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"Developmental coordination disorder DCD merupakan gangguan koordinasi motorik yang mengganggu prestasi akademik dan kegiatan olahraga. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui nilai diagnostik neurological soft signs NSS dalam mendiagnosis DCD. Subjek terdiri atas 86 anak usia sekolah dasar suspek DCD dan 20 subjek kontrol. Semua subjek menjalani pemeriksaan fisis dan neurologis, anamnesis riwayat perkembangan, prestasi akademik, kesulitan menulis atau olahraga, screen time, dan aktivitas fisis, pemeriksaan antropometri, pemeriksaan NSS, serta pemeriksaan baku Bruininks-Oseretsky Test 2 Short Form BOT-2 SF . Subjek dengan skor BOT-2 SF below average dan well below average didiagnosis DCD. Median usia subjek 10,05 rentang 6,3 sampai 12,5 tahun; 67 adalah lelaki. DCD ditemukan pada 28,3 subjek. Sebanyak 67 subjek memiliki ge;1 NSS positif dan 41,5 memiliki ge;2 positif. NSS berhubungan bermakna dengan DCD apabila ge;2 positif p=0,047 . Nilai cut-off NSS optimal adalah ge;2 positif, dengan sensitivitas 57 dan spesifisitas 64 [area under the curve 0,639 IK95 0,512-0,767 ; p=0,026]. Dengan nilai cut-off ge;4, pemeriksaan ini memiliki sensitivitas 16,7 dan spesifisitas 99 . Pada 20 subjek DCD didapatkan komorbiditas neurodevelopmental lainnya. Sebagai simpulan, pemeriksaan NSS pada DCD merupakan pemeriksaan yang spesifik namun kurang sensitif. Diperlukan penelitian lebih lanjut untuk karakterisasi NSS pada komorbiditas yang dapat menyertai DCD.

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Developmental coordination disorder DCD is a disorder of motor coordination impairing academic and sports performance. We aimed to determine the value of neurological soft signs NSS in diagnosing DCD. Subjects were 86 DCD suspected elementary school children and 20 controls. All underwent physical and neurological examination, interview on developmental and academic history, difficulties in writing or sports, screen time, and physical activity, anthropometric measurement, NSS examination, and the standardized Bruininks Oseretsky Test 2 Short Form BOT 2 SF . Below average and well below average BOT 2 SF scores were classified as DCD. Subjects rsquo median age was 10.05 range 6.3 to 12.5 years 67 were male. DCD was found in 28.3 of subjects. Sixty seven percent and 41.5 of subjects had ge 1 and ge 2 positive NSS, respectively. More than 2 positive NSS was significantly associated with DCD p 0.047 . The optimal NSS cut off value was ge 2 sensitivity 57 specificity 64 area under the curve 0.639 95 CI 0.512 0.767 p 0.026 . Using a cut off value of ge 4, NSS had a sensitivity and specificity of 16.7 and 99 , respectively. Neurodevelopmental comorbidities were found in 20 of DCD subjects. In conclusion, NSS is a specific, but less sensitive, diagnostic test for DCD. Further studies are needed to characterize NSS in comorbid conditions."

"Latar belakang: GPK adalah gangguan neurodevelopmental yang dikarakteristikkan dengan gangguan performa motorik dalam melakukan aktivitas sehari-hari yang tidak konsisten dengan usia dan intelegensi anak. Penyandang GPK juga memiliki gangguan keseimbangan selain gangguan motorik kasar dan halus yang memiliki ciri khas berupa kesulitan dalam proses pembelajaran motorik, sehingga akan membutuhkan waktu yang lebih lama dalam prosesnya. Akibat gangguan yang dimilikinya, anak dengan GPK cenderung melakukan isolasi dan restriksi dari beragam aktivitas fisik yang apabila tidak dikoreksi dapat memberikan defisit di bidang lainnya seperti akademis, perawatan diri bahkan mental yang akhirnya dapat mempengaruhi kualitas hidup anak. Gangguan ini dapat menetap hingga dewasa namun apabila diberikan intervensi dapat memberikan keluaran yang lebih baik dalam performa motorik anak, sehingga sebuah intervensi penting untuk diberikan. Penyandang GPK memiliki defisit mulai dari gerakan yang diinisiasi diri, gangguan motorik prefungsional, Kemampuan kontrol motoric dan performa motorik serta keterampilan motorik yang akhirnya mempengaruhi fungsi motoric adaptifnya, dalam hal ini bermain. Sementara engklek sendiri berperan dalam fungsi motorik adaptif yaitu bermain bersama dalam komunitas, yang aktivitasnya meliputi lompat,lempar dan berbalik, yang dengan pelatihan dapat meningkatkan fungsi koordinasi serta keseimbangan dan tidak lupa peningkatan motivasi bergerak serta memenuhi unsur praktek berulang.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan studi intervensi dengan consecutive sampling pada 18 orang anak sekolah dasar berusia 6-12 tahun dengan GPK yang memiliki skor motorik pada zona merah berdasarkan penilaian dengan Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. Intervensi yang diberikan berupa latihan engklek sebanyak 2x/minggu sebanyak 10 kali putaran selama 6 minggu.Hasil: Dari hasil penilaian skor pada awal, minggu ketiga dan akhir penelitian didapatkan peningkatan fungsi keseimbangan, namun hasilnya tidak signifikan secara statistik. Tidak signifikannya perbaikan ini dapat didasari oleh dasar mekanisme pada GPK yaitu kesulitan dalam proses pembelajaran motorik itu sendiri. Dalam penelitian ini, tiap anak hanya mendapatkan 120x momen permainan engklek total yang setara dengan 520 kali pengulangan lompat dengan satu kaki. Sehingga,penyandang GPK perlu lebih banyak latihan untuk menyesuaikan dengan kondisinyaKesimpulan: permainan tradisional engklek memberikan perbaikan skor keseimbangan pada anak dengan GPK yang tidak signifikan secara statistik

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DCD is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by motor performance problems in daily activities that are inconsistent with the age and intelegency. Children with DCD also has a balance problem in addition to fine and gross motor problems with a characteristic of difficulty in the motor learning process, which can take a longer time in motor learning process. Due to his or her problems, child with DCD tends to make a self isolation and restriction to various physical activities. Uncorrected problems in DCD children leads to other areas deficits such as academic, self-care even mental problems that can eventually affect children quality of life. These disorders can remain to adulthood but when given the intervention can provide better output in children motor performance, so that an intervention is important to this condition. DCD children have a deficit ranging from self-initiated movements, prefunctional Motor disorders, motoric control capabilities and motor performance as well as motor skills that ultimately affect its adaptive motoric function like plays. While the Engklek itself plays a role in adaptive motor function like play together in the community, whose activities include jumping, throwing and turning, which with training can improve the function of coordination as well as balance and also increased motivation to moves and fulfill elements of repetitive practice. Methods: This research is an intervention study with consecutive sampling in 18 elementary school children aged 6-12 years with DCD that has a motor score in the red zone based on the assessment with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2. The intervention given is 2x/week of Engklek training as much as 10 rounds for 6 weeks. Results: Assessment was taken at baseline, third and final week of study which shows improved balance function, but the results were not statistically significant. This finding might because of the based on the basic mechanism of DCD i.e difficulty in the motor learning process itself. In this study, each child only gained 120x a total game moment equivalent to 520 times the jump loop with one foot. Thus, DCD child needs more exercise to adjust to its condition. Conclusion: Engklek traditional game usually provide balance function score improvement in children with DCD but not statistically significant"

"Latar belakang. Gangguan perkembangan koordinasi GPK berdampak pada tumbuh kembang anak, dan saat ini belum ada penelitiannya di Indonesia. Tujuan. Mencari prevalens GPK, tersangka GPK, faktor risiko, serta dampak GPK terhadap tumbuh kembang anak usia sekolah. Metode. Potong lintang, deskriptif analitik di 4 sekolah dasar: SD Tiara Kasih, SDN 03 Menteng, SDN 01 Menteng di Jakarta dan SD Bina Pratama di Tangerang, pada Nopember 2015 - Nopember 2016. Menggunakan modifikasi terjemahan DCDQ untuk mencari prevalens, dan analisis statistik untuk menilai faktor risiko GPK. Potong lintang perbandingan untuk meneliti dampak GPK terhadap status gizi dengan IMT, perilaku menggunakan SDQ bahasa Indonesia, dan prestasi akademik nilai rapor sekolah. Didapat 27 anak GPK, terjaring dari tersangka GPK, dan dilakukan pemeriksaan BOTMP serta dipasangkan berdasarkan jenis kelamin, umur, dan tingkat kelas dengan 54 kontrol. Hasil. Dari 861 subyek terdapat 104 12 [IK95 9,92-14,28] anak tersangka GPK, dan 27 3,14 [Ik 95 1,98-4,30] anak GPK. Faktor risiko tersangka GPK adalah riwayat keluarga GPK dan keterlambatan perkembangan. Faktor risiko GPK adalah riwayat keluarga GPK. Anak GPK mempunyai kemungkinan peningkatan risiko untuk menjadi obesitas OR 8,31 IK 95 2,54-18,54, gangguan perilaku OR 13,43 IK 95 3,85 ndash;49,53, prestasi akademik lebih rendah OR 39,88 IK 95 6,30 ndash;253,46 dibandingkan kontrol. Kesimpulan. Prevalens tersangka GPK cukup tinggi dan GPK mempunyai dampak terhadap obesitas, gangguan perilaku, dan prestasi akademik yang rendah pada anak usia sekolah.

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Background. Developmental coordination disorder DCD is highly correlated to child 39 s growth and development, however there rsquo s no DCD data available in Indonesia.

Objective. To explore the prevalence and the risk factor of DCD at school age children and its impact on their growth and development.

Methods. Cross sectional descriptive analytic study, data were available from three elementary schools located in Jakarta Tiara Kasih, 03 Menteng, 01 Menteng and one elementary school located in Tangerang Bina Pratama. The Study was conducted between November 2015 and November 2016, to calculate the prevalence of probable DCD by using modified DCDQ Indonesian version. Cross sectional comparative study was also performed to explore the association between DCD and other factors nutritional status using IMT, behavior difficulties, and academic achievement at school age children. Behavior difficulties and academic achievement were assessed using SDQ Indonesian version and teacher reports respectively. Twenty seven children with confirmed DCD were retrieved from probable cases using BOTMP measurement. The confirmed DCD were paired with 54 controls based on gender, age and school grade.

Results. There were 104 probable DCD found from 861 children 12 95 CI 9,92 14,28, whereas only 27 confirmed cases were found 3,14 95 CI 1,98 4,3. The risk factors for probable DCD were delayed development and history of DCD in family, while for confirmed case only history of DCD in family. Children with confirmed DCD had significant increased risk for obesity OR 8,31 95 CI 2,54 18,54, behavior difficulties OR 13,43 95 CI 3,85 49,53, and poorer scores on academic achievement OR 39,88 95 CI 6,30 253,46 if compared to normal children.

Conclusion. The prevalence of DCD is quite high in school age children, and it has impact on their nutritional status, behavior difficulties, and academic achievement. "

"Gangguan perkembangan dan koordinasi (GPK) adalah suatu kondisi di mana anak memiliki kelemahan dalam mengatur gerakan motorik sehingga anak tampak perilaku ceroboh. Penelitian sebelumnya telah membuktikan bahwa bahwa jenis kelamin dan berat badan lahir anak merupakan faktor risiko terjadinya GPK pada anak bahwa. Di Indonesia, masih sedikit penelitian yang dilakukan untuk mengetahui dampak GPK terhadap prestasi akademik dan angka absensi siswa, maka penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempelajari faktor risiko, epidemiologi, dan dampak GPK terhadap prestasi akademik dan jumlah absensi siswa. Subyek yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa sekolah-sekolah dasar di salah satu sekolah negeri di Jakarta. Penelitian ini menggunakan studi desain potong Garis Lintang. Kuesioner Bahasa Indonesia DCDQ'07 dibagikan dan orang tua diminta untuk melengkapi. Subjek kemudian dipisahkan menjadi 2 kelompok yaitu subjek yang diduga mengalami GPK dan subjek tidak diduga GPK. Dari 221 subjek yang termasuk dalam penelitian ini (127 laki-laki) dan 94 perempuan), 22 subjek diduga mengalami GPK. Usia (median = 10,64) dan berat badan kelahiran (median = 3000 gram) merupakan variabel yang signifikan terhadap kejadian GPK. Tipe jenis kelamin, latar belakang pendidikan orang tua dan tingkat pendidikan anak di sekolah tidak signifikan. Tidak ada hubungan yang signifikan antara GPK dengan prestasi akademik dan kehadiran siswa. Namun, anak-anak dengan GPK ditemukan memiliki skor dan ketidakhadiran yang lebih rendah lebih tinggi dari anak yang tidak terduga dengan GPK. Kesimpulan: Faktor yang signifikan untuk GPK menurut penelitian ini adalah usia dan berat badan lahir. Prevalensi GPK dalam penelitian ini adalah 10%. Tidak ada signifikansi yang ditemukan antara GPK dengan prestasi akademik dan absensi siswa.

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Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition where children have poor ability in motor planning hence, clumsy behavior. Studies done previously have proven that several risk factors such as gender and birth weight play role towards the occurrence of DCD. As studies about the impact of DCD towards average academic score and absenteeism is very limited in Indonesia, this study aims to explore the risk factors, epidemiology, and impact of DCD towards average academic score and absenteeism. Subjects include primary school students in a public school in Jakarta. This study uses cross-sectional design. Questionnaires (DCDQ’07, Indonesian version) were distributed and parents were asked to fill in the questions completely. Subjects will then be grouped into subjects suspected with DCD and subjects not suspected with DCD. From 221 subjects (127 males and 94 females), 22 subjects are suspected with DCD. Age (median = 10,64) and birth weight (median = 3000 grams) were significant towards the occurrence of DCD. Gender, parental education, and grades were not found to be significant. DCD are not found to be significantly correlated with academic achievement and total absence. However, children with DCD has slightly lower academic achievement and higher absence.

Conclusions: Factors significantly associated to DCD were age and birth weight. The prevalence of DCD in this study is 10% which is similar to other studies. Average academic achievement and absenteeism were not found to be significantly associated with DCD."

"Data dari Ikatan Dokter Anak Indonesia (2013) menyebutkan bahwa sekitar 5—10% anak mengalami kelainan dalam perkembangannya, serta sekitar 1—3% anak usia di bawah 5 tahun mengalami kelainan pada lebih dari 1 aspek perkembangan (global developmental delay). Perkembangan motorik yang mengalami keterlambatan memiliki dampak negatif, bukan hanya terkait kompetensi motorik yang buruk, melainkan juga pada risiko keterlambatan di domain perkembangan lainnya beserta gangguan kesehatan yang berpotensi dialami anak di usia mendatang. Penelitian ini berfokus untuk mencari tahu peran pemeriksaan neurologis kepala dalam mendeteksi keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak usia 6—18 bulan. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan desain cross-sectional di Poliklinik Neurologi Departemen Ilmu Kesehatan Anak, Rumah Sakit Umum Pusat Nasional Cipto Mangunkusumo Kiara pada bulan September—Oktober 2023. Sebanyak 80 subjek direkrut secara consecutive sampling. Analisis dilakukan untuk mengetahui indikator diagnostik sensitivitas, spesifisitas, PPV, NPV, dan DOR. Analisis dilakukan pada seluruh sampel dengan inklusi maupun eksklusi faktor risiko. Kemampuan menunjuk menunjukkan analisis hubungan signifikan dari analisis dengan sampel eksklusi faktor risiko. Sementara itu, pada sampel tanpa eksklusi faktor risiko, lingkar kepala, bentuk kepala, dan kemampuan menunjuk memiliki DOR yang signfikan. Rentang indikator diagnostik seluruh pemeriksaan kepala yakni sensitivitas 34—68% (tertinggi pada kemampuan menunjuk); spesifisitas 66,67—96,67% (tertinggi pada kontak visual); PPV 66,67—96,15% (tertinggi pada kontak visual); dan NPV 39,62%—61,90% (tertinggi pada kemampuan menunjuk). Indikator diagnostik pemeriksaan neurologis kepala cukup sebanding dengan alat asesmen keterlambatan motorik kasar lain. Pemeriksaan neurologis kepala, khususnya lingkar kepala, kontak visual, bentuk kepala, dan kemampuan menunjuk, memiliki potensi pemanfaatan sebagai alat deteksi keterlambatan motorik kasar pada anak usia 6—18 bulan.

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According to data sourced from Indonesian Pediatric Society (2013), approximately 5—10% of children experience abnormalities in their development and maturation process. Delay in motoric development not only affects said children’s motor skills, but could potentially risk delay in other developmental domains and make them more susceptible to other health issues in the future. This cross-sectional study was held at the Neurology Clinic of Cipto Mangunkusumo Kiara Hospital for the period of September to October 2023. Exactly 80 samples were recruited using consecutive sampling according to patient visit. Analyses were done to acquire diagnostic indicators such as sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, dan DOR (CI analyzed through binary logistic regression). Samples were analyzed both including and excluding significant risk factors. Pointing produced significant discriminative strength in the final sample group analysis (excluding samples with significant risk factors). Initial sample analysis (without baseline covariate exclusion) showed significant DOR in head circumference, head shape, and pointing ability examination. Diagnostic indicators including all head neurological assessments showed good result intervals, with sensitivity of 34—68% (highest in pointing test), specificity of 66.67—96.67% (highest in eye contact test), PPV of 66.67—96.15% (highest in eyes contact test), and NPV of 39,62—61,90% (highest in pointing test). Head neurological assessment in pediatric patients, especially evaluations of head circumference, head shape, dan pointing ability, have the potential to be effectively implemented as a tool for detecting gross motor development delay in children 6 to 18 months of age."

"AbstrakNasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most frequent head and neck malignancy in Indonesia. Misdiagnosis of NPC is common because of unspecific symptoms as unilateral ear complaint. This case reminds doctors of the early symptoms of NPC and of other factors which lead to misdiagnosis and addresses also patients and their families. Reported is a 44 years old man with unilateral ear disorder that had been treated by otorhinolaryngologists, an ophthalmologist, a neurologist, and dentist first, but diagnosed with nasopharyngeal carcinoma stage IVA (T4N1M0) one year later. NPC has unspecific early symptoms such as unilateral ear disorder. Primarily doctors, but also patients and their families should be aware of unilateral ear complaint."

"Karakteristik khusus dari anak dengan autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) umumnya membuat para orang tua khususnya ibu sebagai caregiver utama dari anak-anak ASD memiliki well-being yang rendah. Belum lagi kebutuhan akan pendidikan untuk anak yang mulai memasuki usia sekolah membuat beban dan stres ibu semakin bertambah. Perceived social support diasumsikan mampu menjadi penahan dalam menghadapi situasi yang menekan (stressful). Perceived social support yang dimaksud berasal dari tiga jenis sumber, yaitu keluarga, teman, dan significant other. Penelitian ini melibatkan 32 responden yaitu para ibu dari anak dengan ASD di sekolah inklusif di kota Jakarta Timur dan Depok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan dan positif antara ketiga jenis sumber dari perceived social support dan psychological well-being (r= .446). Jenis sumber keluarga dan significant other berkorelasi positif dan signifikan dengan psychological well-being (r= .360 dan r=.575). Tidak ada perbedaan signifikan antara usia ibu, jenis pekerjaan ibu, status pernikahan ibu, tingkat pendidikan, jumlah anak, pengeluaran per bulan, jenis kelamin anak, jenis ASD anak, dan urutan kelahiran anak dengan ASD.

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In general, unique characteristic from chidren with autistic spectrum disorder (ASD) bring negative results for parent’s mental health, especially for mothers who are role as a primary caregiver from children with ASD. Moreover, education need for their school-aged children increase high-level on negative symptoms. Perceived social support assumed as a buffer against stressful events by reducing stress level. Perceived social support which are included from family, friends, and significant other. This research involved 32 mothers of children with ASD.

The results showed that there is a significant and positive relationship between perceived social support and psychological well-being (r= .446). In addition, subtes family and significant other significantly correlated with psychological well-being (r= .360 and r=.575). "

"Gangguan Perkembangan Pervasif (GPP) merupakan suatu kelompok gangguan perkembangan yang ditandai dengan gangguan kualitatif interaksi sosial, komunikasi, pola perilaku repetitif, dan stereotipik. Prevalensi GPP dari tahun ke tahun semakin meningkat. Berbagai faktor diduga berkaitan dengan GPP termasuk faktor risiko terkait kelahiran bayi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peranan faktor risiko terkait kelahiran bayi terhadap GPP. Penelitian ini berdesain kasus kontrol dengan melibatkan 52 anak dengan GPP (44 laki-laki, 8 perempuan, umur rata-rata 7,3 tahun) dan 156 anak tanpa GPP (132 laki-laki, 24 perempuan, umur rata-rata 7,3 tahun). Faktor risiko terkait kelahiran meliputi riwayat BBLR, panjang badan lahir pendek, lingkar kepala kecil, asfiksia, penggunaan alat bantu napas, infeksi kongenital, kelainan kongenital, hiperbilirubinemia, dan nilai APGAR rendah. Data diperoleh dari wawancara terhadap ibu kandung dan rekam medik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa asfiksia (OR = 3,31; 95% CI 1,103 – 9,941; p = 0,048) dan penggunaan alat bantu napas saat lahir (OR = 3,31; 95% CI 1,103 – 9,941; p = 0,048) merupakan faktor risiko yang berperan terhadap GPP. Riwayat BBLR, panjang badan lahir pendek, lingkar kepala kecil, infeksi kongenital, kelainan kongenital, hiperbilirubinemia, dan nilai APGAR rendah tidak berperan terhadap GPP. Disimpulkan bahwa asfiksia dan penggunaan alat bantu napas berperan penting sebagai faktor risiko GPP.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD) is a group of developmental disorder that is characterized by social interaction impairment and communication impairment along with repetitive and stereotyped behaviors. Prevalence of PDD is increasing every year. Many factors are suspected to have correlation with PDD including neonatal risk factors. The purpose of this study is to discover the role of neonatal risk facors in PDD. This case-control study includes 52 children diagnosed with PDD (44 males, 8 females, mean age 7.3 years) and 156 normal developing children (132 males, 24 females, mean age 7.3 years). The neonatal risk factors include low birth weight, low birth height, small head circumference, asphyxia, assisted ventilation, congenital infection, congenital malformation, hiperbilirubinemia, and low APGAR score. Historical data was obtained from their mothers and medical record. The results show that asphyxia (OR = 3.31; 95% CI 1.103 – 9.941; p = 0.048) and assisted ventilation (OR = 3.31; 95% CI 1.103 – 9.941; p = 0.048) had a role in PDD. Meanwhile low birth weight, low birth height, small head circumference, congenital infection, congenital malformation, hiperbilirubinemia, and low APGAR score didn’t have a role in PDD. In conclusion, asphyxia and assisted ventilation are important risk factors of PDD."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini difokuskan untuk melihat penerapan CBT dalam meningkatkan keterampilan regulasi emosi pada anak usia sekolah dengan reactive attachment disorder (RAD). Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian single-case dengan menggunakan teknik pretest-posttest. Subjek adalah anak perempuan berusia 10 tahun yang telah didiagnosa dengan RAD dan memiliki kesulitan dalam meregulasi emosi. Pengukuran dilakukan sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan intervensi melalui observasi, wawancara, dan penggunaan skala perilaku CBCL dan DERS. Sebelum program intervensi diberikan, subjek memiliki pemikiran maladaptif, keterampilan regulasi emosi yang kurang berkembang sesuai dengan usianya, serta memperlihatkan masalah perilaku internalizing seperti menarik diri dan cemas/depresi, masalah sosial, serta masalah pikiran. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa CBT efektif dalam meningkatkan keterampilan regulasi emosi dan mampu merubah pemikiran maladaptif pada anak. Hal tersebut terlihat dari meningkatnya keterampilan regulasi terutama dalam mengidentifikasi, mengevaluasi, dan menyalurkan emosi, serta menurunnya masalah perilaku internalizing, sosial, dan pemikiran. Subjek juga menunjukkan pemikiran yang lebih positif berkaitan dengan emosi.

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ABSTRACTThis study examined the application of CBT in order to enhance emotion regulation skill in school-aged children with reactive attachment disorder. The research was conducted using single-case experimental design with pretest-posttest technique. Subject of the study is a ten-year-old female student who has been diagnosed with reactive attachment disorder and has difficulty in regulating her emotions. Measurements were taken before and after intervention program through interviews, observation, and behavior scale such as CBCL, and self report such as DERS. Before interventions were conducted, subject was unable to identify; understand or describe her own emotions and also tend to bury her emotions and feelings, particularly anger and sadness; and exhibit internalizing behavior such as withdrawan and anxious/depressed; social problems; and thought problems. Subject also appeared to have maladaptive thoughts which refer to a belief that she should not have negative emotions and children who express their emotions are bad and spoil children. The results of this study indicate that CBT is effective in order to improve the emotion regulation skill and to change cognitive distortion on children. It can be seen from the ability to regulate subject‟s emotions, especially to identifying, evaluating, and using emotion regulation strategies that have significantly improved as well as decreasing in internalizing behavior, social, and thought problems. The findings from the evaluations of the intervention also show the changes in cognitive distortions about her emotion and improve positive thinking related to emotions."