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"Usia dini merupakan periode emas dimana banyak perkembangan terjadi secara pesat, tidak terkecuali pada fungsi kognitif tingkat tinggi yakni Executive Function (EF). Dalam upaya pengoptimalan kemampuan EF, berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk mengetahui hal-hal apa saja yang dapat memengaruhi kemampuan EF, salah satunya adalah kelekatan. Namun, penelitian mengenai kelekatan dan EF diketahui masih inkonsisten. Selain itu, kebanyakan penelitian mengenai kelekatan hanya melibatkan ibu saja, padahal diketahui bahwa peran ayah turut berpengaruh terhadap perkembangan anak. Penelitian ini ingin mengetahui lebih lanjut apakah secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu dengan anak dapat memprediksi kemampuan hot dan cool EF anak usia prasekolah. Untuk mengetahui mengenai informasi secure attachment antara ayah dan ibu terhadap anak dan anak, kedua orangtua diminta untuk mengisi Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI . Untuk mengetahui kemampuan EF, anak akan diberikan serangkaian tes EF. Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 85 pasang orangtua beserta dengan anak mereka yang berusia 4-6 tahun. Dengan mempertimbangkan SES keluarga, usia, dan jenis kelamin anak, hasil memperlihatkan bahwa tidak terdapat hubungan yang signifikan antara secure attachment ayah dan ibu dengan kemampuan EF anak. Faktor-faktor lain selain attachment seperti autonomy support dan scaffolding perlu dipertimbangkan untuk mencapai kemampuan EF anak usia prasekolah yang optimal.

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Early childhood known as a golden period where our developmental as a human being develop rapidly, not to mention our Executive Function (EF) skill. In order to optimized EF skills, many research had been conducted to investigate factors that associate to EF skills. It revealed that one of the factor that have association with EF is attachment. Research found that the association between attachment and EF remain inconsistent. On top of that, several studies related to attachment and EF focused only on mother figures without considering fathers. This study investigated prospective associations between father rsquo s and mother rsquo s secure attachment and hot and cool EF skills in preschoolers. In attempt to investigate these topics, parents were administered Parent Child Reunion Inventory PCRI and to investigate EF, the children were administered a battery of EF tasks. 85 parents with their 4 6 years old kid were participated in this study. The results indicated that neither father child attachment nor mother child attachment were significantly related to child performance on EF tasks above and beyond family socioeconomic status SES , child age, and sex. Factors other than attachment, such as autonomy support and scaffolding need to be considered in order to optimize preschooler rsquo s EF skill."

"Hubungan orang tua dan anak tercermin dalam kualitas attachment merupakan hal yang penting bagi aspek perkembangan anak di masa depan. Anak yang memiliki kualitas attachment berbeda, antara lain secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment, memiliki cara berbeda ketika menghadapi lingkungan karena proses mental yang bekerja dalam pikiran mereka berbeda. Proses mental tersebut dilatarbelakangi oleh executive function EF, proses neurokognitif yang memfasilitasi anak dalam mengatur perilaku untuk menyelesaikan masalah yang terbagi menjadi dua domain, cool EF dan hot EF. Penelitian sebelumnya membuktikan bahwa kualitas attachment memprediksi kemampuan EF anak. Meski demikian, masih ditemukan ketidakkonsistenan temuan terkait domain EF yang terprediksi oleh kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Selain itu, figur ayah membuktikan kontribusinya pada aspek perkembangan anak, termasuk kemampuan EF anak. Namun, sejauh pengetahuan peneliti, penelitian mengenai kualitas attachment anak dengan ayah pada kemampuan EF masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan melihat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF dan hot EF anak diantara kualitas secure, avoidant dan ambivalent attachment anak dengan ibu dan ayah mereka serta interaksi kombinasi kualitas attachment anak dengan kedua orang tuanya. Partisipan penelitian ini berjumlah 128 anak berusia 4-6 tahun. Pengukuran dilakukan dengan observasi menggunakan battery-test EF dan ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task. Analisis data menggunakan ANCOVA dengan usia dan jenis kelamin sebagai kovariat. Hasil membuktikan bahwa terdapat perbedaan kemampuan cool EF yang signifikan dan kemampuan hot EF yang tidak signifikan antara kualitas attachment anak yang berbeda. Penjelasan hasil diulas pada bagian diskusi. Temuan penelitian ini menekankan pentingnya hubungan harmonis orang tua dan anak yang memfasilitasi proses mental anak untuk mengatur perilaku.

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Parent child relationship which reflected in attachment quality was crucial for child development in subsequent phase of life. A child who have different attachment quality, among others were secure, avoidant, ambivalent attachment that have different way to response their environment because they have different mental process which worked differently in their mind. The work of mental process was supported by executive function EF , a neurocognitive process that facilitated the children to regulate their behavior to solve the problem which divided into two domain, cool EF and hot EF. Previous research found that attachment quality could predicted child's EF skills. However, there were inconsistencies in their result related with which domain that being predicted with the different quality of attachment. Moreover, research related father figure found it contribution to child developmental aspects, including child's EF. Nevertheless, to our knowledge little is known about child's attachment quality with father in predicting child's EF.

The aim of this current research was to investigate the differences in child's cool and hot EF between child secure, avoidant and ambivalent attachment with mother and father and the interaction of the combination of child attachment quality with their parent. The participant of this research were 128 preschoolers aged from 4 6 year old. This research used observational measurement with battery test EF and ASCT Attachment Story Completion Task . The data analysis using ANCOVA with child's age and gender become covariates. This research found that there was a significant differences in cool EF and non significant differences in hot EF between different child attachment quality. The finding will be discussed in discussion. This research presented important finding about parent child quality who could facilitated the child's mental process to regulate their behavior. "

"Depresi merupakan kondisi psikologis yang paling umum terjadi dan banyak memengaruhi wanita, terutama seorang ibu. Berbagai penelitian telah dilakukan untuk menggali dampak kondisi depresi ibu pada fungsi kognisi anak. Namun demikian, hasil penelitian mengenai dampak simtom depresi ibu dalam kaitannya dengan peran figur ayah dalam pengasuhan dan fungsi kognitif anak, khususnya Executive Function (EF), masih ditemukan inkonsistensi. Penelitian ini ditujukan untuk melihat kontribusi simtom depresi ibu dan keterlibatan ayah dalam memprediksi EF anak di usia dini. Sekitar 101 anak usia 4-6 tahun beserta kedua orang tuanya diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini. Beberapa tes EF diberikan pada anak dan kuesioner simtom depresi ibu dan keterlibatan ayah diberikan masing-masing pada ibu dan ayah. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hanya simtom depresi ibu yang berkontribusi secara signifikan untuk memprediksi EF anak setelah dilakukan pengontrolan pada jenis kelamin dan usia anak, status bekerja ibu, dan SES. Penelitian ini menggagas pentingnya memperhatikan kondisi psikologis ibu saat akan melakukan intervensi untuk mengoptimalkan EF anak di usia dini.

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Depression is most common psychological condition and affects largely in women, particularly in mothers. Numerous studies have been conducted to specify the impact of maternal depressive symptoms on preschool children cognitive functioning. Nonetheless, the result of the studies regarding maternal depressive symptoms in relation to the role of father figure in parenting and children cognition, especially in Executive Function (EF) have found inconsistency. This study aimed to assess the contribution of maternal depressive symptoms and father involvement in predicting children EF. About 101 preschool children aged 4-6 and their parents were involved in this study. Several EF tests were delivered to children, while maternal depressive symptoms and father involvement questionnaire were given to mother and father respectively.

Result found that only maternal depressive symptoms predicted EF performance on children above and beyond the influences of child gender and age, maternal work status, and family socioeconomic level. This study points out the importance to consider maternal psychological condition while targeting intervention for promoting EF in preschool."

"Pengasuhan merupakan salah satu faktor yang krusial dalam perkembangan executive function EF anak usia dini. Meskipun demikian, penelitian-penelitian yang telah dilakukan sebelumnya hanya fokus kepada figur ibu dan mengabaikan peran dari pengasuhan ayah. Selain itu, masih sangat sedikit penelitian yang mempelajari peran pengasuhan ibu dan ayah secara bersamaan dalam kaitannya dengan performa EF anak di periode usia dini. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mempelajari kontribusi pengasuhan autonomy support dan control dari ibu dan ayah terhadap performa EF anak usia 4-6 tahun. Sebanyak 108 anak bersama kedua orang tuanya mengikuti kegiatan penelitian ini. Keterampilan EF anak diukur melalui 3 tes performa sementara kualitas pengasuhan ibu dan ayah diobservasi melalui kegiatan interaksi bersama anak dalam mengerjakan balok dan puzzle. Autonomy support ibu memprediksi keterampilan EF anak, dengan mengontrol variabel usia anak, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat ekonomi keluarga. Di sisi lain, control ayah memberikan kontribusi negatif kepada EF anak setelah mengontrol kovariat dan pengasuhan ibu. Pengaruh pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap komponen-komponen EF secara terpisah juga ditemukan. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi penting tentang pentingnya pengasuhan ibu dan ayah terhadap perkembangan EF anak di periode usia prasekolah.

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Parenting is one of the crucial factors in the early children executive function EF development. Nonetheless, numerous researches realetd to EF children development, had focused only on the mother figures, omitting that of father's. On top of that, there is still a limited number of studies covering the uprearing of both mothers and fathers in relation to the EF performance in early aged children. The current study investigated the contribution of mothers and fathers rsquo autonomy suppot and control to 4 6 year old children's EF performance. 108 chilren with both their parents participated in this study. Children's EF performance were measured using 3 performance tests, while the parenting styles from mother and father were observed thorugh their interaction in block and puzzle activities. It was revealed that mother's autonomy support could predict children's EF, taking into account their age, parents rsquo education level, and family social economic status. On the other hand, father's control had a negative contribution to children's EF after controlling covariate variables and mother's parenting styles. The impact of mother and father parenting styles to separated EF components were also found. This study gave new insights regarding the importance of mother and father parentings to EF development in preschool children. "

"Riset tentang kontribusi kualitas pengasuhan orangtua terhadap perkembangan Executive Function (EF) anak sudah banyak dilakukan. Hanya saja, dari riset tersebut belum bisa diketahui dengan jelas jenis pengasuhan mana yang lebih efektif untuk mendukung perkembangan EF. Di samping itu, penelitian terkait peran pengasuhan ayah juga masih terbatas. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui kontribusi pengasuhan ayah (Autonomy Support dan Control) dan kondisi perkembangan anak (Tipikal dan Autism Spectrum Disorder) terhadap EF. Terdapat 31 orang partisipan ayah dan anak berusia 48-96 bulan (22 orang anak dengan perkembangan tipikal dan 9 orang anak dengan Autism Spectrum Disorder) yang ikut terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa hanya kondisi perkembangan anak yang memberikan kontribusi terhadap EF. Selain itu, pengasuhan control ayah dan kondisi perkembangan anak berkontribusi terhadap komponen cognitive flexibility. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat memperkaya informasi untuk orangtua terkait penerapan pengasuhan yang efektif dalam meningkatkan kemampuan EF anak sesuai dengan kondisi perkembangannya.

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Numerous research on the contribution of parenting quality to child's Executive Function (EF) has been carried out. However, those researches did not show which type of parenting that promotes child's EF development. Furthermore, research related to the role of father's parenting has not been thoroughly investigated. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of the father's parenting (autonomy support and control) and the child's developmental condition (typically developed and Autism Spectrum Disorder) on the EF. A total of thirty-one father and child participated in this study (22 typically develop children and 9 children with Autism Spectrum Disorder). The study found that only child's developmental conditions was significantly contributing to EF. In addition, the father's parenting control and child's developmental conditions has significant contribution to cognitive flexibility. This result can enrich the information for parents related to types of parenting style that is effective in improving the child's EF in accordance with the child's developmental conditions."

"Kontrol orang tua sebagai salah satu aspek pengasuhan telah diketahui memberikan dampak yang signifikan terhadap perkembangan hot executive function EF anak. Namun, penelitian yang dilakukan selama ini hanya menggali keterkaitan hot EF anak dengan kontrol verbal saja, dan hanya menyorot kontrol ayah saja atau kontrol ibu saja. Inkonsistensi juga masih ditemukan dari hasil penelitian mengenai strategi kontrol orang tua terhadap hot EF anak. Adapun penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara strategi kontrol orang tua dengan kemampuan hot EF anak usia 48 bulan ndash; 72 bulan. Sebanyak 61 pasangan ibu anak dan 43 ayah terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Pengukuran hot EF anak dilakukan dengan Gift Delay Task, adapun pengukuran strategi kontrol orang tua dilakukan dengan aktivitas memainkan 3 mainan selama 15 menit. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kontrol verbal command, indirect command, prohibition maupun kontrol perilaku physical discipline modelling dari ibu berkorelasi secara signifikan dengan hot EF anak, bahkan setelah dilakukan pengontrolan terhadap jenis kelamin anak, usia anak, dan tingkat SSE keluarga. Sementara itu, kontrol dari ayah sama sekali tidak berkorelasi. Hasil penelitian ini dapat menjadi bahan edukasi kepada orang tua mengenai pilihan kata dan perilaku yang tepat ketika berinteraksi dengan anak, dalam rangka mengoptimalkan perkembangan hot EF nya.

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Parental control as one of parenting aspects has been known having significant effect towards development of hot executive function EF in preschoolers. Nevertheless, numerous studies conducted lately only explored relation between hot EF and verbal control, and highlighted paternal or maternal control strategies only. Few inconsistency about the studies is also found still.

The aim of this research is to identify the association between parental control strategies and hot EF of children aged 48 months ndash 72 months. There are 61 dyadic mother child and 43 fathers participate in this research. Measurement of hot EF is using Gift Delay Task, and measurement of parental control strategies is using playing activity of 3 kinds of toys for 15 minutes.

Result found that maternal verbal control command, indirect command, prohibition and maternal behavioral control physical discipline and modelling are significantly correlate with children rsquo hot EF above and beyond the influences of children gender, children age, and family SES. Meanwhile, there is no correlation at all with paternal control. This result could be an educational materials for parents, to be selective in using appropriate words and behavior during interact with children, in order to optimize the development of their hot EF."

"Emotional support ES merupakan pola pengasuhan yang responsif, positif, dan tidak memaksakan kehendak orang tua kepada anak. Penelitian terdahulu telah meneliti hubungan antara ES orang tua dengan performa executive function EF anak prasekolah, namun masih lebih berfokus pada ibu sebagai sumber emotional support. EF merupakan kemampuan kognitif yang berfungsi untuk mengontrol perilaku bertujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara emotional support ayah dan ibu terhadap performa cool dan hot executive function anak prasekolah usia 48-72 bulan. Sebanyak 61 partisipan ibu dan anak, serta 43 partisipan ayah ikut serta dalam penelitian ini. Anak diberikan beberapa tes EF, lalu ayah dan ibu diminta untuk bermain secara terpisah dengan anak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa secara umum terdapat hubungan antara ES ibu dengan performa hot EF anak, namun peran jenis kelamin dan usia anak serta tingat SSE dan pendidikan orang tua yang besar terhadap EF membuat hubungan kedua variabel tersebut menjadi tidak signifikan. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat menambah wawasan tentang pengasuhan orang tua yang responsif dan hangat terhadap performa EF anak usia dini.

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Emotional support ES is a term for responsive, positive, and non intrusive parenting. Previous research had been conducted to see the relationship between parents emotional support and preschoolers executive function EF , yet still focused on mother as the provider. EF is a set of cognitive function that controls goal directed behavior.

This study aimed to assess the relationship between parents emotional support and preschoolers cool and hot EF. About 61 preschool children aged 48 72 months with their mother, and 43 preschool children aged 48 72 months with their father participated in this study. EF tests were delivered to the children, and after that were asked to play with their mother and father.

Result found that in general, only maternal ES correlated with preschoolers hot executive function. However, the large influences of child gender and age, family socioeconomic level, and parents educational level toward EF made the relationship between EF and ES not significant. This study's results hopefully can broaden the view about parents emotional support and preschoolers executive function. "

"Beberapa penelitian telah menemukan adanya hubungan antara kompetensi social dan executive function, namun masih terdapat inkonsistensi hubungan antara komponenkomponen di dalamnya. Penelitian ini betujuan untuk mengeksplorasi kontribusi dari komponen hot dan cool dalam executive function, dan factor jenis kelamin dalam memprediksi kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan. Pengukuran kompetensi sosial dilakukan melalui kuesioner PKBS SKala A yang telah diadaptasi dalam bahasa Indonesia. Pengukuran executive function dilakukan melalui tes performa pada battery task Backward Word Span, Rumput/Matahari, Dimension Change Card Sort, dan Gift Delay. Metode statistik inferensial yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah independent sample t-test, dan standard multiple regression. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa baik faktor jenis kelamin, maupun komponen hot dan cool executive function tidak dapat memprediksi kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan secara signifikan. Meskipun begitu, dalam penelitian ini ditemukan korelasi yang signifikan antara komponen hot executive function dengan faktor jenis kelamin dan kompetensi sosial pada anak usia 60-72 bulan.

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Few researches had found correlation between social competence and executive function, though there had also been inconsistency in between. This research was conducted to investigate the contribution of hot and cool executive function, and factor of sex in predicting social competence on 60-72 months children. Social competence was measured using PKBS Skala A which consisted of 34 items.

Executive function was measured using performance battery test which consisted of Backward Word Span, Rumput/Matahari, Dimension Change Card Sort, and Gift Delay task. Inferential statistic method used in this research were independent sample t-test, and standard multiple regression.

The result showed that there was no significant contribution of sex, hot and cool executive function in predicting social competence on 60-72 months children. However the result also showed that there was a significant correlation between hot executive function and sex, and between hot executive function and social competence on 60-72 months children."

"ABSTRAKSebagian besar orang tua sampai saat ini masih beranggapan bahwa kontrol yang tinggi berupa hukuman fisik serta berbagai macam perintah merupakan hal yang wajar diberikan dalam mendidik anak. Padahal beberapa penelitian sebelumnya menemukan pengaruh yang negatif dari praktek kontrol yang demikian terhadap perkembangan fungsi kognitif anak, salah satunya fungsi executive function (EF). Akan tetapi masih sedikit riset yang membahas lebih lanjut dinamika antar kedua variabel ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat kontribusi ujaran verbal yang dilakukan Ibu ketika mengontrol tingkah laku anak (management language) dalam memprediksi EF anak usia 48-72 bulan. Sebanyak 90 anak dan para Ibu diikutsertakan dalam aktivitas permainan yang direkam dengan durasi 10 menit untuk menentukan tipe management language (direction maupun suggestion) yang Ibu ucapkan selama bermain. EF anak diukur menggunakan serangkaian tes peforma yang terdiri dari Matahari/Rumput, Backwards Word Test, dan Dimensional Change Card Sorting. Hasilnya management language, khususnya management direction berkontribusi secara signifikan negatif terhadap perkembangan EF anak bahkan ketika pengaruh usia dan SSE telah dikontrol. Riset ini berimplikasi pada pengetahuan terkait cara Ibu mengontrol tingkah laku anak menggunakan komunikasi verbal yang dapat mengoptimalkan perkembangan EF anak usia prasekolah.

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ABSTRACTUntil recently, it is known that majority of parents consider a high control such as corporal punishment as well as a variety of commands are common practice in nurturing children. On the other hand, some studies have found a negative impact on the practice of such controls to the development of children's cognitive functions, including executive function (EF). Nevertheless, the number of study covering this issue is still limited. This study aimed to examine the contribution of verbal utterances used by mother when controlling the child's behavior, known as management language, in predicting EF on children age 48-72 months. A number of 90 children and the mothers participate in the game activity video-taped with a duration of 10 minutes to determine the type of mother’s utterance of language management (direction or suggestion) during activity. Child’s EF performance was measured using a series of tests consisting of Matahari/Rumput, Backwards Word Test, and Dimensional Change Card Sorting. The result showed that management language, especially management direction, had a significant negative contribution to the development of child’s EF, even when the effects of age and SSE are controlled. This research has implications on the way mother control child's behavior using verbal utterances that can optimize the development of EF preschoolers."

"Penelitian mengenai kualitas attachment dengan kemandirian sebelumnya masih sedikit yang memisahkan antara attachment ibu-anak dengan attachment ayah-anak. Pada studi ini, attachment orangtua dipisahkan menjadi attachment ibu-anak dan ayah-anak. Sampel pada studi ini adalah remaja akhir yang berusia 18-21 tahun di kota Depok (N=103). Responden diminta untuk mengisi kuesioner yang mengukur attachment ibu-anak dan ayah-anak serta kemandirian. Attachment ibu-anak dan ayah-anak diukur melalui adaptasi alat ukur Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised (IPPA-R) dan kemandirian diukur melalui adaptasi alat ukur Adolescence Autonomy Questionnaire. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan attachmen ibu-anak memiliki hubungan signifikan dengan kemandiran, sedangkan attachment ayah-anak tidak memiliki hubungan yang signifikan dengan kemandirian.

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There's not many studies that distinguish parent attachment as mother-child and father-child attachment in connection with autonomy. In this study, parent attachment has been separated into mother-child and father-child attachment. The samples of this study is late adolescents between 18 and 21 years old, who lives in Depok (N=103). Respondents are asked to fill the questionnaires which measures mother-child attachment, father-child attachment and autonomy. Mother-child attachment and father-child attachment were measured with adaptation version of Inventory of Parent and Peer Attachment-Revised (IPPA-R) and autonomy were measured with adaptation version of Adolescence Autonomy Questionnaire. This study found that mother-child attachment correlates significantly with autonomy, while father-child attachment didn’t correlates significantly with autonomy."