emosional pada guru sekolah dasar.

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Social-emotional competence is one of the abilities required by teachers to prepare students who are socially and emotionally competent to face various challenges in the 21st century. In developing social-emotional competence in teachers, teachers' perceptions of the school climate and the level of teacher self-efficacy become factors that support this. This study aims to find the mediating effect of teacher self-efficacy on the relationship between perceptions of the school climate and the social-emotional competence of teachers. The participants in this study were 493 elementary school teachers in Indonesia. This research is quantitative in nature, using the Social Emotional Competencies-Teacher Rating Scale (SECTRS) to measure teachers' social-emotional competence, the Revised-School Level Environmental Questionnaire (R-SLEQ) to measure perceptions of the school climate, and the Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale in the Indonesian language (I-TSES) to measure teacher self-efficacy. Regression analysis, specifically Hayes' method, was applied to this research, and it was found that there is partial mediation for the variable of teacher self-efficacy in the relationship between perceptions of the school climate and teachers' social-emotional competence in the dimensions of teacher-student relationships and emotion regulation. These findings demonstrate that positive perceptions of the school climate and teacher self-efficacy play a role in enhancing social-emotional competence in elementary school teachers."

"Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui hubungan antara parenting selfefficacy dan family functioning pada ibu dari toddler. Untuk mengukur parenting self-efficacy digunakan alat ukur Self-Efficacy Parenting for Tasks Index- Toddler Scale yang dikembangkan oleh Coleman (1998), sedangkan family functioning diukur melalui Family Assessment Devices version 3 yang dikembangkan oleh Epstein, dkk. (1983). Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah ibu dari toddler yang terikat dalam ikatan pernikahan.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya hubungan negatif yang signifikan antara parenting selfefficacy dan family functioning (r=-0.567, n=83, p< 0.01, two tail). Hal tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa semakin tinggi parenting self-efficacy pada ibu dari toddler, maka semakin tinggi pula family functioning yang ia miliki; begitu pula sebaliknya.

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This study examined the relationship between parenting self-efficacy and family functioning among mothers of toddler. Parenting self efficacy was measured by Self-Efficacy Parenting for Tasks Index-Toddler Scale developed by Coleman (1998), whereas the family functioning was measured by Family Assessment Devices Version 3 developed by Epstein, Baldwin, and Bishop (1983). The participants of this study were 83 mothers of toddler who married.

The results of this study showed that there is a significant, negative relationship, between parenting self-efficacy and family functioning (r=-0.567, n=83, p< 0.01, two tail). It indicates that the higher parenting self-efficacy from mothers of toddler, the higher family functioning; and vice versa."

"Peran bystander dalam kejadian bullying sangat penting karena perilaku mereka lebih mudah dirubah dibandingkan perilaku dari pelaku yang agresif atau korban. Dalam penelitian ini ingin diketahui hubungan antara self efficacy, outcome expectancy, dan outcome values dari siswa SMA jika mereka menjadi bystander dalam situasi bullying. Partisipan penelitian ini terdiri dari 92 orang siswa tingkat Sekolah Menengah Atas di Jakarta dan Bekasi yang berumur 16 sampai 18 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan alat ukur yang berasal dari terjemahan kuesioner yang digunakan oleh Pöyhönen, Juvonen dan Salmivalli (2012). Variable bebas adalah Self Efficacy, Outcome Expectancy dan Outcome Values; sedangkan variabel terikat adalah respons sebagai bystander yaitu menjadi defender untuk korban, outsider atau reinforcer dari pelaku bullying. Hasil yang diperoleh menunjukkan bahwa korelasi antara respons sebagai bystander dengan self efficacy, outcome expectancy dan outcome values signifikan. Walaupun ada korelasi antara Self efficacy, Outcome expectancy dan Outcome values dengan respon mendukung pelaku (reinforcer) atau diam saja (outsider) namun hasil penelitian ini berbeda dengan penelitian Pöyhönen dkk (2012), karena korelasi antara Self efficacy, Outcome expectancy dan Outcome values dengan respon mendukung pelaku (reinforcer) atau diam saja (outsider) negatif. Oleh karena itu perlu penelitian lebih lanjut yang berkaitan dengan variabel-variabel ini.

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Bystander’s role in bullying situation is very important for intervention because it is easier to change the bystander attitude than the perpetrator or the victim. The purpose of this research is to know if there is correlation between high school student perception of their self efficacy, outcome expectancy, and outcome values with their responses as bystander to defend victim, be an outsider or to side up with the bully. Participants are 92 students in senior high school in Jakarta and Bekasi that has a range from 16 to 18 year old. This research used the translation of the instrument that has been developed by Pöyhönen, Juvonen and Salmivalli (2012). Independent variable of this research is self efficacy, outcome expectancy and outcome values; meanwhile dependent variable of this research is the bystander’s response that can be explained such as bystander to defend victim, bean outsider or to side up with the bully. The result shows that correlation between

high school student perception of their self efficacy, outcome expectancy, and outcome values with their responses as bystander to defend victim, be an outsider or to side up with the bully is significantly even there is some result show negative. The result of this research shows some different outcome compared with Pöyhönen et al (2012) study, because there is negative correlation between the variable. It is suggested to do more research involving the variables."