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"Understanding bioavailability is critical to determining the amount of a drug to administer. Integrating physiochemistry with physiology and molecular biology, Oral bioavailability offers a coherent and focused perspective to allow the reader to appreciate all the facets of the complex problem of oral bioavailability, a major hurdle in drug development and delivery. The text helps chemists, biologists, research fellows, pharmaceutical scientists, pharmacologists, and students understand basic barriers to oral bioavailability, be acquainted with the methods used to determine relevant parameters, and comprehend challenges of drug delivery."

"This book is designed to provide practical guidance for overcoming formulation challenges toward the end goal of improving drug therapies with poorly water-soluble drugs. Also, knowledge of the advanced analytical, formulation, and process technologies as well as specific regulatory considerations related to the formulation of these compounds is increasing in value. "

"Written by an international team from academia and the pharmaceutical industry, this book covers all aspects of the oral bioavailability of medicines. The focus is placed on methods for determining the parameters relevant to bioavailability. These range from modern physicochemical techniques via biological studies in vitro and in vivo right up to computer-aided predictions. The authors specifically address possibilities for optimizing bioavailability during the early screening stage for the active substance. Its clear structure and comprehensive coverage make this book equally suitable for researchers and lecturers in industry and teaching."

"Sialolithiasis is a common disease of the submandibular glands or its duct but rare in parotids of patients, especially in male adults. The accessory of salivary glands are small, unsheathed masses with a small canaliculi. The irritant factors might be due to inflammation of the inner layer of the canaliculi, that often concomitant to saliva stasis. This process leads to development of calculus that it is related to secretive specificity of the submandibular gland. The essential factor for its calcification is the stagnation of secretory material rich in calcium. The accumulation of this material would cause swelling, further obstruction and atrophy until there is widespread inflammation that has been termed sialadenitis. Diabetes mellitus is one of the medically compromised diseases. Although there are many associations between diabetes mellitus and oral health, lack of investigation in this area has been done to study salivary gland alterations. Many diabetic patient complained xerostomia, a decreasing salivary flow and enlargement if the parotid gland due to a compensatory mechanism to xerostomia that has been termed sialadenosis. This review article summarized that there is no relationship between sialolithiasis and poorly controlled type 2 diabetes mellitus. "

"Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek berperan penting dalam menjamin mutu, manfaat, keamanan dan khasiat sediaan. Salah satu pelayanan kefarmasian di Apotek yang penting untuk diperhatikan adalah penyimpanan obat. Penyimpanan obat bertujuan untuk memelihara mutu sediaan farmasi, menghindari penggunaan yang tidak bertanggungjawab, menjaga ketersediaan, serta memudahkan pencarian dan pengawasan. Penyimpanan obat yang tidak diperhatikan dapat menyebabkan obat rusak, terkontaminasi dan/atau kedaluwarsa. penyimpanan obat di Apotek Roxy Poltangan dibagi menjadi 36 kelas terapi. Penyimpanan padat oral yang sudah sesuai PMK Nomor 73 Tahung 2016 adalah penyimpanan di wadah asli pabrik, penyimpanan berdasarkan kelas terapi, penyimpanan sesuai suhu, tempat penyimpanan obat dipisahkan dari barang kontaminan, dan barang hampir ED dipisahkan. Penyimpanan berdasarkan penyususnan alfabetis, penandaan High-Alert dan obat LASA belum sesuai. Simulasi perbaikan penyimpanan obat padat oral dilakukan dengan menyusun obat secara alfabetis, membuat tempat untuk gudang obat dan memberi label gudang, memberi penandaan pada obat High-Alert dan LASA, menambahkan dan memperbarui label (nama sediaan, nomor batch, dan expired date).

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Pharmaceutical services in pharmacies play an important role in ensuring the quality, benefits, safety and efficacy of preparations. One of the pharmaceutical services at the pharmacy that is important is drug storage. Drug storage aims to maintain the quality of pharmaceutical preparations, avoid irresponsible use, maintain availability, and facilitate search and supervision. If drug storage is not noticed it can cause drug damage, contamination and/or expiration. Drug storage at Roxy Poltangan Pharmacy is divided into 36 therapeutic classes. Oral solid drug storage in the pharmacy that is in accordance with PMK Number 73 of 2016 is drugs are stored in the original factory container, stored based on therapeutic class, temperature, separated from contaminants, and almost ED items are separated. Meanwhile, they are not stored based on alphabetical arrangement, High-Alert labeling and LASA. Simulations of improving the storage of oral solid drugs are carried out by arranging the dugs alphabetically, creating a place for drug storage and labeling the warehouse, marking High-Alert and LASA medicines, adding and updating labels (name, batch number and expiry date)."

"Diabetes melitus adalah kelainan metabolik yang prevalensinya terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun di setiap negara, dengan 80 penderitanya berada di negara berkembang termasuk Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral pada pasien diabetes melitus tipe 2 di Instalasi Rawat Jalan Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Kota Depok tahun 2017. Desain studi yang digunakan adalah cross sectional dengan metode pengambilan data secara retrospektif. Studi dilakukan secara kuantitatif dengan metode Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical/Defined Daily Dose ATC/DDD dan kualitatif dengan menggunakan indikator DU 90 dan kesesuaian obat dengan Formularium Nasional untuk Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat 2. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian secara kuantitatif, total penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral adalah sebanyak 198.972,83 DDD dengan obat yang paling banyak digunakan adalah gliklazid dengan nilai DDD sebesar 75.881,23 dan nilai DDD/1000 pasien/hari yaitu 22,55. Sedangkan secara kualitatif, Drug Utilization 90 disusun oleh empat jenis obat yaitu gliklazid, metformin, akarbose, dan glimepirid. Kesesuaian penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral dengan Formularium Nasional untuk Fasilitas Kesehatan Tingkat 2 sebesar 100. Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa penggunaan obat antidiabetes oral di RSUD Kota Depok tahun 2017 telah sesuai dengan pedoman dan daftar obat pada Formularium Nasional, sehingga penggunaan obat yang rasional diharapkan dapat tercapai.

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Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder which prevalence continues to increase year by year in every country, with 80 of the sufferers are in developing countries including Indonesia. This study aims to evaluate the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Outpatient Installation of Depok Regional General Hospital in 2017. The study design used was cross sectional study with retrospective data retrieval method. The study was carried out quantitatively with the method of Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Defined Daily Dose ATC DDD and qualitatively by using DU 90 indicator and drug suitability with National Formulary for Health Facility Level 2. Based on quantitative research result, the total use of oral antidiabetic medication was as much as 198,972.83 DDD with the most widely used drug was gliclazide with DDD value of 75,881.23 and DDD 1000 patient day value of 22,55. While qualitatively, Drug Utilization 90 composed by four types of drugs namely gliclazide, metformin, acarbose, and glimepiride. Compliance of oral antidiabetic drug use with National Formulary for Health Facilities Level 2 at 100. From the results of the study it can be concluded that the use of oral antidiabetic drugs in Depok City Hospital in 2017 has been in accordance with the guidelines and lists of drugs in the National Formulary, so that rational use of drugs is expected to be achieved."

"Pukesmas adalah jenis fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan tingkat pertama yang memiliki peranan penting dalam sistem kesehatan nasional. Standar pelayanan kefarmasian di puskesmas meliputi standar pengelolaan sediaan farmasi, bahan medis habis pakai, dan pelayanan farmasi klinik. Evaluasi pemakaian obat di puskesmas, perlu dilakukan untuk melihat pemakaian obat telah sesuai indikasi dan aman untuk digunakan. Evaluasi Penggunaan Obat (EPO) merupakan kegiatan untuk mengevaluasi penggunaan obat dan mendapatkan gambaran terkait pola penggunaan obat pada kasus tertentu dan melakukan evaluasi secara berkala terkait penggunaan obat. Tujuan dari pembuatan tugas khusus ini adalah untuk mengetahui jenis obat yang sering digunakan di Puskesmas Kecamatan Matraman dan di seluruh jaringan Puskesmas wilayah Kecamatan Matraman. Pelaksanaan tugas khusus ini dilakukan dengan mengumpulkan data mengenai penggunaan obat periode Januari – Desember 2022 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Matraman. Setelah itu, data penggunaan obat dilakukan analisis dengan menggunakan metode ATC/DDD. Berdasarkan hasil pengolahan data, obat yang paling banyak digunakan selama tahun 2022 di Puskesmas Kecamatan Matraman adalah Amlodipine 10 mg tablet dengan presentase 46,1%. Obat yang paling banyak digunakan selama tahun 2022 di seluruh jaringan Puskesmas wilayah Kecamatan Matraman adalah Amlodipine 10 mg tablet dengan presentase 35,2%. Hal tersebut sesuai dengan penyakit terbanyak yang terdapat di Puskesmas Kecamatan Matraman, yaitu hipertensi dengan presentase 24,5%.

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Puskesmas is a type of first-level health service facility that has an important role in the national health system. Pharmaceutical service standards at community health centers include management standards for pharmaceutical preparations, consumable medical materials, and clinical pharmacy services. Evaluation of drug use in community health centers needs to be carried out to see that drug use is according to indications and is safe to use. Medication Use Evaluation (EPO) is an activity to evaluate drug use, obtain an overview of drug use patterns in certain cases, and carry out regular evaluations regarding drug use. The purpose of creating this special assignment is to find out the types of drugs that are often used in the Matraman Sub-district Public Health Center and throughout the Matraman Subdistrict Community Public Health Center network. The implementation of this special task is carried out by collecting data regarding drug use for the period January – December 2022 at the Matraman Sub-district Public Health Center. After that, data was analyzed using the ATC/DDD method. Based on the results of data processing, the most widely used drug during 2022 at the Matraman District Health Center is Amlodipine 10 mg tablets, with a percentage of 46.1%. The most widely used drug in 2022 in the entire Matraman District Community Health Center network is Amlodipine 10 mg tablets, with a percentage of 35.2%. This is in accordance with the most common disease found in the Matraman Sub-district Public Health Center, namely hypertension, with a percentage of 24.5%."