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"ABSTRACTThe increase of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) was improved greatly year to date in our country. Despite of the positive development, there was anomalous condition in Indonesia. On the one side, the Indonesian government seriously done huge efforts to increase FDI realization with special facilities, but on the other side, many foreign companies in terms of Foreign Investment Company did not pay Corporate Income Tax and file Income Tax Return which shown a tax loss for long times. Those anomalous phenomenon was occured hypothetically due to the practice of tax avoidance by those companies policy. This research aim to capture practice of tax avoidance by the Foreign Investment Company. The research methods using qualitative instrument and participa­tory observations. Qualitative instrument includes indepth interview with the key informants. This research result indicates there are five practices of tax avoidance which commonly performed through a scheme of transfer pricing, thin capitalization, treaty shopping, controlled foreign corpo­ration (CFC), and the use of tax heaven countries. Those tax avoidance practice was occured by using the loopholes of Indonesian tax regulation. Another result of this research also depicts our understanding on the close relationship between subsidiary company with its parent company abroad. For further research as theoritical implication, next researcher should be able to combine quantiative as well as qualitative method in order to have robust research result and rigor recommendation. "

"ABSTRAKTesis ini meneliti tentang pengaruh pajak, khususnya sistem pajak, dalam menentukan masuknya investasi asing (FDI) di negara-negara di dunia dari tahun 2010-2017. Dalam tesis ini, sistem pajak merupakan gambaran atas tingkat kemudahan pembayaran pajak dan kompleksitas peraturan pajak di satu negara. Dengan melakukan pengklasifikasian negara-negara berdasarkan tingkat pendapatannya, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sistem pajak merupakan faktor penting bagi investor asing sebelum melakukan investasi di negara-negara miskin dan berkembang. Untuk negara-negara kaya, penurunan tarif pajak merupakan faktor yang lebih dominan. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya reformasi institutional di negara-negara miskin dan berkembang dalam mengundang masuknya investasi asing.

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ABSTRACT

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This thesis examines the impact of the tax system in determining FDI inflows in countries around the world from 2010 to 2017. We group the countries into two groups, based on income levels. Our findings suggest that the tax system, which reflects the easiness of tax payment, and the commitment to all tax regulations, plays a significant role in determining FDI inflows in low & middle-income countries. In high-income countries, it is the corporate tax cut that plays the role. The result implies that improved institutional performance in low & middle-income countries is an essential factor to induce FDI inflows."

"Tesis ini meneliti tentang pengaruh pajak, khususnya sistem pajak, dalam menentukan masuknya investasi asing (FDI) di negara-negara di dunia dari tahun 2010-2017. Dalam tesis ini, sistem pajak merupakan gambaran atas tingkat kemudahan pembayaran pajak dan kompleksitas peraturan pajak di satu negara. Dengan melakukan pengklasifikasian negara-negara berdasarkan tingkat pendapatannya, penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa sistem pajak merupakan faktor penting bagi investor asing sebelum melakukan investasi di negara-negara miskin dan berkembang. Untuk negara-negara kaya, penurunan tarif pajak merupakan faktor yang lebih dominan. Hasil penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya reformasi institutional di negara-negara miskin dan berkembang dalam mengundang masuknya investasi asing.

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This thesis examines the impact of the tax system in determining FDI inflows in countries around the world from 2010 to 2017. We group the countries into two groups, based on income levels. Our findings suggest that the tax system, which reflects the easiness of tax payment, and the commitment to all tax regulations, plays a significant role in determining FDI inflows in low & middle-income countries. In high-income countries, it is the corporate tax cut that plays the role. The result implies that improved institutional performance in low & middle-income countries is an essential factor to induce FDI inflows."

"[Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dan menganalisisfaktor-faktor penentu dalam penanaman modal asmg(PMA) di Industri minyak dan gas Indonesia, serta dampak yang signifikan terhadap daya saing Indonesia. Aliran FDI telah meningkat secara dramatis dalam dua tahun terakhir. Namun, distribusi FDI sangat tidak merata dan persaingan antar negara untuk menarik investor asing sangatlah tinggi. Model konseptual dan hipotesis penelitian dikembangkan dan kerangka teori yang sudah ada. Data utama dikumpulkan melalui survei berbasiskuantitatif, total 245 responden terlibat dalam penelitian mi yang merupakan karyawan yang bekerja di perusahaan minyak dan gas asing yang beroperasi di Indonesia. Analisis deskriptif disajikan untuk mengeksplorasi kinerja keseluruhan daya saing negara, serta hubungan antar variabel. Untuk meneliti hubungan antara variabel penentu dan daya saing, analisis faktor dilakukan untuk tujuan pengurangan data dan mempertahankan faktor terkuat. Pengujian hipotesis dilakukan dengan analisis regresi berganda. Penelitian menunjukkan Pemerintah, Infrastruktur, Lokasi dan Suinber Daya Man usia memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan daya saing Indonesia.

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This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.;This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.;This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness., This study identifies and analyzes the determinant factors in foreign direct investment (FDI) Indonesian oil and gas and its significant impacts on Indonesia Competitiveness. The flow of FDI has increased dramatically in the last two years. However, the distribution of FDI is highly unequal and the competition among countries to attract foreign investors is high.On the basis of theoretical framework among the constructs, a conceptual model and hypotheses were developed. Primary data were collected through quantitative based survey from a total of245 samples were collected, from employee that worked in foreign oil and gas companies who operated in Indonesia. Descriptive analysis was presented to explore the overall performance of country competitiveness, as well as the relationship among variables. To investigate the relationship between FDI determinant variables and country competitiveness, factor analysis was performed for the purpose of data reduction and maintaining the strongest factor. Testing hypothesis has been done with multiple regression analysis. The findings showed Government, Infrastructure, Location and Human resources have a significant relationship with Indonesia Competitiveness.]"

"Berdasarkan ketentuan dalam undang-undang penanaman modal, setiap penanaman modal asing wajib dalam bentuk perseroan terbatas. Lebih lanjut, sesuai dengan ketentuan dalam undang-undang perseroan terbatas, pejabat umum yang berwenang untuk membuat akta pendirian perseroan terbatas adalah notaris. Dengan demikian, notaris memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam pelaksanaan penanaman modal asing di Indonesia. Salah satu bidang usaha yang dapat dilakukan oleh perseroan terbatas penanaman modal asing adalah perdagangan besar. Pada dasarnya bidang usaha perdagangan besar adalah kegiatan menjual barang tidak secara langsung kepada konsumen akhir, tetapi kepada agen, distributor dan/atau pengecer (retailer), baru kemudian dijual kepada konsumen akhir. Jumlah kepemilikan asing pada perseroan terbatas penanaman modal asing yang bergerak di bidang usaha perdagangan besar dibatasi oleh daftar negatif investasi yang berubah dari waktu ke waktu. Tesis ini akan membahas mengenai perseron-perseroan penanaman modal asing yang bergerak di bidang usaha perdagangan besar. Kemudian tesis ini akan menganalisis apa saja peranan notaris dalam pendirian perseroan-perseroan tersebut, serta apa saja dampak keberlakuan daftar negatif investasi terhadap jumlah kepemilikan asing pada perseroan-perseroan tersebut.

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According to stipulation under the investment law, any foreign direct investment activity must be in the form of limited liability company. Further, pursuant to the company law, the public authority who is authorized to make deed of establishment of limited liability company is public notary. Therefore, public notary has significant role in the implementation of foreign direct investment in Indonesia. One of available line of business which may be engaged by foreign direct investment company is wholesale. Basically, wholesale business is activity of selling goods not directly to the end consumer, but to agent, distributor and/or retailer, then to the end consumer. The amount of foreign ownership in foreign direct investment company engaging in the line of business of wholesale is limited by negative list which is amended from time to time. This thesis will explain about foreign direct investment companies engaging in the wholesale business. Subsequently, this thesis will analyze the role of public notary in the establishment of the said companies, also the impact of negative list towards the amount of foreign ownership in the said companies."

"ABSTRAKBagi pembayar pajak, khususnya perusahaan subsidiari, insentif pemerintah guna mengundang investasi baru telah mendapatkan umpan balik yang tecermin melalui efisiensi pajak berupa pemanfaatan celah dalam peraturan pajak penghasilan. Perencanaan pajak adalah salah satu contoh penggunaan celah peraturan. Pada sisi lain bagi Otoritas Fiskal, melakukan praktik penghindaran pajak sebagai bentuk perencanaan pajak akan membawa efek negatif bagi Pemerintah dan, untuk itulah, Pemerintah melakukan koreksi fiskal sebagai remedialnya. Studi ini bertujuan untuk memahami dan mengevaluasi regulasi dan perundangan-undangan anti-penghindaran pajak yang dimiliki Indonesia serta mengidentifikasi ada atau tidak adanya beberapa celah peraturan yang mungkin saja membawa dampak negatif bagi Otoritas Fiskal. Dari studi lapangan menggunakan wawancara mendalam dan observasi terlibat ditemukan bukti bahwa praktik penghindaran pajak yang sangat umum dilakukan melalui skema transfer pricing dan thin capitalization. Kedua skema tersebut telah digunakan sedemikian rupa guna memberikan manfaat optimal dari celah dalam peraturan pajak. Dan, kami mengidentifikasi adanya peraturan anti-penghindaran pajak yang dijalankan pemerintah dalam ha/ proses regulasi yang baik masih jauh dari sempurna, faktanya pengaturan dan peraturan yang berlaku masih ketinggalan dalam antispasi upaya penghindaran pajak oleh pembayar pajak. Untuk itu, Pemerintah tidak dapat memperoleh penghasilan pajak optimal dari para pembayar pajak. Lebih jauh, kebijakan anti-penghindaran pajak Indonesia masih tertinggal di belakang isu-isu mutakhir praktik penghindaran pajak yang semakin kompleks dan sulit untuk dideteksi

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ABSTRACTFor tax payers, especially subsidiary company, government incentices to attract new investment have already been captured with reflected in tax efficiency throughout the use of loopholes in corporate income tax law. Tax planning is one of the legal example of using loopholes. On the contraty for fiscal authorities, doing tax avoidance as a mean of tax planning could potentially harmful for the government and, therefore, the government follows by using remedies of fiscal correction. This study aims to understand and to evaluate anti-tax avoindance law and regulations in Indonesia and identify whether or not there are several tax loopholes may provided resulting in negative benefits for the fiscal aouthority. From the field research finding by using indepth interview and participatory observation, it is evident that the most common practice of tax avoidance are the use of transfer pricing and thin capitalization schemes. Those two schemes were usually exploited to give optimum benefits of loopholes in tax laws. Thus, we acknowledge that anti­tax avoidance regulations administered by the government in the context of good regulation process is still imperfect, to the fact that those regulations and law were still left behind some loopholes that potentially used to perform tax avoidance by the tax payer, therefore government would not get optimal revenue tax payers. Moreover, Indonesian anti-tax avoidance policy also lagged behind newest practical issues which are more complex and difficult to detect. "

"Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi iklim investasi. Diantaranya adalah sistem perpajakan, jaminan stabilitas keamanan, kondisi perburuhan, kinerja birokrasi dan adanya kepastian hukum. Dalam sistem perpajakan, dikenal dua fungsi utama yang berpengaruh bagi bergeraknya roda perekonomian Indonesia. Fungsi utama adalah fungsi budgeter; yaitu fungsi untuk mengumpulkan uang sebanyak-banyaknya untuk kas negara untuk membiayai pembangunan. Fungsi kedua adalah fungsi regulerend (mengatur) dimana pajak ikut mempengaruhi berbagai kebijakan-kebijakan nasional seperti ekonomi, politik, hukum dan sosial budaya. Salah satu wujud dari fungsi mengatur dari pajak ini adalah pemberian insentif bagi penanaman modal. Dalam Pasal 15 Undang-undang No.1 tahun 1967 tentang Penanaman Modal Asing dan Pasal 9 sampai dengan pasal 16 Undang-undang No.6 Tahun 1968 tentang Penanaman Modal Dalam Negeri dan perubahan-perubahannya jelas diatur bahwa pemberian insentif pajak merupakan salah satu rangsangan bagi investor lokal maupun asing untuk menanamkan modalnya. Dalam Undang-Undang Perpajakan sebelum dan sesudah Tax Reform (Reformasi Perpajakan) 1984, insentif pajak merupakan fasilitas yang diberikan bagi investasi, walaupun pada awal reformasi pajak 1984 pemberian insentif pajak ditiadakan. Kebijakan pajak pada saat itu merupakan kebijakan yang anti fasilitas atau anti insentif. Pertumbuhan investasi di Indonesia yang cenderung naik-turun belakangan ini, membuat pemerintah melakukan berbagai upaya untuk meningkatkan investasi di Indonesia. Salah satu upaya yang dilakukan adalah dengan menerbitkan Instruksi Presiden No.3 Tahun 2006 tentang Paket kebijakan Perbaikan Iklim Investasi. Dalam paket perbaikan iklim investasi tersebut salah satu kebijakan penting adalah memberikan insentif pajak bagi penanaman modal asing maupun lokal. Selain itu perbaikan terhadap Undang-undang Penanaman Modal dan Undang-undang Pajak juga merupakan salah satu isi paket kebijakan tersebut. Dalam bidang perpajakan, selain pemberian insentif, pelaksanaan modernisasi dalam pelayanan pajak juga ditekankan sebagai upaya perbaikan iklim investasi. Kebijakan tentang pemberian insentif pajak bagi penanaman modal di Indonesia diharapkan akan memberi pengaruh positif bagi pertumbuhan perekonomian Indonesia. "

"ABSTRAKDengan menggunakan data dari dua puluh dua negara partner selama periode tahun 1999 sampai 2018, penelitian ini menunjukkan pengaruh insentif pajak terhadap Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) di Indonesia. Analisis fixed-effect dan least square dummy variable digunakan untuk menentukan arah dan signifikansi dari insentif pajak dan korelasinya dengan FDI bersama-sama dengan determinan FDI yang lain. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ketika insentif pajak naik, aliran FDI turun signifikan. Akan tetapi, turunnya tarif PPh Badan yang juga merupakan ukuran dari biaya investasi akan meningkatkan aliran FDI.

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ABSTRACTUsing the data from twenty-two partner countries in 1999 to 2018, this paper presents the impact of tax incentives on foreign direct investment (FDI) in Indonesia. A fixed-effect and least square dummy variable analysis are used to determine the direction and significance of tax incentives in its correlation with FDI together with other FDI determinant. The main finding shows that as tax incentives increase, the FDI flow decrease significantly. However, corporate income tax (CIT) rate which also used as investment cost proxy shows that as it decreases the FDI flow will increase."

"Sebagai salah satu sumber penerimaan negara terbesar, pajak, proyeksi target penerimaan pajak meningkat setiap tahun. Sayangnya, peningkatan tersebut diikuti dengan adanya kekurangan penerimaan (shortfall). Hal tersebut terjadi karena adanya praktik penghindaran pajak. Meski tidak dilakukan dengan cara yang melanggar hukum, namun penghindaran pajak dapat mengurangi potensi penerimaan negara. Meski strategi pencegahan penghindaran pajak (anti-tax avoidance) dan implementasi akses informasi keuangan untuk kepentingan perpajakan (AEoI) membahas berbagai bentuk penghindaran pajak, tujuan dari kedua peraturan tersebut dapat tidak tercapai. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, permasalahan yang dapat dirumuskan adalah: (1) Bagaimana pengaturan praktik penghindaran pajak (tax avoidance) pada sektor penanaman modal asing (foreign direct investment) dalam hukum perpajakan Indonesia?; (2) Bagaimana celah hukum dan hambatan dalam pengaturan strategi pencegahan penghindaran pajak (anti-tax avoidance) dan akses informasi keuangan untuk kepentingan perpajakan (automatic exchange of financial account information) di Indonesia? Baik strategi anti-tax avoidance dan AEoI ada untuk mengurangi dan mencegah dilakukannya praktik penghindaran pajak pada sektor penanaman asing yang terdiri dari transfer pricing, thin capitalization, dan treaty shopping. Berbagai kebijakan dan peraturan telah diimplementasikan untuk memastikan tidak terjadi kekurangan penerimaan negara dari pajak. Kebijakan dan peraturan tersebut antara lain adalah arm’s length principle, debt equity ratio, dan anti-treaty shopping. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif serta studi pustaka mengenai tax avoidance dan hukum perpajakan Indonesia, skripsi ini menemukan bahwa pemerintah Indonesia bersama dengan otoritas perpajakan yakni DJP masih menghadapi berbagai tantangan dan hambatan dalam memastikan pemberantasan penghindaran pajak pada penanaman modal asing

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As one of the largest sources of a country’s revenue, tax, national tax projection increases every year. Unfortunately, the increase is followed by shortfalls. This is due to practices of tax avoidance. Although it is not conducted illegally, it reduces government’s potential income. While anti-tax avoidance strategies and the implementation of the automatic exchange of financial account information (AEoI) address some forms of tax avoidance, the goal of the aforementioned regulations may not be achieved. Based on this, the problems that can be formulated are: (1) How does the regulation of tax avoidance in the foreign investment sector in Indonesian taxation law?; (2) What are the legal loopholes and obstacles in the regulation of anti-tax avoidance strategies and the automatic exchange of financial account information in Indonesia? Both anti-tax avoidance measures and AEoI are put in place to reduce and prevent tax avoidance practices in the FDI sector which include transfer pricing, thin capitalization, and treaty shopping. Numbers of policies and regulations are implemented to ensure that there’s no shortfall in national income from taxes. Those policies and regulations include the arm’s length principle, debt equity ratio, and anti-treaty shopping. Through normative legal studies by using some literature regarding tax avoidance and Indonesia’s taxation law, this thesis found that Indonesian government along with tax authority known as DJP still encounter some challenges and loopholes to ensure the eradication of tax avoidance on FDI."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh tarif pajak efektif terhadap investasi pada perusahaan publik di Indonesia selama periode 2008-2020. Beban pajak yang semakin meningkat dapat menghalangi perusahaan untuk berkembang terutama dalam investasi aset tetap. Penelitian dilakukan dalam tingkat perusahaan dan dengan memperhitungkan keputusan investasi jangka panjang. Estimasi dilakukan terhadap data cross section 672 perusahaan dengan teknik ordiary least square. Hasil estimasi menunjukkan bahwa tarif pajak efektif berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap investasi aset tetap. Pengaruh negatif tarif pajak efektif terhadap investasi aset tetap lebih berdampak pada perusahaan sektor infrastruktur, property, dan real estat dan perusahaan penanaman modal asing. Estimasi juga menunjukaan bahwa umur perusahaan memperkuat hubungan tarif pajak efektif dengan investasi perusahaan. Dengan hasil estimasi tersebut diharapkan mampu memberikan pedoman dalam penerapan insentif perpajakan yang dapat mendorong investasi perusahaan publik.

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This research aimed to find out the influence of the effective tax rate toward public company investment in Indonesia during 2008-2020. As tax burden increases, it can hinder public company expansion especially investment in fixed asset. The research was conducted using firm data level and considered the long-term investment concept. Meanwhile, the cross section of 672 companies and ordinary least square technique were used to get the estimation. The result of the estimation showed that the effective tax rate has significant negative influence toward fixed asset investment. It has more effect toward infrastructure, property, and real estate sectors and toward foreign-owned company. Moreover, the estimation also showed that company size is able to strengthen the relationship between effective tax rate and company investment. Based on the estimation result mentioned, it is expected to be able to provide guidance in implementation of incentive tax which can encourage public company investment."