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"ABSTRAKTesis ini ditujukan untuk menganalisis aturan-aturan PPh dan PPN pada perusahaan pelayaran niaga. Penelitian ini selanjutnya menganalisis metode-metode penggalian potensi pajak perusahaan pelayaran niaga. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif untuk menganalisis peraturan-peraturan perpajakan yang ada dan upaya penggalian potensi pajaknya. Aturan-aturan pajak dianalisis dengan menggunakan asas-asas The Four Maxims equality, certainty, convenience of payment, and efficiency dari Adam Smith. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa aturan-aturan PPh yang ada belum memenuhi asas-asas The Four Maxims, sedangkan aturan-aturan PPN yang ada sudah memenuhi asas-asas The Four Maxims. Hasil analisis lainnya yaitu pelaksanaan dari metode-metode penggalian potensi pajak perusahaan pelayaran niaga.

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ABSTRACTThe focus of this study is to analyze Income Tax Laws and Value Added Tax VAT Laws on shipping commercial company. This research uses qualitative approach to analyze tax laws and methods of collecting tax. The Four Maxims equality, certainty, convenience of payment, and efficiency from Adam Smith are used to analyze tax laws. This study finds that Income Tax Laws have not fulfilled principles of The Four Maxims, but VAT Laws have fulfilled principles of The Four Maxims. This study also finds the implementation of collecting tax methods on shipping commercial company."

"Perubahan kebijakan Pajak Penghasilan bagi Wajib Pajak Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah yang memiliki omset dalam setahun kurang dari Rp4,8 miliar bertujuan untuk menarik masyarakat untuk berusaha sehingga mendorong mereka untuk berperan serta dalam kegiatan ekonomi formal dengan memberikan kemudahan dan lebih berkeadilan bagi Wajib Pajak Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Menurut Adam Smith mengemukakan asas-asas pemungutan pajak yang terdiri dari equality, certainty, convenience of payment dan efficiency (dikenal sebagai The Four Maxims). Metode kualitatif melalui studi dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara dilakukan untuk menganalisis perubahan kebijakan Pajak Penghasilan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah berdasarkan PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 apakah leih baik dari aturan sebelumnya dengan menggunakan The Four Maxims sebagai indikator pengukuran. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 belum memberikan keadilan kepada Wajib Pajak secara konseptual tetapi dari persepsi Wajib Pajak sendiri PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 lebih adil daripada PP Nomor 46 Tahun 2013 karena tarif pajak yang turun menjadi 0,5%, memberikan kepastian hukum yang sama dengan PP Nomor 46 Tahun 2013, lebih memberikan convenience of payment kepada Wajib Pajak dan lebih memberikan efisiensi kepada Wajib Pajak.The change in Income Tax policy for Micro, Small and Medium Business Taxpayers who have a turnover of less than Rp4.8 billion aims to attract people to make effort so encourage them to participate in formal economic activities by providing convenience and being more fair for Business Taxpayers Micro, Small and Medium for a certain period of time. According to Adam Smith, the principles of tax collection consist of equality, certainty, convenience of payment and efficiency (known as The Four Maxims). The qualitative method through the study of documentation, observation and interviews was carried out to analyze changes in the Micro, Small and Medium Business Income Tax policy based on PP Number 23 of 2018 whether it was better than the previous rule by using The Four Maxims as an indicator of measurement. The results of this study indicate that PP Number 23 of 2018 has not provided justice to Taxpayers conceptually but from the perception of Taxpayers themselves PP Number 23 of 2018 is more fair than PP Number 46 of 2013 because the tax rate dropped to 0.5%, giving legal certainty is the same as PP Number 46 of 2013, more giving convenience of payment to taxpayers and more giving efficiency to taxpayers."

"Perubahan ketentuan perpajakan atas natura dan/atau kenikmatan sesuai yang diatur dalam Undang-Undang Harmonisasi Perpajakan yang kemudian dijelaskan lebih lanjut dalam Peraturan Menteri Keuangan Nomor 66 Tahun 2023 masih menuai pro dan kontra di masyarakat. Peraturan ini diterbitkan dengan tujuan untuk lebih memberikan kepastian hukum dan keadilan perlakuan pajak penghasilan atas imbalan kerja berupa natura atau kenikmatan. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa apakah perubahan ketentuan perpajakan tersebut memenuhi tujuan dari peraturan tersebut baik dari aspek keadilan maupun kepastian hukum, selain itu juga dilakukan penilaian aspek efisiensi dan kenyamanan bagi wajib pajak dengan menggunakan The Four Maxims yang dikemukakan oleh Adam Smith sebagai dasar penilaian. Data primer kualitatif berupa wawancara dengan pihak praktisi yang berasal dari pihak KPP Pratama Jakarta Setiabudi Dua, pihak konsultan pajak, dan pihak wajib pajak dilakukan untuk menilai terkait kesesuaian kebijakan perpajakan dalam peraturan tersebut dengan asas pemungutan pajak The Four Maxims yang dikemukakan oleh Adam Smith yaitu asas equality, asas certainty, asas convenience of payment, dan asas efficiency. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan bahwa perubahan kebijakan perpajakan atas natura/kenikmatan yang dinilai berdasarkan asas pemungutan pajak The Four Maxims telah memenuhi asas equality, asas certainty, dan asas efficiency namun belum meningkatkan penerapan asas convenience of payment

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Changes to taxation provisions on fringe benefits as regulated in the Law on Tax Harmonization, which are further explained in Minister of Finance Regulation Number 66 issued in 2023, are still reaping pros and cons in the community. This regulation was issued with the aim of providing greater legal certainty and equality in the treatment of income tax on fringe benefits given to employee. Based on these problems, this research aims to analyze whether the changes to the tax provisions fulfill the objectives of these regulations both from the aspects of equality and legal certainty, apart from that, an assessment of the aspects of efficiency and comfort for taxpayers is also carried out using The Four Maxims proposed by Adam Smith as basis for assessment. Qualitative primary data in the form of interviews with practitioners from KPP Pratama Jakarta Setiabudi Dua, tax consultants, and taxpayers were conducted to assess the suitability of tax policies in these regulations with the principles of tax collection The Four Maxims put forward by Adam Smith, namely the principles equality, certainty principle, convenience of payment principle, and efficiency principle. The results of data analysis show that changes in tax policy on fringe benefits assessed based on The Four Maxims tax collection principles have fulfilled the equality principle, certainty principle and efficiency principle but have not increased the application of the convenience of payment principle."

"Perubahan kebijakan Pajak Penghasilan bagi Wajib Pajak Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah yang memiliki omset dalam setahun kurang dari Rp4,8 miliar bertujuan untuk menarik masyarakat untuk berusaha sehingga mendorong mereka untuk berperan serta dalam kegiatan ekonomi formal dengan memberikan kemudahan dan lebih berkeadilan bagi Wajib Pajak Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah untuk jangka waktu tertentu. Menurut Adam Smith mengemukakan asas-asas pemungutan pajak yang terdiri dari equality, certainty, convenience of payment dan efficiency (dikenal sebagai The Four Maxims). Metode kualitatif melalui studi dokumentasi, observasi dan wawancara dilakukan untuk menganalisis perubahan kebijakan Pajak Penghasilan Usaha Mikro, Kecil dan Menengah berdasarkan PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 apakah leih baik dari aturan sebelumnya dengan menggunakan The Four Maxims sebagai indikator pengukuran. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 belum memberikan keadilan kepada Wajib Pajak secara konseptual tetapi dari persepsi Wajib Pajak sendiri PP Nomor 23 Tahun 2018 lebih adil daripada PP Nomor 46 Tahun 2013 karena tarif pajak yang turun menjadi 0,5%, memberikan kepastian hukum yang sama dengan PP Nomor 46 Tahun 2013, lebih memberikan convenience of payment kepada Wajib Pajak dan lebih memberikan efisiensi kepada Wajib Pajak.

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The change in Income Tax policy for Micro, Small and Medium Business Taxpayers who have a turnover of less than Rp4.8 billion aims to attract people to make effort so encourage them to participate in formal economic activities by providing convenience and being more fair for Business Taxpayers Micro, Small and Medium for a certain period of time. According to Adam Smith, the principles of tax collection consist of equality, certainty, convenience of payment and efficiency (known as The Four Maxims). The qualitative method through the study of documentation, observation and interviews was carried out to analyze changes in the Micro, Small and Medium Business Income Tax policy based on PP Number 23 of 2018 whether it was better than the previous rule by using The Four Maxims as an indicator of measurement. The results of this study indicate that PP Number 23 of 2018 has not provided justice to Taxpayers conceptually but from the perception of Taxpayers themselves PP Number 23 of 2018 is more fair than PP Number 46 of 2013 because the tax rate dropped to 0.5%, giving legal certainty is the same as PP Number 46 of 2013, more giving convenience of payment to taxpayers and more giving efficiency to taxpayers."

"The relation between taxation system and tax dispute constitutes an unpreventable phenomenon, there is an opinion saying that with more taxation disputes (objections) indicates the weakness of taxation system mainly Tax Laws and without support by good Tax Administration.

The submission of tax objection constitutes a reflection of dissatisfaction from Tax Payer against the stipulation of tax that must be carried out by Tax Payers as their obligation. That based on the existing data there are still sufficiently high figure of submission of tax objection, so that the writer has assumption that there are still many Tax Payers that have negative perception against the implementation of tax imposition.

In this investigation, the measurement of perception of Tax Payers against the implementation of tax imposition is taken from Four Maxims Theory from Adam Smith i.e., equality, certainty, convenience of payment and economy of collection. While perception of Tax Payer itself will cause a kind of behavior, where the variable of behavior is measured based on the level of submission of objection.

The result of investigation shows that four principles of Four Maxims Theory provide influence to Tax Payers for submitting tax objection. Or in other word, the application of the whole Four Maxims Theory continually will provide influence to the level of submission of objection.

Based on the above fact, the writer can make conclusion that if Government really applies this Four Maxims Theory in the implementation of tax imposition, it will provide positive influence to the perception of Tax Payers which means will cause smooth process of tax imposition in Indonesia so that ultimately will provide influence against State's income that is used to implement development program in our Country."

"Penelitian ini membahas implementasi kebijakan PPN atas impor/penyerahan kapal di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian adalah menganalisis kebijakan PPN yang pernah dan/atau masih berlaku terkait PPN atas impor/penyerahan kapal, menganalisis implementasi kebijakan PPN dibebaskan atas impor/penyerahan kapal, serta menganalisis faktor penghambat pelaksanaan PPN Dibebaskan atas impor/penyerahan kapal. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitan deskriptif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa kebijakan PPN yang pernah dan/atau masih digunakan atas impor/penyerahan kapal adalah PPN DTP dan PPN Dibebaskan. Implementasi kebijakan PPN Dibebaskan lebih banyak dimanfaatkan pada impor kapal dibanding penyerahan kapal dalam negeri. Hambatan utama dari implementasi kebijakan ini adalah Surat Keterangan Bebas PPN.

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This study discusses the implementation of VAT policies on the import/delivery of the vessels in Indonesia. The research objectives are to analyze the VAT policy that once and/or still valid on the import/delivery of the vessels, to analyze the implementation of VAT exemption policy on the import/delivery of the vessels, and to analyze the factors inhibiting the implementation of the VAT Exemption for import/delivery of the vessels. This study is a qualitative descriptive research design.

The study concludes that the VAT policies that once and/or is used for import/delivery of the vessels are VAT borne by government and VAT Exemption. The implementation of VAT exemption policy more widely used on vessels imported than domestic delivery. The main barrier of implementation of policy on the VAT Exemption import/delivery of the vessels is certificate free of VAT."

"Perbedaan interpretasi mengenai aspek perpajakan Bentuk Usaha Tetap (BUT) perusahaan pelayaran, yang diatur dalam Keputusan Menteri Keuangan (KMK) nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 dan Perjanjian Penghindaran Pajak Berganda (P3B) Indonesia dengan negara mitra, sering terjadi bahkan terdapat sengketa yang telah memiliki putusan pengadilan pajak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis interpretasi Branch Profit Tax (BPT) dan penurunan tarif Pajak Penghasilan (PPh) berdasarkan P3B Indonesia dan Singapura menurut Direktorat Jenderal Pajak (DJP) dan BUT perusahaan pelayaran, serta memberikan masukan untuk menyelesaikan perbedaan interpretasi tersebut dengan membuat surat penegasan atau mengubah aturan (rule determination). Penelitian ini menggunakan The Theory of Legal Interpretation dan konsep penafsiran hukum. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan studi kasus. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis menggunakan teknik descriptive, content, dan thematic analysis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa BUT perusahaan pelayaran menggunakan interpretasi sistematis atau logis dan menginterpretasikan tarif PPh sebesar 2,64% dalam KMK nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 sudah termasuk BPT, sedangkan DJP menggunakan interpretasi gramatikal dan menginterpretasikan tarif PPh sebesar 2,64% dalam KMK tersebut tidak termasuk BPT. Sedangkan terkait penurunan tarif PPh, baik BUT maupun DJP menggunakan interpretasi gramatikal. DJP menginterpretasikan bahwa BUT tidak mendapat penurunan tarif, sedangkan BUT menginterpretasikan sebaliknya. Masukan yang diberikan adalah mengubah KMK nomor 417/KMK.04/1996 dan membuat surat penegasan agar tidak terjadi perbedaan interpretasi pada masa yang akan datang dan KMK tersebut dapat dipergunakan untuk BUT perusahaan pelayaran asal seluruh negara mitra.

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Differences in interpretation regarding the taxation aspects of permanent establishment (PE) of shipping company, which are regulated in Minister of Finance Degree (KMK) number 417.KMK.04/1996 and Agreement for The Avoidance of Double Taxation (P3B) between Indonesia and partner countries, often occur. There were even disputes that already have a tax court ruling. This study aims to analyze the interpretation of Branch Profit Tax (BPT) and the reduction in the rate of income tax (PPh) based on P3B Indonesia and Singapore according to Directorate General of Taxes (DJP) and PE of shipping company, as well as to provide input to settle this differences in interpretation by making confirmation letter or changing the regulation (rule determination). This study uses The Theory of Legal Interpretation and the concept of legal interpretation. The research approach used is qualitative with case study. Data collection techniques used are interviews and documentation. The analysis technique uses descriptive techniques, content, and thematic analysis. The results show that the PE of shipping company used a systematic or logical interpretation and interpreted the income tax rate of 2.64% in KMK number 417/KMK.04/1996 includes BPT, while DGP used grammatical interpretation and interpreted the income tax rate of 2.64 percent in the KMK does not include BPT. Meanwhile, regarding the reduction of income tax rates, both PE and DGT used grammatical interpretation. DGT interpreted that the PE does not get a tax reduction, while the BUT interpreted the opposite. The input given is to change the KMK number 417/KMK.04/1996 and make confirmation letter so that there are no differences in interpretation in the future and the KMK can be used for the PE of shipping companies from all partner countries."

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Penelitian ini membahas mengenai Analisis dari implementasi pemberian fasilitas Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Terutang Tidak Dipungut atas transaksi perolehan barang dan  jasa tertentu kepada Perusahaan Pelayaran Niaga Nasional (Studi Pada PT. X). Tujuan dari penelitian ini yaitu menganalisis implementasi pemberian fasilitas Pajak Pertambahan Nilai Terutang Tidak Dipungut atas perolehan barang dan/atau jasa tertentu pada PT X. penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa implementasi kebijakan Pemberian Fasilitas PPN Terutang tidak dipungut ini sudah cukup baik. Dilihat dari variabel yang digunakan yaitu komunikasi, sumber daya, disposisi, dan struktur organisasi, pada variabel komunikasi masih terdapat kekurangan, terutama pada proses transfer informasi dari KPP selaku Implementor kepada PT X. PT X juga mengalami beberapa kendala terkait dengan implementasi pemberian fasilitas PPN tidak dipungut ini. Hal ini disebabkan kurangnya informasi dari pihak DJP  selaku implementor dan juga lambatnya proses pengajuan izin agar dapat memanfaatkan fasilitas PPN terutang tidak dipungut, hal ini mengakibatkan terhambatnya kegiatan usaha PT X.

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Development This research discusses about the analysis the implementation of the Value Added Tax not levies on the transaction of the acquisition of certain goods and services to the National Commercial Shipping Company (Study at X Company). The purpose of this research is to analyze the implementation of the Value Added Tax not levies facility for certain goods and / or services at X Company. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and data collection techniques through in-depth interviews. The results of this research indicate that the implementation of the VAT not levies Facility collection policy is good enough. Based from the variables used, namely communication, resources, disposition, and organizational structure, the communication variable still lacks, especially in the process of transferring information from the tax office as the Implementer to X company. X company also experienced several obstacles related to the implementation of this VAT facility. picked up this. This is due to the lack of information from the DGT as the implementor and also the slow process of applying for a permit to obtain this VAT facility. This problem can cause a problem at X company business process.

 

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