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"Undang-undang 22/0 dan 25/99 telab merubah pola hubungan pusat-daerah di Indoensia dari pola sentralistik menjadi desentralisis yang efektif berlaku sejak bulan Januari 2001. Lebih jauh pemerintah juga mengeluarkan Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) yang mengatur lebih detail tentang kewajiban dan kewenangan daerah, hutang daerah dan hal lainnya, selain beberapa sektor penting seperti sistem peradilan, agama, keamanan dan hal lain yang masih dibawah tanggung jawab dan kewenangan pemerintah pusat.Konsekuensi langsung dari perubahan ini adalah pemerintah harus mengatur pemerataan dan sustainabilitas anggaran antar daerah. Mengingat karakteristik antar daerah sangat bervariasi dalam hal kandungan sumber daya alam, dan sumber daya manusia, dan juga selepas krisis yang menerpa Indonesia, maka permasalahan yang dihadapi pemerintah pusat dalam menjalankan proses desentralisasi ini, menjadi tidak ringan.Satu hal yang jelas, implementasi proses desentralisasi ini, akan mengurangi penerimaan pemerintah pusat secara langsung sementara agenda peningkatan kesejahteraan, penurunan kesenjangan dan upaya peningkatan pertumbuhan lintas wilayah, sudah didepan mata."

"Indonesia currently adopts a new decentralization policy. In the past, central government had been the major role of regional and cities development. With the new policy, central government has transferred its role in developing cities and regions to the local governments. This policy adopts two complimentary laws. Law No.22/1999, which is basically the devolution policy, has been accompanied by Law No.25/1999, which basically is the fiscal decentralization policy. Both laws reflect that decentralization policy in Indonesia has adopted the concept of "money follows functions".Before the implementation of decentralization policy, the government of cities had been benefited from many facilities built by central government on the city area. With the decentralization policy, it is expected that a reduced role of central government will have a significant impact on the growth of cities in Indonesia. The policy has three major fiscal instruments; a block grant funding, a specific grant and revenue sharing. The block grant funding is considered as the most important instruments of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia. About 80 percent of financial transfer from central to local governments will be in the block grant type of transfer. In the past, the use of transfers was determined by central government specifically. Therefore, the role of block grant was very minimal. With the new fiscal decentralization scheme, the benefits of cities from central government investments are expected to decrease. Therefore, there is a question to what extend the cities will be sustainable in the decentralization era.This paper attempts to answer the impacts of current fiscal decentralization policy on the growth of the cities. The first objective of the paper is to evaluate the current intergovernmental tranfers and their impact to cities revenues. Secondly, by utilizing a regional macroeconometric model, this paper also elaborates the implication of the transfers to the city growth and interregional disparity in Indonesia."

"Indonesia is a diverse country with uneven resource endowment across its provinces. This study examines the effects of human capital investment policies on the promotion of more equitable income growth across provinces. First, the rate of return to education is estimated for each province using the 1976 and 1989 Indonesian National Labor Force Surveys (SAKERNAS). Then, regional economic indicators are used to explain differences in the rates of return to education among provinces and to develop and test hypotheses regarding the contribution of investment in education to personal income growth in different regions in Indonesia.The study finds large differences in the rates of return to education among provinces with the highest rates of return in the poorest provinces. A model of segmented regional labor markets is advanced to explain why wage differences across provinces may exist. The estimates suggest that labor market segmentation was more pronounced for un- or low-educated workers because inter-provincial differences in wages were greater among this group than among more educated workers. Education may reduce regional labor market segmentation. More educated workers may be better able to compete for jobs in other provinces, and therefore more mobile, because they possess the needed language and market skills.Thus, it appears that education not only enhances personal (and national) income, but also promotes greater equity across provinces. Equitable investment in education across provinces is compatible with both equity and efficiency goals in regional economic development."

"Decentralization has been implemented for eight years. However, corruption has not been lessened yet within the decentralization era. Bad regulations and investment climate are suspected to be a cause of the situations. Good regulation and investment climate appear if the interjurisdictional competitions exist. The incentive for competition is the equality of economic endowment among regions, or each region has their own tradeable ?technology? that comparable to others. Inequality in ?technology? implies that the region with rich ?technology? is more attractive eventhough there are bad regulation and the investment climate. In contrary, in region with less "technology", corruption will appear because of weak control of the society to the bureaucracy. The strong assumption of this paper is short memories of voters. This paper attempts to estimate and to model the relation between economic variable and corruption. The estimation uses the cross section data among kabupaten/kota in Indonesia in 2004. The estimation shows that economic endowment variable positively and significant correlated to the investment level. On the other hand, the effect of corruption is statistically insignificant in explaining the investment level. The subsequent part of this paper attempts to estimate and to model how the heterogeneity or inequality in ?technology? affects the existence of corruption in Indonesia. The OLS regression of heterogeneity of domestic product (PDRB) against corruption index shows that the heterogeneity positively correlated with corruption level."

"The study about the relationship between climate and economy is essential because it's understanding is the key to formulate the effective economic policy. El Nino is one of the climate phenomena's that directly impact Indonesia, so it is necessary to analyze its effect on the macroeconomic condition such as inflation. This study aims to analyze the impact of El Nino as an external factor and the impact of another relevant economic factor on the macroeconomic condition such as inflation at the regional level (province) in Indonesia. The method used is a spatial panel method to capture the effect of inter-regional spatial interactions. The results show that El Nino has a positive effect on inflation in the southern Indonesian provinces that are affected by El Nino, but no effect in northern Indonesia. The other significant determinants of regional inflation are minimum wage, local revenue, local government spending, and infrastructure. There is significant spatial dependence on regional inflation in Indonesia, indicating that the inflations of its neighboring provinces influence the inflation of a province."

"Penelitian ini mengidentifikasi dampak desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi regional di Sumatera, Indonesia. Digunakan tiga model regresi untuk menganalisa data panel lima indikator utama desentralisasi fiskal periode 2007-2013 yaitu: OLS, Fixed Effect Model dan Random Effect Model. Data yang digunakan pada penelitian ini merupakan data sekunder yang bersumber dari Badan Pusat Dtatistik (BPS) dan Direktorat Jenderal Perimbangan Keuangan Kementrian Keuangan Republik Indonesia. Temuan empiris penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa tiga indikator berupa pendapatan daerah, pengeluaran daerah dan jumlah penduduk memiliki dampak negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, sementara tingkat pendidikan dan tingkat serapan tenaga kerja berkorelasi positif terhdap pertumbuhan ekonomi di Sumatera, Indonesia.

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This paper analyzes the impact of fiscal decentralization on regional economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia. Within the framework of an OLS, Fixed Effect Model and Random Effect Model was employed in this thesis on a set of dynamic panel data models with latent variables over a period 2007- 2013. Two indicators of fiscal decentralization, local revenue, and local expenditure were used to measure impact of fiscal decentralization in Sumatera. Data for this study comes from secondary sources; BPS and DJAPK ministry of Finance Republic of Indonesia. The empirical finding of this study suggests that two fiscal decentralization indicators and number of population have a negative significant impact on regional economic growth. However, number of education and employment rate are positively correlated with economic growth. Finally, there is a little consensus on the relationship between fiscal decentralization and economic growth in Sumatera, Indonesia."

"ABSTRAKDesentralisasi sebagai sebuah sistem dapat berpengaruh positif maupun negatifterhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahuipengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi khususnya diProvinsi Riau pada era otonomi daerah. Penelitian ini menggunakan data panel 11kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Riau periode tahun 2008-2012. Alat analisis yangdigunakan adalah model regresi data panel fixed effect dengan estimatorGeneralized Least Squares (GLS). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan desentralisasifiskal yang didekati dengan rasio Pendapatan Asli Daerah (PAD) terhadap totalpenerimaan daerah cenderung menurunkan pertumbuhan Produk DomestikRegional Bruto (PDRB) per kapita. Dari penelitian ini disimpulkan bahwadesentralisasi fiskal berpengaruh negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi diProvinsi Riau.

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ABSTRACTDecentralization as a system may have positive or negative impact on economicgrowth. The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of fiscaldecentralization on economic growth in Riau Province in the era of regionalautonomy. This study used panel data from 11 municipalities in Riau Provincewithin the period of 2008-2012. Analyses were done by using fixed effect paneldata regression model with Generalized Least Square (GLS) as estimator. Theresults showed that fiscal decentralization, approached by using ratio of OriginalLocal Government Revenues to Local Government Revenues, disposed decreaseGross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) per capita. In conclusion, this studyfinds that fiscal decentralization has negative impact on economic growth in RiauProvince."

"Berbagai studi yang pernah dilakukan menunjukkan bahwa desentralisasi fiskal dapat membawa dampak positif atau negatif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Namun meluasnya implementasi desentralisasi fiskal di berbagai negara, menyiratkan adanya keyakinan yang kuat bahwa desentralisasi fiskal dapat meningkatkan efisiensi yang selanjutnya akan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi. Demikian halnya dengan implementasi desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia yang efektif dilaksanakan sejak tahun 2001 diharapkan dapat mempercepat pembangunan dan mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan tujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah khususnya di Provinsi Jambi. Ukuran desentralisasi fiskal yang digunakan dalam analisis meliputi Indikator Pengeluaran, Indikator Pendapatan dan Indikator Otonomi. Disamping itu untuk melihat pengaruh desentralisasi fiskal secara bersama-sama dengan faktor pertumbuhan ekonomi lainnya, maka digunakan seperangkat variabel kontrol yang secara empiris sering digunakan dan terbukti memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi, yaitu: Investasi, Akumulasi Modal Manusia, dan PDRB Riil Per Kapita Periode Sebelumnya. Analisis dilakukan dengan model analisis regresi berganda (multiple regression analysis) dengan menggunakan metode GLS dan model estimasi Fixed Efect. Sedangkan data yang digunakan adalah data panel tingkat kabupaten/kota di Provinsi Jambi yang mencakup periode 6 tahun sebelum desentralisasi fiskal (1995-2000) dan 9 tahun setelah desentralisasi fiskal (2001-2009). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa implementasi desentralisasi fiskal pasca tahun 2001 memberikan dampak yang relatif lebih baik terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Provinsi Jambi dibandingkan dengan periode sebelumnya. Disamping itu variabel kontrol pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah yang terdiri dari Investasi, Akumulasi Modal Manusia, dan PDRB Riil Per Kapita Periode Sebelumnya, seluruhnya berpengaruh positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah di Provinsi Jambi.

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Empirical studies show that fiscal decentralization may give positive or negative impact to regional economic growth. However, the widespread implementation of fiscal decentralization in many countries, implying the existence of a strong belief that fiscal decentralization can increase efficiency which in turn will promote economic growth. Likewise, the implementation of fiscal decentralization in Indonesia, effectively implemented since 2001, is expected to accelerate development and promote local economic growth.

This study aims to analyze the influence of fiscal decentralization on economic growth especially areas in Jambi Province. Fiscal decentralization in this study is measured using Expenditures Indicator, Revenue Indicator, and Autonomy Indicator. In addition, to see the effect of fiscal decentralization to other economic growth factors, I use a set of control variables (Investment, Human Capital Accumulation, and Real Regional GDP Per Capita for the previous period) which are frequently used empirically and shown to have a significant effect on economic growth.

Analyses are performed by multiple regression analysis model by using GLS method and Fixed-Effect estimation model. I use data panel at the district/city in the Province of Jambi which covers the 6 years period before fiscal decentralization (1995-2000) and 9 years after fiscal decentralization (2001-2009).

The result indicates that the implementation of fiscal decentralization, post 2001 period, gives better effect on local economic growth in Province of Jambi than the previous period. In addition, all control variables of the local economic growth which consists of Investment, Human Capital Accumulation, and Real Regional GDP Per Capita for the previous period, is the positive influence on local economic growth in the Province of Jambi."

"This research is aimed to investigate the influence of final demand and price to Indonesian agregate imports in the long-run and short-run. We use analytical technique cointegration test Iohansen procedures for the long-term influence, and Error Correction Model to estimate the short-term influence, by using quarterly time series data period from_1980 to 2004. From the result of cointegration test and Error Correction Model we found that in the long-term, all of final demand components and price except private investment are important I in determining Indonesian agregate imports. The government expenditure variable has the highest influence, while in the short-term all of independent variables except private consumption are important in determining Indonesian agregate imports and foreign price variable has the highest influence."

"[ABSTRAKDesentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia dewasa ini diharapkan dapat menjadi jawaban untuk meningkatkan kapasitas dan kinerja perekonomian wilayah dalam mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi dan memberikan pelayanan publik yang lebih baik bagi masyarakat. Namun, hal ini menjadi perdebatan seiring hasil penelitian- penelitian yang beberapa diantaranya menunjukkan hasil yang bertentangan di beberapa negara atau wilayah. Untuk menjawab pola pengaruh penerapan desentralisasi fiskal di Indonesia, thesis ini melakukan analisis empiris pengaruh pelaksanaan desentralisasi fiskal terhadap pembangunan ekonomi wilayah dan untuk mengidentifikasi dampaknya merujuk pada efisiensi ekonomi, keadilan fiskal horisontal, dan efek spillover pertumbuhan ekonomi regional.Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan data panel 33 provinsi di Indonesia rentang periode 2005-2012 yang didasarkan pada model Solow-Swan, yang mengasumsikan bahwa hubungan antara output ekonomi, tenaga kerja dan modal dengan skala hasil konstan dan mengurangi kembali ke setiap masukan dan adanya peningkatan teknologi. Dalam hal ini teknologi kembali diasumsikan sebagai fungsi yang dipengaruhi oleh variabel eksogen terkait dan desentralisasi fiskal. Pembangunan ekonomi dalam thesis ini diungkapkan dengan Growth Model dan Level Model. Growth model menjelaskan pertumbuhan ekonomi daerah menggunakan derajat desentralisasi fiskal dan pertumbuhan / proxy variabel penjelas lainnya secara normatif.Sedangkan Level Model mengidentifikasi model yang didasarkan dari Growth Model dengan perubahan variabel yang tidak dibentuk dalam kerangka pertumbuhan variabel-variabelnya tetapi pada tingkat nilai variabel tersebut yang dinormalisasikan menggunakan logaritma. Terkait desentralisasi fiscal, tingkat desentralisasi fiskal diwakili oleh rasio total belanja pemerintah daerah dan pendapatan terhadap total belanja dan pendapatan pemerintah pusat dan pemerintah daerah. Dan terkait efek spillover pertumbuhan ekonomi wilayah, analisa spasial yaitu Local Index Spatial Analysis (LISA) diterapkan untuk melihat koefisien regresi atas ruang (Anselin, 1995). Dalam analisis ini variabel seperti PDRB dan beberapa variabel dummy diperkenalkan untuk mengukur autokorelasi spasial terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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ABSTRACTFiscal decentralization is offered as a way to accelerate the performance of each province?s economic capability to encourage economic growth and better public services for their people. However, this approach is still a debate. Previous studies show a contradictory result on the effect of fiscal decentralization in various countries and regions. This thesis performs empirical analysis of influences of fiscal decentralization on regional economic development to see the implementation of fiscal decentralization on developing country like Indonesia and to figure out the effects on traditional economic goals including economic efficiency, horizontal fiscal equity, and spillover effects of regional economic growth.The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 to 2012 and the model is basically based on the Solow-Swan Model, assuming a relation between economic output and labour and capital with constant returns to scale and diminish returns to each input and the existence of technology improvement, which is assumed as a function of other exogenous variables and fiscal decentralization. The economic development in this thesis is expressed by a growth model and a level model. The growth model explains regional economic growth using the degree of fiscal decentralization and the growth/proxy of other explanatory variables. The level model regresses the level of province?s GRDP on the degree of fiscal decentralization and the level or proxy of other explanatory variables. The degree of fiscal decentralization is represented by the ratio of total local government expenditure and revenue to the total expenditure and revenue of central government and local government. Regarding the spatial spillover effect, Local Index Spatial Analysis (LISA) is introduced to see the regression coefficients over space (Anselin, 1995). In this analysis variables such as GRDP and some dummy variables are introduced to measure the spatial autocorrelation with respect to economic growth., Fiscal decentralization is offered as a way to accelerate the performance of each province’s economic capability to encourage economic growth and better public services for their people. However, this approach is still a debate. Previous studies show a contradictory result on the effect of fiscal decentralization in various countries and regions. This thesis performs empirical analysis of influences of fiscal decentralization on regional economic development to see the implementation of fiscal decentralization on developing country like Indonesia and to figure out the effects on traditional economic goals including economic efficiency, horizontal fiscal equity, and spillover effects of regional economic growth.The study is conducted using panel data of 33 provinces in Indonesia from 2005 to 2012 and the model is basically based on the Solow-Swan Model, assuming a relation between economic output and labour and capital with constant returns to scale and diminish returns to each input and the existence of technology improvement, which is assumed as a function of other exogenous variables and fiscal decentralization. The economic development in this thesis is expressed by a growth model and a level model. The growth model explains regional economic growth using the degree of fiscal decentralization and the growth/proxy of other explanatory variables. The level model regresses the level of province’s GRDP on the degree of fiscal decentralization and the level or proxy of other explanatory variables. The degree of fiscal decentralization is represented by the ratio of total local government expenditure and revenue to the total expenditure and revenue of central government and local government. Regarding the spatial spillover effect, Local Index Spatial Analysis (LISA) is introduced to see the regression coefficients over space (Anselin, 1995). In this analysis variables such as GRDP and some dummy variables are introduced to measure the spatial autocorrelation with respect to economic growth.]"