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"ABSTRAKThe aviation business in the ASEAN region has shown significant growth during the last decade. With the enactment of ASEAN Open Skies, there is no doubt that intra-ASEAN flights will continue to increase rapidly with Indonesia and Thailand experiencing significant effects from such development. Considering current rapid market capitalization, there is an urgency to establish equilibrium between commercial and passengers rights. Flight delays, cancellations, and denied boarding, either on domestic or international flights, are the main airline passengers rights issues that are always relevant and must be kept up-to-date with recent developments. In the context of the so-called integrated ASEAN skies, the urgency to establish a uniform legal framework on passengers rights has become essential. Learning from the current international legal framework, namely the Warsaw Convention, the Montreal Convention, and EU Regulation No. 261/2004, they could present the source of best solution. Considering that the latter was established by another regional initiative, it could be a particularly valuable guide for ASEAN, even though the current integration level of the EU and ASEAN are quite different. Also of importance, the bomb threat hoax phenomenon within Indonesia and Thailand shall also be discussed. Passengers rights must also be protected against the implications of such irresponsible acts."

"Sejak 31 Desember 2015, Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN (MEA) telah secara formal didirikan. Melalui MEA, negara anggota ASEAN berkomitmen untuk menjadikan ASEAN sebagai pasar tunggal dan basis produksi yang berlandaskan aturan hukum. Sebagai integrasi ekonomi regional, MEA didirikan dengan dukungan dari berbagai instrumen hukum yang telah disepakati oleh para negara anggota, khususnya ATIGA, AFAS dan ACIA. Mengingat keanggotaan negara anggota ASEAN dalam WTO, mereka juga memiliki komitmen pada sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO untuk memastikan relevansi dan kompatibilitas instrumen-instrumen hukum tersebut dengan aturan dalam WTO. Satu-satunya instrumen hukum pendukung MEA yang telah dinotifikasi kepada WTO adalah ATIGA, berdasarkan Enabling Clause. Penelitian ini meragukan relevansi dari notifikasi ATIGA berdasarkan Enabling Clause sekarang ini, karena terdapat beberapa negara anggota ASEAN yang tidak lagi dapat dikategorikan sebagai negara berkembang. Berdasarkan analisis kompatibilitas, aturan dalam ATIGA dan AFAS cukup sesuai dengan aturan dalam Pasal XXIV GATT 1994 dan Pasal V GATS. Untuk itu penelitian ini mendesak ASEAN untuk menggunakan kewenangannya untuk mengajukan notifikasi kepada WTO atas ATIGA berdasarkan Pasal XXIV GATT 1994, dan atas AFAS berdasarkan Pasal V GATS. Diharapkan dengan diajukannya notifikasi tersebut, negara anggota ASEAN dapat mengambil manfaat dari MEA tanpa mengesampingkan komitmennya pada WTO, dan MEA dapat terealisasikan sebagai pelengkap dalam pencapaian tujuan sistem perdagangan multilateral WTO. Selain itu penelitian ini merekomendasikan ASEAN untuk menjadikan pendekatan yang berlandaskan aturan hukum sebagai karakteristik utama ASEAN dalam merealisasikan MEA. Bila ASEAN terus bergantung pada keinginan politik dari setiap negara anggota atau organ institusional, maka ASEAN akan kehilangan kredibilitasnya sebagai organisasi yang berlandaskan aturan hukum.

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Since 31 December 2015, the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) has been formally established. Through AEC, the ASEAN member states (AMS) are committed to turn ASEAN into a rules-based single market and production base. As a regional economic integration, AEC is based on legal instruments agreed by the AMS, especially ATIGA, AFAS and ACIA. Considering the position of the AMS as members of the WTO, they are also committed to the multilateral trading system of the WTO to ensure the relevance and compatibility of those legal instruments with the WTO rules. The only legal instrument related to the AEC that has been notified to the WTO is ATIGA, based on the Enabling Clause. The research argues that the relevance of the notification for ATIGA based on the Enabling Clause is questionable, due to the fact that some ASEAN member states no longer fall within the category of developing countries. Based on a compatibility analysis, the provisions in the ATIGA and AFAS are quite compatible with the Article XXIV of the GATT 1994 and Article V of the GATS. With that being said, this research urges ASEAN to utilise its authority to submit notifications to the WTO for ATIGA based on Article XXIV of the GATT 1994, and for AFAS based on Article V of the GATS. The research believes that the submission of the notifications will allow the AMS to gain benefits from the AEC without undermining their commitment to the WTO, and that the AEC will be realised as a complement in achieving the objectives of the multilateral trading system of the WTO. Moreover, ASEAN is recommended to consider the rules-based approach as a primary feature of engagement within ASEAN. If ASEAN keeps relying on the political will of its member states or institutional organs, ASEAN will lose the credibility as a rules-based organisation."

"abstrakPerlindungan hukum bagi konsumen adalah segala upaya yang menjaminadanya kepastian hukum untuk memberi perlindungan kepada konsumen, yangmelahirkan suatu benteng untuk meniadakan tindakan sewenang-wenang yangmerugikan pelaku usaha hanya demi untuk kepentingan perlindungan konsumen.Pengenaan service charge dianggap sebagai aktivitas bisnis yang dilakukan olehpelaku usaha untuk mendapatkan keuntungan lainnya, dengan konsumen selakusubjek pajak sebagai objeknya. Dalam kaitannya dengan Pajak, pengenaan servicecharge dianggap sebagai pungutan pajak karena bersifat memaksa. Peneilitan inimembahas terkait perlindungan hukum atas pengenaan service charge (uang servis)pada usaha restoran terhadap konsumen, yang dimana belum terdapatnya aturanmengenai pengenaan service charge yang diterapkan kepada konsumen selakusubjek pajak. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan yuridis normatif danyuridis empiris. Kesimpulan yang didapatkan yaitu terkait dengan pengenaanservice charge dianggap sebagai pungutan pajak karena bersifat memaksa,sedangkan diketahui bahwa service charge bukan merupakan pungutan pajak,karena service charge diatur bukan oleh Undang-Undang. sebagaimana diketahuibahwa pajak dan pungutan lain yang bersifat memaksa harus diatur oleh undangundang.Saat ini yang ada hanya aturan mengenai uang servis yang merupakanpendapatan non upah, yang dibagikan kepada Pekerja/Buruh guna mensejahterakanPekerja/Buruh. Dalam hal yang demikian, konsumen dibenarkan untuk menolakatau meminta keringanan pembayaran service charge, dan melakukan upaya-upyahukum atas pembebanan service charge yang dibebankan kepadanya.

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abstractLegal protection for consumers is the effort that guarantees legal certaintyto provide protection to consumers, which create a fortress to eliminate arbitraryactions which are detrimental to businessmen only for the sake of consumerprotection. The imposition of a service charge is considere a business activitycarried out by a businessmen to gain other benefits, with the consumer as thesubject and tax as the object. The relation with taxes, the imposition of a servicecharge is considered a tax levy because it is coercive. This research is related tothe legal protection of the imposition of service charges (service money) in therestaurant towards consumers, for which there are no rules regarding theimposition of service charges that are applied to consumers as tax subjects. Thisstudy use a normative and empirical juridical approach. The conclusion is thatrelated to the imposition of service charges are considered as tax levies becausethey are coercive, whereas it is known that the service charge is not a tax, becauseservice charges are regulated not by law. as it is known that taxes and other leviesthat are coercive must be regulated by law. In this current time the rules is onlyregarding service fees which constitute non-wage income, which is distributed toWorkers / Laborers to prosper Workers / Laborers. Therefore, the consumer isjustified in refusing or requesting the relief of the payment of the service charge,and making legal efforts for the imposition of the service charge charged for them"

"The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) has achieved deeper regional market integration to lay a socio-economic foundation for the development of a regional community, yet inter-state trust is by no means assured as Southeast Asian nations remain steadfast in maintaining their political regime stability against external interference. However, through its institutional practices, ASEAN has emerged as a distinct model of security institution, while the region's contemporary security landscape has diversified with various non-traditional security issues. By looking beyond the veneer of diplomacy and prevailing political circumstances, this book examines the legal nature and form of ASEAN's authority to address diverse regional security issues. It provides a fresh perspective on ASEAN's role as a security institution. With an interdisciplinary analysis, this book reveals the normative role that ASEAN plays in facilitating the processes of norm development, localisation and internalisation as it deals with contemporary security challenges confronting Southeast Asia."