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"ABSTRAKWajah yang asimetri mempengaruhi daya tarik seseorang. Oleh karena itu, gambaran asimetri wajah berdasarkan komponen skeletal dan dental penting untuk diketahui terkait diagnosis dan rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui gambaran asimetri wajah berdasarkan komponen skeletal dan dental pada pasien di klinik ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif yang menggunakan 46 hasil penapakan sefalometri postero-anterior pasien pria berumur > 14 tahun 4,2 bulan dan pasien wanita berumur > 11 tahun 6,24 bulan dengan menggunakan analisis Grummon. Diperoleh proporsi arah asimetri berdasarkan deviasi menton, garis tengah gigi rahang bawah dan atas yang terdiri dari 27 sampel 58,7 dengan arah asimetri lebih condong ke sisi kiri sedangkan 19 sampel 41,3 dengan asimetri lebih condong ke sisi kanan. Komponen skeletal yang ditemukan dalam arah vertikal memiliki nilai selisih rerata yang lebih besar dibandingkan dalam arah transversal. Garis tengah gigi rahang bawah memiliki nilai selisih rerata lebih besar dibandingkan atas. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan gambaran arah asimetri wajah pada pasien klinik ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI memiliki proporsi lebih besar ke kiri dibandingkan ke kanan dengan komponen skeletal dalam arah vertikal lebih besar dibandingkan arah tranversal. Sedangkan pada arah transversal diperoleh wajah sisi kiri lebih besar dibandingkan sisi kanan. Selain itu, asimetri dental lebih sering terjadi pada garis tengah gigi rahang bawah dibandingkan atas.Kata Kunci: Asimetri wajah, skeletal, dental, sefalometri postero-anterior, Analisis Grummon

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ABSTRACTFacial asymmetry affects people rsquo s attractiveness. Therefore, it is important to know facial asymmetry based on the skeletal and dental components regarding the diagnosis and treatment plan. This study is to describe facial asymmetry based on skeletal and dental components in patients at orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. It is descriptive using secondary data from the tracing of postero anterior cephalograms of patients aged 14 years 4.2 months for male and 11 years 6.24 months for female with Grummon rsquo s Analysis. This study showed the proportion of asymmetric direction based on menton, maxillary midline, and mandibular midline deviation consist of 27 samples 58.7 tend to the left side while 19 samples 41.3 tend to the right side. The skeletal component found in vertical direction has a larger mean value difference than in transverse direction. The mean value difference is greater in the midline of mandibular teeth than the maxillary teeth. In conclusion, the proportion of facial asymmetry direction in patient at orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI is greater to the left side than to the right side with skeletal component in greater vertical direction than transverse direction. While in transverse direction, it is obtained that left side of the face is greater than the right side. In addition, dental asymmetry is more common in the midline of mandibular teeth than maxillary teeth.Keywords facial asymmetry, skeletal, dental, postero anterior cephalometric, Grummon rsquo s Analysis"

"Latar Belakang: Dental Aesthetic Index DAI merupakan indeks untuk melihat kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti dengan menilai komponen klinis dan estetik. Indeks ini memberikan penjelasan secara objektif mengenai kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti melalui 10 komponen penilaian. Tujuan: Mengetahui gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti berdasarkan DAI pada pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2010 ndash; 2014. Bahan dan Metode: Digunakan 52 pasang model studi awal pasien ortodonti. Dilakukan penilaian DAI dengan melibatkan 10 komponen. Hasil penilaian berupa skor dibagi menjadi 4 kategori. Kategori 1 yaitu tidak/sedikit dibutuhkan perawatan, kategori 2 yaitu dapat dilakukan perawatan sesuai pilihan pasien, kategori 3 yaitu sangat membutuhkan perawatan, dan kategori 4 yaitu harus dilakukan perawatan. Hasil: Diperoleh gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti yaitu kategori 3 36,5 , kategori 4 32,7 , kategori 2 25 , dan dan kategori 1 5,8 . Gambaran permasalahan yang banyak ditemukan yaitu ketidakteraturan gigi anterior RB 96,2 dan RA 94,2 , overjet tidak normal 81 , dan hubungan molar tidak normal 76,9. Kesimpulan: Gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti berdasarkan DAI pada pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2010-2014 sebagian besar sangat membutuhkan perawatan 36,5 . Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pasien yang datang sebagian besar adalah membutuhkan perawatan dan sesuai dengan hasil penilaian DAI pada penelitian ini.

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Background: Dental Aesthetic Index is an index to see the orthodontic treatment need by assessing clinical and aesthetic component. This index objectively explains the orthodontic treatment needs based on 10 components of assessment.

Purpose: To identify the description of orthodontic treatment need based on DAI on patients from orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI in 2010 2014.

Materials and Method: 52 pairs of pre treatment orthodontic study models were used. The assessment was based on DAI by involving 10 components. Assessment results in scores and categorized into 4 category. Category 1 is no slight treatment need, category 2 is elective treatment need, category 3 is highly desirable of treatment need, and category 4 is mandatory treatment need.

Result: The description of orthodontic treatment need are, category 3 36,5 , category 4 32,7 , category 2 25 , and category 1 5,8 . The description of problems that were found are mandibular anterior irregularity 96,2 , maxillary anterior irregularity 94,2 , abnormal anterior overjet 81 , and abnormal molar relationship 76,9.

Conclusion: The orthodontic treatment need based on DAI on patients from orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGM FKG UI are mostly patients who need treatment as highly desirable 36,5 . This result shows that the patients who came were mostly patients who need the treatment, and in accordance with the result of DAI assessment in this study."

"Kompleksitas maloklusi seperti ketidakteraturan gigi anterior menjadi salah satu hal penting dalam menentukan hasil perawatan dengan alat ortodonti lepas. Indeks iregularitas Little merupakan indeks yang digunakan untuk menilai perubahan susunan gigi anterior. Tujuan: untuk mengetahui gambaran kompleksitas maloklusi terutama ketidakteraturan gigi anterior dan hasil perawatan dengan alat ortodonti lepas di Klinik Integrasi RSKGM FKG UI menggunakan indeks iregularitas Little. Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan sampel berupa 47 cetakan model gigi pasien sebelum dan setelah perawatan dengan alat ortodonti lepas di Klinik Integrasi RSKGM FKG UI yang dirawat dalam periode 2013-2017 diukur menggunakan indeks iregularitas Little. Hasil: Pasien yang paling banyak datang untuk melakukan perawatan dengan alat ortodonti lepas memiliki kondisi ketidakteraturan gigi anterior berupa ketidakteraturan minimal dan ketidakteraturan sedang, setelah dilakukan perawatan terdapat perubahan kondisi gigi anterior pasien menjadi tidak ada ketidakteraturan dan ketidakteraturan minimal serta tidak ditemukan lagi pasien dengan kondisi ketidakteraturan berat. Kesimpulan: Terdapat perbaikan kondisi gigi anterior pasien pada rahang atas dan rahang bawah setelah dilakukan perawatan dengan alat ortodonti lepas yang dilakukan oleh mahasiswa profesi di Klinik Integrasi RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2013-2017, sehingga perawatan dapat dinyatakan baik dan sesuai dengan indikasi perawatan serta fungsi alat ortodonti lepas.

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The complexity of malocclusion such as anterior teeth irregularity had become one of the important things to determine the outcome of removable orthodontic appliance treatment. Little's irregularity index is an index used to assess the change of anterior teeth alignment.

Aim: To determine the complexity of malocclusion especially the irregularity of anterior teeth and the outcome of removable orthodontic appliance treatment at RSKGM FKG UI Integration Clinic patients using the Little's irregularity index.

Method: This study is a descriptive study with a sample of 47 pretreatment and post treatment patient's study model at RSKGM FKG UI Integration Clinic patients which are treated within the period 2013 2017 measured using Little's Irregularity Index.

Result: Most patients who came to seek treatment using a removable orthodontic appliance had an anterior teeth irregularity of minimal and moderate irregularity, and there were changes in anterior teeth region after treatment to no irregularity and minimal irregularity and none of the patients with severe irregularity.

Conclusion: There's improvement of the anterior teeth condition of the patient on the maxilla and mandible jaw after treatment with removable orthodontic appliance performed by clinical students at RSKGM FKG UI Integration Clinic in 2013 2017, so that the treatment can be stated good and in accordance with the indication of treatment and the function of removable orthodontic appliance."

"Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan Indeks Gingiva antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi non-ortodonti pada pasien yang dirawat dengan piranti ortodonti cekat. Metode: Penelitian eksperimental klinis, blinded-examiner dengan 32 (tiga puluh dua) subjek yang dibagi secara acak menjadi dua kelompok sikat gigi. Dilakukan pemeriksaan Indeks Gingiva Löe dan Silness pada gigi 16, 21, 25, 36, 41, dan 45 sebelum perlakuan dan tiga minggu setelah perlakuan. Hasil: Tidak terdapat perbedaan Indeks Gingiva yang bermakna antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi non-ortodonti pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat (uji Mann-Whitney; p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti maupun sikat gigi non-ortodonti, keduanya dapat menurunkan Indeks Gingiva pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat.

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Objective: To analyze the differences of Gingival Index between usage of orthodontic toothbrushes and non-orthodontic toothbrushes in fixed orthodontic patients.

Method: The study is clinical experimental with blinded examiner. Thirty-two subjects were randomly divided into two groups of toothbrushes. Examinations were done using Gingival Index Löe and Silness on teeth 16, 21, 25, 36, 41, 45 before experiment and three weeks after experiment.

Result: There was no significant difference in Gingival Index between usage of orthodontic toothbrushes and non-orthodontic toothbrushes in fixed orthodontic patients (Mann-Whitney test; p>0,05).

Conclusion: Usage of orthodontic toothbrush and non-orthodontic toothbrush both can reduce Gingival Index in fixed orthodontic patients."

"Latar Belakang: Kebersihan mulut yang baik dibutuhkan oleh pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat, karena adanya alat-alat ortodonti seperti brackets, arch wire, bands, ligatures dan auxaillaries dapat memudahkan plak dan debris terkumpul di sekitarnya. Salah satu cara kontrol plak gigi yang paling umum ialah dengan menyikat gigi. Tujuan: Menganalisis perbedaan indeks plak antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi konvensional pada pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat. Metode: Pada penelitian eksperimental klinis ini, 32 (tiga puluh dua) subjek yang dibagi secara acak ke dalam dua kelompok yaitu kelompok sikat gigi ortodonti dan kelompok sikat gigi konvensional. Subjek diberikan pasta gigi yang sama dan diinstruksikan untuk menyikat gigi dua kali sehari dengan metode Bass selama dua menit. Skor Indeks Plak diukur sebelum dan sesudah penggunaan sikat gigi selama tiga minggu berturut-turut. Hasil: Hasil uji Mann-Whitney menyimpulkan tidak terdapat perbedaan bermakna secara statistik antara penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti dan sikat gigi konvensional pada pasien perawatan ortodonti cekat (p>0,05). Kesimpulan: Penggunaan sikat gigi ortodonti maupun sikat gigi konvensional sama-sama efektif menurunkan indeks plak pada pasien yang dirawat dengan alat ortodonti cekat.

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Background: Patients with fixed orthodontic appliances need to maintain good oral hygiene because the presence of orthodontic appliances such as brackets, arch wire, bands, ligatures and auxaillaries can facilitate plaque and debris accumulation around those sites. The most common way to control dental plaque is by toothbrushing.

Aim: To analyze plaque index differences between the use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush in patients with fixed orthodontic treatment.

Method: In this clinical experimental study, thirty two subjects were randomly divided into two groups which are orthodontic toothbrush group and conventional toothbrush group. Subjects were given the same toothpaste and instructed to brush their teeth twice a day with Bass method for two minutes. Plaque index scores were measured before and after three consecutive weeks of toothbrush usage.

Result: The results of Mann-Whitney test concludes that there is no statistically significant difference between the use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances (p>0,05).

Conclusion: The use of orthodontic toothbrush and conventional toothbrush equally effective to decrease plaque index in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances."

"Ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti membantu proses uprighting gigi molar 3 impaksi sehingga dapat erupsi dengan baik. Tujuan: mengukur perubahan angulasi gigi molar 3 rahang bawah yang impaksi mesioangular sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Metode: penelitian ini menggunakan 25 radiograf panoramik berusia 10-21 tahun sebelum dan sesudah perawatan ortodonti. Hasil: uji Wilcoxon dan uji T berpasangan (p<0,05) menunjukkan tidak ada perubahan angulasi molar 3 yang bermakna pada kedua sisi (p>0,05) dan cenderung mengalami peningkatan angulasi dengan meskipun secara statistik perbandingan perubahan keduanya tidak berbeda bermakna (p>0,05). Peningkatan angulasi paling banyak terjadi pada kelompok usia dewasa (17-21 tahun). Kesimpulan: ekstraksi premolar dalam perawatan ortodonti tidak memengaruhi angulasi gigi molar 3 impaksi secara bermakna.

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Premolar extraction in orthodontic treatment helps uprighting process of impacted third molars so that they could erupt well.

Aim: to measure mesioangular impacted lower third molars angulation change during orthodontic treatment.

Methods: this study used 25 panoramic radiograph aged 10-21 years old before and after orthodontic treatment.

Result: Wilcoxon test and paired Ttest (p<0,05) showed there were no significant change in lower third molars angulation on both sides (p>0,05) and tended to experience the increase in angulation though statistically comparison between them were not significant (p>0,05). These increase happen the most in the adult group (17-21 years old).

Conclusion: premolars extraction in orthodontic treatment does not affect impacted third molars angulation significantly."

"Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis.

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Objectives: (1) To assess the masticatory muscles activity in patients with Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) before orthodontic treatment, (2) to determine the correlation between TMD and the masticatory muscles activity (masseter muscles and anterior temporalis muscles). Methods: Twenty-two patients with malocclusion before undergoing orthodontic treatment (8 males, 14 females; mean age of 26,78 ± 4.34 years) were enrolled in the study and were divided into two groups: 11 patients with TMD and 11 patients without TMD (Non- TMD). The masticatory muscles were evaluated using standardized electromyography during 5 seconds of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) through cotton-roll biting. For statistical analysis, the root mean square (RMS) valueof masticatory muscles was calculated and compared between the two groups. Results: The TMD groups showed alower electromyographic activity than the non- TMD group during MVC, with no significant differences in the right and left masticatory muscles between these groups. A weak negative correlation and no statistically significant differences were found between TMD and the electromyography activity of masseter muscles. Conclusions: Patients with TMD had a lower electromyographic activity in the masticatory muscles than those without TMD. Thus, electromyography can be an objective parameter to assess muscles activity for TMDdiagnosis."

"Gangguan sendi temporomandibula (GSTM) adalah gangguan otot dan kelainan artikular dalam fungsi komponen otot dan/atau sistem artikular yang disertai dengan tanda dan gejala klinis yang sangat bervariasi. Adanya riwayat GSTM dapat menjadi pertimbangan dalam rencana perawatan ortodonti. Tidak semua menyadari bahwa mereka memiliki GSTM yang salah satunya disebabkan oleh maloklusi, sehingga mereka datang hanya ke klinik Ortodonti hanya untuk perbaikan maloklusi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah (1) Mengetahui proporsi dan distribusidemografi pasien dengan GSTM termasuk maloklusi (hubungan rahang, overjet, overbite, hubungan molar dan kaninus) dan sudut parameter vertikal padasefalometri lateral di klinik spesialis ortodonti RSKGM FKG UI. (2) Mengetahui hubungan GSTM dengan maloklusi serta hubungan GSTM dengan sudut parameterskeletal. Studi deskriptif dengan desain penelitian potong lintang pada pasien tahun kunjungan 2013-2018 yang memiliki GSTM pada anamnesis dan/atau pemeriksaan fungsional. Digunakan analisis univariat menggunakan SPSS 23 untuk menggambarkan distribusi dan analisis korelasi untuk menggambarkan hubungan.Didapatkan 98 status pasien yang mengalami GSTM. Ditemukan lebih banyak pasien perempuan daripada laki-laki dengan usia rata-rata 24,8 tahun dankebanyakan berprofesi sebagai karyawan swasta. Gejala GSTM yang paling sering ditemukan adalah deviasi pergerakan mandibula dan clicking. Terdapat hubungan antara GSTM dengan maloklusi skeletal kelas II dan hubungan kaninus kelas III.

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Temporomandibular disorder (TMD) is a muscle disorder and articular abnormality in the functioning of the muscular components and/or articular system which is accompanied by very variable clinical signs and symptoms. A history of TMD can be considered in an orthodontic treatment plan. Not all are aware that they have TMD, one of which is caused by malocclusion, so they only come to the Orthodontics clinic only for treating malocclusion. The objectives of this study are

(1) To determine the proportion and demographic distribution of patients with GSTM including malocclusion (skeletal, overjet, overbite, molar and canine relations) and the angles of the vertical parameters in the lateral cephalometry at the orthodontic specialist clinic in Dental and Oral Hospital, Faculty of Dentistry, Universitas Indonesia. (2) To determine the relationship of TMD with malocclusion and the relationship of TMD with skeletal parameter angles. Descriptive study with

a cross-sectional study design in patients in the 2013-2018 visit who had TMD on history taking and/or functional examination. Univariate analysis using SPSS 23 is used to describe the distribution and correlation analysis to describe the relationship. Obtained 98 status of patients experiencing TMD. It found more female patients than men with an average age of 24.8 years and mostly work as private employees. The most common symptoms of TMD are deviation mandibular movement and clicking. There is a relationship between TMD with skeletal class II

malocclusion and class III canine relationship."

"Smile is a non-verbal communication to express spontaneous feelings and emotions. Most patients that come to have orthodontic treatments want to have an attractive smile, but before the treatment smile has not yet been studied. There are eight components to make ideal frontal smile: lip line, smile arc, upper lip curve, buccal corridor, symmetry of smile, occlusal plane, dental and gingival components. This study was descriptive in design, in order to obtain frontal smile description beforeorthodontic treatment of RSGMP FKG UI patients that were grouped according to facial form, age, and gender. The results of the study show that patient smile before orthodontic treatment frequently exhibits medium lip line and the mean of incisor display at 75% of clinical crown. Most subjects show gingival display of 2 mm or less. On the smile arc, the most common features are straight smile and consonant smile. Equally common smile arc positions are those touching and not touching lower lip. The average buccal corridor is in medium smile, and thus most subjects have straight upper lip curves and symmetric smiles."

"Index Of Treatment Need merupakan indeks digunakan untuk menentukan kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti yang terdiri dari Dental Health Component dan Aesthetic Index. Dental Health Component menilai keparahan maloklusi dengan mengukur lima komponen yaitu missing teeth, overjet, crossbite, displacement of contact point, dan overbite termasuk openbite dapat disingkat sebagai MOCDO. Dental Health Component dapat menilai secara objektif kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti berdasarkan keparahan maloklusi pasien di klinik spesialis RSKGM FKG UI tahun 2010-2014 yang diukur menggunakan Dental Health Component (DHC) dari Index Of Treatment Need (IOTN). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan sampel berupa 52 pasang model studi dari pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGMP FKG UI tahun 2010-2014 menggunakan penilaian berdasarkan DHC dari IOTN. Hasil penelitian memberikan gambaran kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti pada pasien di Klinik Spesialis Ortodonti RSKGMP FKG UI pada tahun 2010-2014 yaitu 5 orang pasien (9,6%) memiliki kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti yang sedikit (tingkat DHC 2), 16 orang pasien (30,8%) memiliki kebutuhan perawatan ortodonti yang menengah/borderline (tingkat DHC 3), 29 orang pasien (55,8%) yang membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti (tingkat DHC 4), dan 2 orang pasien (3,8%) yang sangat membutuhkan perawatan ortodonti (tingkat DHC 5).

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Index Of Treatment Need is an index that used for determine orthodontic treatment need, it is consist of Dental Health Component and Aesthetic Index. Dental Health Component assess occlusion severity using five components as measurement, that components are missing teeth, overjet, crossbite, displacement of contact point, and overbite including openbite also known as MOCDO. Dental Health Component can assess objectively orthodontic treatment need. This study aimed to find description of orthodontic treatment need based on malocclusion severity on patients from orthodontic specialist clinic of RSKGMP FKG UI in 2010-2014 that being assessed using Dental Health Component (DHC) from Index Of Treatment Need (IOTN). This study is a descriptive study with a sample of 52 pre-treatment dental cast of patients at the Orthodontic Specialist Clinic of RSKGM FKG UI. The result of this study describe about 2010-2014 are 5 patients (9,6%) have  little treatment need (grade DHC 2), 16 patients (30,8%) have borderline for orthodontic treatment need  (grade DHC 3), 29 patients (55,8%) need for treatment need (grade DHC 4), and  2 patients  (3,8%) have a very great orthodontic treatment need (grade DHC 5)."